星状神经节毗邻关系的解剖学研究

目的：观察星状神经节形状、大小、位置及其与周围组织结构的毗邻关系,为临床进行星状神经节阻滞术提供确切的数据支持。方法：用新鲜成人尸体17具,逐层解剖星状神经节周围结构,暴露星状神经节,测量其大小及与周围结构的距离。结果：星状神经节长为（12．3±3．3）mm,宽为（3．9±1．1）mm,厚为（2．1±0．5）mm,神经节下缘距胸膜顶垂直距离为（55．1±1．5）mm,内侧缘距离颈正中线直线距离为（27．1±5．6）mm,星状神经节和椎动脉在冠状面上的最近距离为（7．6±4．8）mm,星状神经节和椎动脉在矢状面上的最近距离为（1．8±2．0）mm。结论：星状神经节周围组织结构复杂,星状神经节阻滞术易误伤周围结构产生并发症。     

三维虚拟穿刺仿真在颈部神经阻滞中的应用

背景：颈部神经阻滞麻醉易引起严重麻醉意外与并发症,目前在建立颈部神经三维可视化模型并对颈部神经节阻滞进行虚拟仿真方面还处在临床探索阶段。 目的：寻求三维虚拟穿刺仿真在颈部神经阻滞中的应用方法。 方法：取健康志愿者颈部连续CT动脉造影/MRI脊髓造影断面图像,Mimics软件对骨骼、肌肉、动静脉、甲状腺、喉软骨、脊髓等组织进行半自动分割和重建,医学计算机辅助设计模块对神经等细小解剖结构进行重建,三维化显示颈部神经及周围相关解剖结构,并进行颈部神经穿刺虚拟仿真,包括模拟颈浅丛阻滞,颈深丛阻滞和星状神经节阻滞。 结果与结论：成功模拟颈浅丛阻滞, 颈深丛阻滞和星状神经节阻滞,显示虚拟穿刺针和骨性结构、动静脉、肌肉、脊髓、颈丛深浅支和星状神经节等解剖结构的三维毗邻关系,并测量穿刺进针的安全角度,深度和最佳穿刺路径。说明三维虚拟穿刺仿真技术可以为颈部神经阻滞术提供直观的形态学参考。     

睫状神经节阻滞麻醉的解剖与临床研究进展

目的：探讨睫状神经节的应用解剖及神经阻滞麻醉的临床研究进展.方法：查阅近期有关此项研究的文献资料,总结睫状神经节的形态及毗邻结构,比较各种临床麻醉术的优缺点及并发症.结果：睫状神经节是眼科手术麻醉的一个重要解剖结构,传统的球后麻醉并发症较多.改良的球后麻醉效果较好,并发症少,但这些新方法仍需进一步临床观察.结论：掌握睫状神经节的解剖与麻醉要点,提高麻醉质量,减少并发症.     

星状神经节阻滞麻醉的应用解剖

目的:为气管旁入路星状神经节阻滞麻醉提供解剖学依据。方法:对17具(34侧)成人尸体标本进行解剖,对星状神经节的形态、位置及其毗邻结构进行观测。结果:星状神经节出现率为82.35%,其位置位于第7颈椎横突基部和第1肋骨颈之间前方;从颈前皮肤至星状神经节的垂直距离为(31.86±0.72)mm。结论:气管旁入路星状神经节阻滞麻醉选择第6颈椎横突前结节为进针部位是较为安全的方法。     

星状神经节阻滞术的应用解剖

采用星状神经节阻滞术 (ＳＧＢ) [1-3 ] 对多种疾病有治疗效果 ,但因星状神经节 (ＳＧ)周围的解剖复杂 ,穿刺定位较困难。为了临床能更安全便捷地进行星状神经节阻滞术 ,本文对行星状神经节阻滞术中的有关结构作了观测 ,为行星状神经节阻滞术提供了详细的应用解剖学资料。1　材料和方法选用经福尔马林固定后的 30具 (男 2 2 ;女 8)成人尸体标本 ,在颈根部由浅入深逐层解剖观测 ,对行星状神经节阻滞术 (ＳＧＢ)所涉及的结构进行了观测。所得结果经统计学处理。2　结果2 .1　星状神经节的形态和位置　星状神经节有纺缍形(80 % )、哑铃形和三角…     

星状神经节阻滞的应用解剖

目的为临床成功实施星状神经节阻滞提供形态学依据。方法对19具成人尸体标本进行解剖．对星状神经节的形态、位置、大小及其与周围结构毗邻关系进行观测。结果星状神经节的形态主要为星形（左侧占66．67％,右侧占50．0％）;其主要位于颈根部第七颈椎横突至第一肋颈处。星状神经节至颈前正中线的距离及至皮肤的深度在左右侧星状神经节的数值均比较相近,无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论临床应用中不必考虑侧别等问题。     

气管旁入法与高位侧入法行星状神经节阻滞的解剖学比较

目的为气管旁入法与高位侧入法行星状神经节阻滞提供解剖学依据。方法选取10具成人头颈胸尸体标本,在舌骨下区和颈外侧区以及胸锁乳突肌区由浅入深解剖至星状神经节处,观察星状神经节及其毗邻结构的关系,用游标卡尺测量相关数据,进行两种入路的比较。结果星状神经节位于第7颈椎基部前方和第1肋骨颈之间,其上缘与颈中神经节中点的距离,男性为(18.10±1.07)mm,女性为(16.71±1.10)mm;从第6颈椎横突前结节的前面观测,星状神经节上下径和左右径分别为(10.25±0.13mm和(14.02±0.58)mm,从侧面观测,其上下径和前后径分别为(9.22±0.14)mm和(2.12±0.52)mm。结论星状神经节阻滞选择气管旁入路法比高位侧入法更为安全且易掌握。     

星状神经节连续阻滞术治疗颈性眩晕的临床研究

目的 研究星状神经节连续阻滞术对颈性眩晕患者的治疗效果及作用机制分析.方法 通过对43例颈性眩晕采用星状神经节连续阻滞术,观察住院及随访中患者的眩晕等症状改善情况.结果 星状神经节连续阻滞术对颈性眩晕患者有效率达88.4%.结论 连续阻滞术药效持久均匀,避免多次穿刺注药造成痛苦,病人易于接受,值得临床推广应用.     

腰交感神经阻滞有关解剖结构

目的:对腰交感神经节阻滞相关结构及其毗邻关系进行解剖观测,为腰交感神经节阻滞和预防并发症的发生提供解剖学基础.方法:对60侧尸体腰部与腰交感神经节阻滞相关结构及其毗邻关系进行了解剖观测.结果:腰交感神经节穿刺进针深度,皮肤至腰交感神经节的距离,左侧79.5 mm±0.6mm,右侧81.7 mm±0.8mm.获得了腰交感神经节毗邻结构的观测结果.结论:为腰交感神经节阻滞入路进针深度提供了解剖学依据,应注意误伤及腹主动脉、腰动脉、下腔静脉、椎管和肾等.     

星状神经节阻滞对双侧局部脑氧饱和度及对术后认知功能的影响

本研究旨在观察星状神经节阻滞对冠状动脉旁路移植术老年患者术中双侧局部脑氧饱和度(rSO2)及术后认知功能的影响。研究纳入体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术患者80例,随机分为超声引导星状神经节阻滞组和生理盐水对照组,比较术中双侧rSO2,采用简易精神量表(MMSE)、视觉语言学习测试(VVLT)、数字广度测试(DST)评估认知功能。结果发现:1术后第7天星状神经节阻滞组术后认知功能障碍发生率明显低于对照组(P0.05);2阻滞组阻滞侧rSO2在体外循环复温前显著高于星状神经节阻滞前(P0.05),体外循环开始前显著高于非阻滞侧(P0.05),体外循环开始前和体外循环停机后显著高于对照组(P0.05);阻滞组非阻滞侧rSO2在麻醉诱导前显著低于阻滞前和对照组(P0.05)。研究显示超声引导星状神经节阻滞可明显增加术中阻滞侧rSO2,明显减少术后认知功能障碍的发生。     

Stellate ganglion block may relieve hot flashes by interrupting the sympathetic nervous system

Stellate ganglion block is routinely used in pain clinics. The mechanism of action of the stellate ganglion block is uncertain; the most common explanation is that it produces peripheral vasodilation, resulting in neural inhibition in the ganglion's sphere of innervation. However, the wide range of conditions that have been reported to respond favorably to stellate ganglion block suggest that its effectiveness may not be solely the result of increased blood flow nor restricted just to its sphere of innervation. We have found that stellate ganglion block is effective in the treatment of hot flashes in postmenopausal women, as well as those with estrogen depletion resulting from breast cancer treatment. Based on evidence that hot flashes may be centrally mediated and that the stellate ganglion has links with the central nervous system nuclei that modulate body temperature, we hypothesize that the stellate ganglion block provides relief of hot flashes by interrupting the central nervous system connections with the sympathetic nervous system, allowing the body's temperature-regulating mechanisms to reset. If this mechanism can be confirmed, this would provide women with intractable hot flashes with an effective, potentially long-lasting means of relieving their symptoms, and potentially widen the range of indications for stellate ganglion block to include other centrally mediated syndromes.     

Novel mechanism of action hypothesized for stellate ganglion block related to melatonin

The mechanism of action of stellate ganglion block has generally been explained by vasodilation within its sphere of innervation. However, the success of treatment cannot always be explained by just one mechanism of action, because its clinical indications in Japan extend to many diseases, including systemic diseases. We propose a new mechanism of action for stellate ganglion block that is based on correction of melatonin rhythm disorder resulting from increased sympathetic nerve tone and does not involve vasodilation.     

A supraomohyoidal plexus block designed to avoid complications

Interscalene blocks of the brachial plexus are used for surgery of the shoulder and are frequently associated with complications such as temporary phrenic block, Horner syndrome or hematoma. To minimize the risk of these complications, we developed an approach that avoids medially directed needle advancement and favors spread to lateral regions only: the supraomohyoidal block. We tested this procedure in 11 cadavers fixed by Thiel’s method. The insertion site is at the lateral margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle at the level of the cricoid cartilage. The needle is inserted in the axis of the plexus with an angle of approximately 35° to the skin, and advanced in lateral and caudal direction. Distribution of solution was determined in ten cadavers after bilateral injection of colored solution (20 and 30 ml) and followed by dissection. In an eleventh cadaver, computerized tomography and 3D reconstruction after radio contrast injection was performed. In additional five cadavers we performed Winnie’s technique with bilateral injection (20 and 30 ml).Concerning the supraomohyoidal block the injection mass reached the infraclavicular region surrounded all trunks of the brachial plexus in the supraclavicular region and the suprascapular nerve in all cases. The solution did not spread medially beyond the lateral margin of the anterior scalene muscle into the scalenovertebral triangle. Therefore, phrenic nerve, stellate ganglion, laryngeal nerve nor the vertebral artery were exposed to the injected solution. Distribution was comparable with the use of 20 and 30 ml of solution. Injections on five cadavers performing the interscalene block of Winnie resulted in an extended spread medially to the anterior scalene muscle.We conclude that our method may be a preferred approach due to its safety, because no structures out of interest were reached. Solution of 20 ml is suggested to be enough for a successful block.     

颈中交感神经节阻滞在神经性耳聋治疗中的应用

目的:探讨颈中交感神经节阻滞对神经性耳聋的治疗作用.方法:选择神经性耳聋患者90例,并随机分成三组:星状神经节阻滞组(S)、颈中交感神经节阻组(M)及对照组(C),每组各30例.三组均采用中药治疗,M组、S组分别加行颈中交感神经节、星状神经节阻滞治疗,每日1次,10次为1个疗程,2个疗程之间间隔1周.结果:M组、S组60例患者治疗后总有效率分别为90%、86.6%,组间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),但高于C组66.6%(P＜0.05).颈中交感神经节阻滞成功率(96.8%)高于星状神经节阻滞(78.7%),且并发症发生率低于后者(P＜0.05).结论:颈中交感神经节阻滞联合中医药辨证施治,对神经性耳聋是一种安全、有效、可靠的治疗方法.     

星状神经节阻滞对急性心肌梗死患者应激激素水平的影响

目的 观察星状神经节阻滞对急性心肌梗死患者体内去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（adrenalin，ADR）、促肾上腺皮质激素（ACTH）、皮质醇（cortisol，ODR）等应激激素水平的影响。方法 选择已被确诊为急性心肌梗死患者68例，随机分为治疗组（34例）和对照组（34例）．治疗组患者采用星状神经节阻滞治疗，两周为一疗程；对照组常规内科治疗。于阻滞前及阻滞后24、48、72、144h抽取静脉血标本。测定各时段的NE、肾上腺素、ACTH、皮质醇应激激素的含量。结果 阻滞后治疗组患者的NE、ADR、ACTH、ODR应激激素的含量与阻滞前及同时段的对照组比较有明显的降低，P〈0．05。结论 星状神经节阻滞可快速有效地缓解由于冠状动脉供血不足引起的缺血性疼痛，抑制应激反应，降低患者体内NE、ADR、ACTH、00R应激激素的水平。     

A unifying theory linking the prolonged efficacy of the stellate ganglion block for the treatment of chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS), hot flashes, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

The mechanism of action of the stellate ganglion block (SGB) is still uncertain; however it has been used successfully in treatment of chronic regional pain syndrome (CRPS) for many years. Our new insights in to the mechanism of action of the stellate ganglion block were first reported in 2007 in our publication detailing the control of hot flashes with the use of stellate ganglion blockade. We have demonstrated very significant results in the treatment of hot flashes and our most recent application of this block has been for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Stellate ganglion has been demonstrated to have second and third order neurons connections with the central nervous system nuclei that modulate body temperature, neuropathic pain, the manifestations of PTSD, and many other areas.We believe that the commonality between the CRPS, HF and PTSD is the trigger of increased nerve growth factor (NGF) leading to the increase in brain norepinephrine (NR), which in turn is affected by the SGB leading to a prolonged reduction of NGF and eventually a decrease in NR. This, in turn, leads to a reduction or elimination of many of the symptoms of CRPS, Hot flashes, and PTSD.