Delayed presentation of arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysms in a renal transplant patient 10 years after percutaneous allograft biopsy

A 51-year-old man was admitted with microscopic hematuria at 10 years after living donor renal transplantation. In order to distinguish between acute tubular necrosis and acute rejection, a graft biopsy was performed under ultrasound guidance at 1 month posttransplantation. Doppler sonography revealed 3 pulsatile cystic masses and an arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in the lower kidney pole. Selective transplant renal angiography revealed 3 pseudoaneurysms with an AVF supplied by a lobular artery in the lower pole. The diagnosis was AVF with pseudoaneurysm, which developed secondary to percutaneous renal allograft biopsy. Interventional treatment was performed because of the high risk for pseudoaneurysm rupture. The AVF and pseudoaneurysms were treated successfully by percutaneous transluminal embolization; renal function remained stable after embolization.     

Renal arteriovenous fistula detected 25 years after nephrolithotomy: a case report]

We report a case of intrarenal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with macroscopic hematuria detected after nephrolithotomy performed 25 years previously. The present case, successfully treated by transcatheter embolization with steel coils, is the eighth case of postnephrolithotomy AVF reported in English and Japanese literatures. The necessity of renal arteriography in patients with postoperative massive hematuria is stressed.     

糖尿病早期肾损害的彩色多普勒超声研究

目的：探讨彩色多普勒超声肾血流测定对诊断糖尿病早期肾损害的价值。方法：以尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）作为早期肾损害指标,对60例糖尿病患在26例正常人行彩色多普勒超声肾血流检查,结果：小叶间动脉收缩期峰值流速（Vs),弓状动脉及小叶间动脉舒张末期流速（Vd)的减慢是糖尿病患最早出现的肾内血流动力学改变;有肾脏早期损害的糖尿病患肾血流频谱参数特点是肾内弓状动脉,小叶间动脉的Vs和肾内各分支动脉的Vd明显减低,肾内各分支动脉的阻力指数（RI）明显增高,RI与糖尿病患肾功能损害程度相关。结论：彩色多普勒超声肾血流检测是早期诊断糖悄病肾损害的简便,可靠的方法。     

High-Output Heart Failure Caused by a Huge Renal Arteriovenous Fistula After Nephrectomy: Report of a Case

Postnephrectomy renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with an aneurysmal lesion is a rare clinical entity that may cause high-output heart failure. In this report, we describe the case of a 68-year-old man who had undergone nephrectomy for renal tuberculosis 43 years previously, in whom an acquired large renal AVF presenting as an aneurysm caused congestive cardiac failure. We also discuss the hemodynamic, hormonogenic (human arterial natriuretic polypeptide; hANP), and radiographic findings before and after surgery for the AVF. The AVF with an aneurysmal lesion was clearly visualized by three-dimensional-computerized tomographic (CT) scanning, and proximal ligation of the renal artery was followed by an uneventful recovery. This procedure can produce good results when a fistula is too large to allow safe embolization and when excision would be hazardous due to inflammation surrounding the fistula. Received: March 1, 2000 / Accepted: November 20, 2000     

Intraoperative color Doppler sonography in the surgical treatment of perimedullary arteriovenous fistula--case report

A 36-year-old female was treated for a perimedullary arteriovenous fistula (AVF) using intraoperative color Doppler sonography monitoring. Color Doppler sonography before interruption of the fistulous point clearly demonstrated an abnormal hyperechoic lesion. After interruption of the shunting point, the lesion had disappeared. Intraoperative angiography confirmed the disappearance of the perimedullary AVF. Intraoperative color Doppler sonography is a noninvasive, reliable, and cost-effective method for monitoring the effect of interruption on perimedullary AVF.     

The Clinical Utility of Doppler Ultrasound Prior to Arteriovenous Fistula Creation

Arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the preferred access for long-term hemodialysis, with superior long-term patency rates; however, early failure rates are significant. Recent evidence has brought into question the preferred site of AVF creation in many patient groups. A preoperative test that could reliably predict the outcome of a proposed AVF would be of great benefit. Doppler ultrasound has been the most extensively studied and widely used test to guide access creation. Accurate and validated measurements of internal vessel diameter, both arterial and venous, and blood flow in the upper extremity are obtainable by Doppler ultrasound. Studies evaluating the utility of Doppler ultrasound prior to AVF creation suggest that vessel size and blood flow are predictive of AVF outcome. An AVF created using a cephalic vein and/or radial artery smaller than 1.5–2.0 mm is likely to fail; such preoperative data may indicate that an upper arm AVF should be the primary access attempted. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the utility of Doppler ultrasound.     

Asymptomatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistula accompanying severe renal vein dilatation detected 30 years after percutaneous renal biopsy.

We report on a patient with asymptomatic intrarenal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) accompanying severe renal vein dilatation detected 30 years after percutaneous renal biopsy. The patient was found to have microscopic hematuria. Three-dimensional computerized tomography confirmed the presence of an AVF, and arterial embolization was performed. Three-dimensional computerized tomography is very useful and effective to image the physiology of vascular lesions for the diagnosis of a renal AVF.     

Distal Digital Embolization from a Thrombosed Aneurysmal Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula: The Benefit of a Hybrid Approach

Aneurysmal degeneration of a hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is common; however, distal digital embolization from an AVF is extremely rare. Even though the ultimate fate of all arteriovenous hemodialysis access is thrombosis with minimal consequences, dislodgement of thrombus at the proximal anastomosis could lead to ischemia of the distal arterial circulation. We here present a case of a renal transplant patient with a thrombosed aneurysmal AVF who presented with acute digital ischemia successfully treated with combination catheter-directed thrombolysis and open repair. No similar report was found describing this entity treated with this approach.     

Endovascular treatment of arteriovenous fistulas complicating percutaneous renal biopsy in three paediatric cases.

DESIGN: We evaluated the incidence and history of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) after kidney biopsy and assessed the use of superselective embolization for treatment. OBSERVATIONS: During the last 10 years, 896 kidney biopsies (age range of the patients: 1 month-18.6 years) have been performed in our institution under real-time ultrasonographic guidance with a 14 gauge cutting biopsy needle, and 32 of the patients had renal allografts (3.4%). We observed three cases of AVF (two in allograft kidneys, one in a native kidney) among all biopsies (0.34%), and the incidence of developing AVF after renal allograft biopsy was 6.3%. All three patients with AVF were symptomatic, and intravascular therapy was indicated. INTERVENTIONS: An angiographic study combined with endovascular treatment of the intrarenal AVF and pseudoaneurysm was performed in all three patients. Embolization was performed with bucrylate and lipiodol in two patients and with micro-coils in one. After successful embolization, all three patients became asymptomatic (in two renal bleeding stopped, in one patient with severe uncontrollable hypertension blood pressure returned to normal limits). No complications were observed secondary to the embolization procedure. CONCLUSION: The technique of superselective embolization using a coaxial catheter is an effective and safe method in the treatment of post-biopsy AVFs and pseudoaneurysm.     

Postrenal biopsy AVM leading to severe hypertension and dilated cardiomyopathy

A 3-year-old girl with Alport syndrome presented with decompensated heart failure from hypertension-induced cardiomyopathy 6 months following renal biopsy. Selective renal angiography revealed a large left renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) with poor perfusion to the left renal parenchyma. The AVF was treated by transcatheter embolization using an Amplatzer vascular plug. Her blood pressure normalized after embolization, and her cardiac function normalized over the following 4 months.     

Giant idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula requiring urgent nephrectomy

Idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs) with acute hemorrhage are exceedingly rare. However, a rare entity such as a renal AVF may be overlooked and have disastrous consequences, requiring an urgent management decision between endovascular or surgical treatment. We report the case of a 61-year-old man, who presented with painless gross hematuria and clot retention. Computed tomography revealed a giant renal arteriovenous malformation, in the absence of any clinical stigmata such as hypertension or congestive heart failure. Gross hematuria resulted from AVF erosion into the collecting system. Given the size of the AVF, endovascular coil embolization was attempted but deemed too risky, necessitating urgent nephrectomy.     

Posttraumatic splenic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula: diagnosis by computed tomography angiography and treatment by transcatheter embolization

The current treatment of splenic injury in children is conservative. The common concern with nonoperative management of splenic injury involves increased risk of posttraumatic splenic complications. Computed tomography angiography is a noninvasive and useful technique for the detection of the vascular abnormalities in conservatively managed splenic injuries. We present a case of posttraumatic splenic pseudoaneurysm and arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in a 12-year-old boy, which were prediagnosed by color Doppler ultrasound and consecutively shown by computed tomography angiography. The treatment of splenic AVF is indicated to avoid portal hypertension, high output cardiac failure, and related complications. To preserve the splenic immune function and to avoid the risk of surgery and splenectomy complications, splenic pseudoaneurysm and AVF were successfully occluded by transcatheter embolization.     

Percutaneous embolization of idiopathic renal arteriovenous fistula using Amplatzer vascular plug II

Renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) presents a rare but important condition that can be acquired, congenital, or idiopathic. Embolization techniques have recently been considered the first-line therapy in the treatment of these lesions, but they carry a possible high risk of distal migration of embolic agents into the venous and pulmonary circulation. This risk is especially important with large, high-flow fistulas. In this report, we present a case in which a 31-year-old man with a symptomatic idiopathic AVF was treated with embolization using the Amplatzer vascular plug II after unsuccessful superselective embolization using coils. This method allowed for complete occlusion of the high-flow fistula with good preservation of arterial supply to the renal parenchyma.     

彩色多普勒超声在高龄孕妇中对泌尿系统畸形胎儿的产前诊断价值分析

目的 分析不同类型泌尿系统畸形胎儿的彩色多普勒超声声像图的特征,评价彩色多普勒超声对高龄孕妇在产前诊断泌尿系统畸形胎儿的临床研究和诊断价值.方法 随机选择2014年3月至2016年2月本院接收的1 642例平均年龄为35.2岁且孕周为14~38周的孕妇,进行彩色多普勒常规检查,同时观测孕妇腹中胎儿的健康状况,收集对孕妇以及胎儿的临床资料和彩色多普勒超声声像特征并进行统计分析,并对怀疑为泌尿系统畸形的胎儿进行随访验证.对检测出泌尿系统畸形胎儿、疑似泌尿系统畸形胎儿和漏诊的病例,在分娩后进行彩色多普勒超声诊断和随访,将随访的结果与产前彩色多普勒超声检查的统计结果相对照.结果 通过彩色多普勒超声检测1 642例孕妇,对其超声声像特征的资料进行分析,根据超声声像图特征做出诊断.检测发现有42例泌尿系统畸形的胎儿,包含肾发育不良胎儿4例,占9.5%;多囊性发育不良8例,占19.04%;肾盂扩张15例,占35.7%;肾积水6例,占14.3%;肾缺如7例,占16.7%;巨膀胱1例,占2.4%;尿道下裂1例,占2.4%;进行产前彩色多普勒超声检测的诊断结果与分娩后检查和随访结果一致,其中一例被误诊,产妇分娩后病症消失.结论 产前对高龄孕妇进行彩色多普勒超声检查,诊断出泌尿系统畸形胎儿的准确率较高.利用彩色多普勒超声检测,使得泌尿系统畸形胎儿在产前即可作出诊断,为临床诊断、采取措施和预后评估提供了可靠且重要的依据.     

Noninvasive detection and monitoring of renal arteriovenous fistula by color Doppler

The diagnosis of a renal arteriovenous fistula is usually confirmed by angiography. Described is the utilization of color Doppler ultrasound to monitor a renal arteriovenous fistula before and after treatment by transcatheter steel coil embolization in a 63-year-old woman. Using color Doppler, the arteriovenous fistula with an aneurysmal lesion was clearly visualized. A pulsed-wave Doppler analysis showed increased flow velocity and decreased pulsatility in the supplying artery. After successful transcatheter occlusion of the fistula, these findings disappeared. The Doppler ultrasound technique is likely to be useful to detect and monitor a renal arteriovenous fistula noninvasively, simply, and quickly.     

医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的介入诊疗

目的探讨超选择性动脉造影与栓塞治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的临床价值。方法对11例肾穿刺活检或经皮肾镜取石术后大量肉眼血尿患者实施超选择性肾动脉造影与栓塞术,栓塞材料采用明胶海绵与弹簧圈。结果 11例中,假性动脉瘤2例,动-静脉瘘2例,假性动脉瘤合并动静脉瘘5例,动脉-肾盏瘘2例;损伤血管为肾脏后段、下段动脉及其叶间动脉分支,单支血管损伤10例,多支血管损伤1例。单纯采用明胶海绵栓塞4例,单纯采用弹簧圈栓塞4例,二者联合栓塞3例,其中1例为明胶海绵栓塞24h后复发尿血改用弹簧圈栓塞。栓塞后10min造影示出血征象消失,1~3天后患者血尿逐渐消失,未发生严重并发症。结论动静脉瘘为医源性肾动脉损伤的主要表现,以单发病变多见;超选择性动肾脉造影可迅速明确诊断,超选择性肾动脉栓塞微创、安全、有效,应作为治疗医源性肾动脉损伤性出血的首选方法。     

Diagnostic à l’échographie Doppler d’une fistule artérioveineuse rénale post-biopsie: Intérêt pour le milieu tropical

We report the case of a 37-year-old woman who had previously undergone percutaneous renal biopsy and in whom color duplex Doppler ultrasonography revealed an arteriovenous fistula associated with a false aneurysm of the lower interlobar artery of the right kidney. The fistula was treated with embolization in a specialized center in North America. At follow-up, the false aneurysm was monitored by Doppler ultrasonography until it resolved spontaneously. We emphasize the valuable and decisive role of color Doppler ultrasound for the diagnosis of arteriovenous fistulas following percutaneous renal biopsy in a tropical environment where the choice of equipment is limited by financial constraints.     

The endovascular treatment of a renal arteriovenous fistula: Placement of a covered stent

We describe the case of a 40-year-old man with an acquired renal arteriovenous fistula (AVF) treated with endovascular placement of a homemade polytetrafluoroethylene covered Palmaz stent (Johnson & Johnson, Warren, NJ). The patient was seen with a abdominal bruit 5 years after exploratory laparotomy for multiple knife stab wounds. An abdominal computed tomographic scan showed an atrophic right kidney and enlarged right renal vein and inferior vena cava. Arteriography confirmed a 5-mm to 7-mm AVF between the right renal artery and vein. In November 1999, the patient was taken to the operating room where a Palmaz 308 polytetrafluoroethylene covered stent was placed within the renal artery at the site of the fistula. Exclusion of the fistula was confirmed with arteriogram. To our knowledge, this is one of the earliest reports and the longest follow-up of the endovascular placement of a covered stent for treatment of an acquired renal AVF. Continued application of covered stent treatment for renal AVFs should prove less expensive with improved renal preservation and, with prefabricated stent grafts, prove less cumbersome and time consuming than coil embolization.     

获得性动-静脉瘘的介入微创治疗

目的 评价用介入微创技术治疗获得性动一静脉瘘(AVF)的安全性和疗效。方法 对10例不适宜传统外科治疗的AVF患者进行介入治疗,包括肾动-静脉瘘4例、髂动-静脉瘘3例、锁骨下动-静脉瘘3例。致病原因为穿通性损伤5例、医源性损伤3例、恶性肿瘤和小肠Crohn病各1例。就诊时临床表现有肢体肿胀-静脉显露6例、局部血管杂音10例、心脏负荷增加10例、右心功能衰竭2例、血尿4例。3例用经导管超选择性栓塞,7例用被覆膜支架置人封闭瘘口。结果 10例患者均治疗成功,治疗结束时复查血管造影显示瘘口被封闭。轻微并发症3例,无严重并发症。术后患者局部肿胀、静脉充血、心脏负荷过度等症状迅速改善,血管杂音消失;肾脏AVF患者,术后肾功能测定属于正常,其中2例肾动脉被覆膜支架置入患者同位素肾扫描显示患侧肾脏形态-功能正常。术后随访6个月至6年。3例患者分别于术后6、9、14个月死于与AVF无关的疾病;2例于术后3周、2个月因AVF复发,在原支架区再次置入一个被覆膜支架后残留瘘口闭塞;2例于术后6、8个月复查造影显示支架区存在轻度狭窄。7例患者仍然生存,未再针对AVF进行外科或介人治疗。结论 介入微创技术,包括超选择性栓塞和被覆膜支架置入术,是治疗获得性、复杂型AVF安全有效的方法。     

Arteriovenous access fistulae diminish cardiac reserve, anaerobic threshold and work capacity: A case for fistula closure in stable renal transplant recipients

Summary: A patent arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in stable renal transplant recipients may be viewed as 'insurance' against late graft failure and a return to haemodialysis. A patent AVF may, however, exert significant chronic demands on cardiac output (CO) which may in turn adversely affect the prognosis of patients already at risk of cardiac disease. Doppler echocardiography and anaerobic threshold (AT) assessment were used to measure the CO and the work capacity of nine stable renal transplant recipients > 15 months post transplantation who had patent AVF. Cardiac output fell from 6.9 ± 1.48L/min with the AVF open to 6.0 ± 0.97L/min with the AVF closed ( P < 0.002). the AT rose from 14.1 ± 5.67 with the AVF open to 16.5 ± 6.72 with the AVF closed ( P < 0.002). the work capacity to reach the AT improved from 68.7 ± 30.8 watts with the AVF open to 84.6 ± 38.0 watts with the AVF closed ( P < 0.004). This study suggests that a significant and chronic increase in left ventricular work-load accompanies a patent AVF resulting in a markedly reduced exercise efficiency. A patent AVF is ideal where graft survival is doubtful but, where long-term graft function is expected, the adverse effects of AVF patency, a chronic elevation in CO and reduced exercise capacity make a strong case for considering AVF closure. the prognostic advantage for left ventricular function may outweigh AVF preservation in stable renal transplant recipients.