前庭小管外口的形态特点及其临床意义

目的：研究前庭小管的形态及毗邻关系,为经岩骨临床手术提供解剖学依据。方法：在32例（64侧）新鲜颅底标本上观察前庭小管的形状,并测量其长度及其到内听孔下后缘,下状窦前缘,岩骨嵴,颈静脉孔上缘的距离,对比双侧的差异,结果：前庭小管多为弧形（48％）,其次为S型（28％）,折线形最少,前庭小管长度及其到内听孔下后缘,乙状窦前缘,岩骨嵴,颈静脉孔上缘的距离平均值分别为：9．7,10．7,7,9．6,8．8和9．5毫米,其中到乙状窦和颈静脉孔的距离两侧有显著性差异,均以右侧较短,结论：前庭小管是经岩骨手术的重要解剖标志,国人和国外人种在解剖上存在一定差异,乙状窦前置和高颈静脉以右侧多见。     

ⅨⅩⅪ脑神经和颈静脉孔的显微解剖研究

目的：通过颈静脉孔以及Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经的显微解剖研究，对重要结构进行量化分析，为手术提供解剖依据，并进一步澄清颈静脉孔的概念。方法：用10例成人尸头，在手术显微镜下对双侧重点观察了颈静脉孔的分隔，脑神经和颈静脉球的关系，同时对25例干性颅骨标本进行了大体测量。结果：Ⅸ和Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经之间有纤维(80％)或骨桥(20％)形成的不完全分隔，仅在1例干性颅骨标本中发现颈静脉孔被完全分隔为两个部分。Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经全部位于颈静脉孔的前内侧，它们在孔内有各自单独的神经鞘膜，出孔后和颈内动脉、颈内静脉有共同的纤维包膜。在颈静脉球和颈内静脉的连接部，舌咽神经被一致密的结缔组织纤维固定在颈内动脉上。结论：颈静脉孔内的结构分成神经部，岩部和乙状部是比较合理的，有助于更好地理解颈静脉孔区特殊结构。Ⅸ、Ⅹ、Ⅺ脑神经在孔内的结构较为疏松，这种特点为术中辨认和神经保护提供了依据。     

颅底颈静脉孔区骨性测量的应用解剖

目的:通过研究颅底颈静脉孔及其周围结构形态学参数,为国人颅底应用解剖学和骨学体质调查积累资料,为颅底外科突破手术禁区提供形态学基础。方法:选取100例成人骨性颅底标本,测量了骨性颅底颈静脉孔的前后径、内外径及颈静脉窝的深度,颈静脉孔与邻近结构之间的距离,以及枕髁的长度、宽度及枕髁与周围结构之间的距离。结果:颈静脉孔的前后径左侧为(7.90±2.01)mm,右侧为(8.80±1.63)mm;内外径左侧为(13.9±2.44)mm,右侧(14.47±2.52)mm。颈静脉窝深度左侧(12.28±2.41)mm,右侧(13.79±3.67)mm。乳突尖与颈静脉孔的外侧缘的距离左侧为(23.47±2.65)mm,右侧为(22.84±2.88)mm;茎乳孔与颈静脉孔外缘的间距左侧为(7.44±1.36)mm,右侧为(6.78±1.61)mm。颈静脉孔内侧缘至舌下神经管内口外侧缘的距离左侧为(9.09±0.76)mm,右侧为(9.86±1.25)mm;枕髁前端距舌下神经管外口前缘间距左侧(14.46±1.23)mm、右侧(11.41±1.91)mm;枕髁后端距舌下神经管外口后缘间距左侧(11.09±2.75)mm,右侧(14.39±1.85)mm。结论:在颈静脉孔区肿瘤远外侧入路手术中,磨除孔外侧与乳突间骨质时,自乳突尖约16mm处注意保护自茎乳孔出颅的面神经;在内侧入路手术中可磨除枕髁前半部不超过11mm;枕髁磨除的厚度不超过10mm,以防在磨除枕髁时伤及横过髁中部深面的舌下神经。在切除颈静脉孔前缘或前上缘的肿瘤采用经口咽入路时磨除颈静脉结节的厚度在8mm以内可防止伤及舌下神经。     

斜坡区断层与显微解剖学研究

目的 :探讨斜坡区各结构的形态及相互间的毗邻关系 ,为斜坡区相关的手术入路提供解剖基础。方法 :①使用大脑切片机 ,对 4个尸头标本切制 0 .5～ 1 .0mm显微断层切片 ,对斜坡区及周围结构进行观测 ;②对 30个颅底斜坡区进行显微解剖观测。结果 :斜坡区与脑桥、延髓腹侧及第Ⅴ～Ⅻ对脑神经关系密切 ,两侧毗邻破裂孔、颈内动脉、内耳门及颈静脉孔。斜坡长 40 .5mm ,可分为上、中、下斜坡三部。两破裂孔、两颈内动脉、两内耳门、两颈静脉孔间最小间距分别为 2 0 .2、1 4 .0、30 .5和 2 3 .3mm。结论 :了解斜破区各结构的形态及相互间的毗邻关系 ,可提高该区相关手术时的安全度和成功率     

骨性颈静脉孔区的应用解剖

目的: 观察骨性颈静脉孔区的显微解剖,为临床提供解剖学资料.方法: 显微镜下观察20例成人颅骨标本颈静脉孔的位置、组成、形态,并测量其大小及与周围骨性结构的距离.结果: 颈静脉孔是由枕骨和颞骨岩部合围的一个骨性管道,85%的外口、75%的内口右侧大于左侧;颈静脉孔内有颞突、枕突、锥形窝、颈静脉窝等结构;内口的前方与岩下窦沟相连,后接乙状窦沟,内口的上方有内耳门和前庭小管外口;颈静脉孔的外侧有茎乳孔和茎突,茎乳孔外接鼓乳裂,后方有枕骨颈突.结论: 多数颈静脉孔右侧大于左侧,乙状窦沟前移以右侧多见;鼓乳裂可以定位茎乳孔及颈静脉孔外侧壁;枕骨颈突是确定颈静脉孔后壁的标志.     

国人内耳门的应用解剖学研究

目的：观测内耳门的形态、位置及毗邻关系，为神经外科及耳外科手术提供解剖学依据。方法：观察40例头颅标本内耳门的形态、位置，测量其长度、宽度及与毗邻结构间的距离，并对所得结果用SPSS软件分析。结果：内耳门位于颞骨岩部后面，83．3％呈椭圆形，25．0％有内耳道口上棘，内耳门与颈静脉孔、后半规管间的平均距离分别为7．45mm和15．64mm，双侧数据间无显性意义。结论：内耳门是颞骨岩部后面一个重要的骨性标志，其与毗邻结构间有稳定的解剖关系。     

颈静脉孔的应用解剖及其在外科手术中的应用

目的 探讨颈静脉孔的形态位置及其临床意义.方法 取成人颅骨标本63例(126侧),观察颈静脉孔的形态,对颈静脉孔内外口的口径大小和毗邻关系进行观察和测量.结果 颈静脉孔副孔的出现率高,左侧占23.81％,右侧占34.92％,颈静脉孔内外口间差异显著(P＜0.05);毗邻关系左右无明显差异(P＞0.05).结论 颈静脉孔区及其毗邻结构关系较为复杂,在临床诊疗中应加以注意.     

颅骨颈静脉孔及周围结构显微解剖

目的 :研究颅骨颈静脉孔及周围结构的显微解剖。方法 :镜下 (× 3 )观测 40例颅骨的颈静脉孔及周围结构。结果 :颈静脉孔分为岩部和乙状部。 5 3 8%的颈静脉孔基本呈三角形 ;67 5 %的内口、72 5 %的外口右侧大于左侧。内口上方有内耳门和前庭水管外口 ;外口外侧有茎乳孔和茎突 ,后方有枕骨颈突。鼓乳切迹位于茎乳孔外侧。结论 :多数标本的颈静脉孔右侧大于左侧。半数以上颈静脉孔呈三角形。茎突和枕骨颈突可作为颈静脉孔的定位标志 ,鼓乳切迹可作为茎乳孔定位的标志     

颈静脉孔区的薄层断面解剖学研究

目的：进一步明确颈静脉孔区的断面形态和各结构的解剖关系，为影像诊断和手术治疗提供解剖学依据。方法：成人尸体头颈部标本7例，制成0．5～1．0mm厚的水平位和冠状位火棉胶切片。结果：①颈静脉孔入口处分舌咽道和迷走道两部分，但颈静脉孔腔内未见骨桥或纤维桥将其分部。②岩下窦最多见于注入颈静脉球的下部。③髁导静脉多汇入乙状窦与颈内静脉移行处。④舌下神经管静脉丛充满舌下神经管，出管后与岩下窦汇合注入颈静脉球或颈内静脉。舌下神经沿舌下神经管的前下壁走行。⑤颈静脉球与面神经垂直段关系密切。结论：火棉胶薄切片很好地显示了颈静脉孔区的正常解剖结构及其毗邻关系，对该区的影像诊断和手术治疗有重要的参考价值。     

经口入路至颈静脉孔区的显微外科解剖

目的:为经口入路至颈静脉孔区处理颈静脉孔区病变提供解剖学依据。方法:在显微镜下对经彩色乳胶灌注成人尸头湿标本的颈静脉孔区经口入路进行解剖,观察路径中组织结构的暴露情况和走行关系,定位相关解剖标志,记录测量数据。结果:尸头标本的颈静脉孔区颅外部分均显露良好,可暴露自颈动脉嵴内侧至枕骨髁后外侧缘和中线至茎突根部区域,磨除颈静脉孔前内侧骨质后,可观察到岩下窦、Ⅸ～Ⅺ神经在孔内走行和毗邻关系。测量相关参数,枕髁前缘距舌下神经管外口前缘(12.47±1.49)mm;舌下神经管外口上缘距颈动脉嵴内侧(9.90±1.40)mm等。结论:经口入路可较好的暴露颈静脉孔区前内侧,以枕髁和颈动脉嵴为解剖标志,有助于避免此入路处理颈静脉孔区病变时对重要血管和神经的损伤。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.     

A comparative study of the effects of dimebon,obsidan, finoptin,and cordaron on the functional state of ischemic focus and size of necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction

Dimebon, an antihistamine agent, exerts a moderate antianginal effect, improving the function of ischemic focus in the myocardium and decreasing the necrotic zone in experimental myocardial infarction. Dimebon is less active than obsidan, finoptin (except for the size of the necrotic zone), and cordaron. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 122, No. 12, pp. 642–644, December, 1996     

Effects of sex steroid hormones on lipid peroxidation and glutathione antioxidant system in rat skin

Effects of estradiol and testosterone on the intensity of lipid peroxidation and contents of glutathione redox system components in the dermis and epidermis of rat skin were studied. Only estradiol induced considerable dose-dependent and tissue-specific biphasic antioxidant effects on the skin. Translated fromByulleten' Eksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 128, No. 12, pp. 663–666, December, 1999     

Adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells on surface-modified PEEK substrata

A series of surface-functionalized poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films has been prepared by selective wet-chemistry; they are hydroxylated polymer (PEEK-OH) obtained by reduction, aminated polymer (PEEK-[]-NH2) prepared by coupling a diisocyanate reagent to PEEKOH (PEEK-[]-NCO) followed by hydrolysis, and carboxylated and aminocarboxylated polymers (PEEK-[]-GABA and PEEK-Lysine) resulting from the coupling of aminoacids to PEEK-[]-NCO. The aminated and carboxylated substrata promoted the adhesion and growth of CaCo2 cells in the presence of serum. Fibronectin (FN), an extra-cellular matrix protein, has been covalently fixed and/or adsorbed on various PEEK substrata, in the presence or not of a polymeric surfactant (Pluronic F68). The performances of the FN-grafted substrata (PEEK-[]-FN(1) and PEEK-[]-FN(2)) were significantly higher than those of reference substrata simply coated with FN (PEEK-OH(+FN)(1) and (2), PEEK-[]-NH2(+FN)(1) and (2)), considering the adhesion and spreading of CaCo2 cells in the absence of serum. Moreover, the stability of the adherent cells on the FN-adsorbed substrata dramatically depended on the experimental conditions applied during the PEEK coating with FN.     

THE ODYSSEY – A JUNGIAN PERSPECTIVE: INDIVIDUATION AND MEETING WITH THE ARCHETYPES OF THE COLLECTIVE UNCONSCIOUS

Homer's epic tale of the 20-year return of Odysseus from the Trojan War is investigated with particular reference to Jung's theory of individuation. Odysseus' meetings with 'the anima' in the form of goddesses, sirens and female monsters and his visit to Hades demonstrate the confrontation and humanization of aspects of the archetypal level of the psyche, central to Jung's theories of psychic growth and development. Jung's important ideas of the psychoid level and the transcendent function are explored and linked both to his investigations into medieval alchemy and with findings from contemporary neuroscience. The importance of Jung's constructive method of the interpretation of dreams and myths is shown to be central.