经阴道超声引导下减胎术在输卵管间质部妊娠合并宫内孕中的应用——减胎成功2例报告

目的探讨孕早期采用经阴道超声引导下减胎术减灭宫外妊娠胚芽的临床治疗效果。方法通过阴道超声减胎抽吸宫外妊娠组织。结果对2例诊断为未破裂输卵管间质部的早期异位活胎妊娠,通过经阴道超声引导下减胎穿刺治疗,被保留的宫内胎儿持续妊娠至足月分娩。结论孕早期采用经阴道超声引导下减胎术选择性抽吸输卵管间质部胚芽,可获得理想的临床治疗效果。但是本方法仅去除胚芽组织,对残余的绒毛组织,需密切追踪随访。     

Intrauterine pregnancy in a patient with a sole remaining tube after local treatment of tubal pregnancy with hyperosmolar glucose.

A spontaneous IUP occurred 8 months after laparoscopic instillation of hyperosmolar glucose solution into a tubal pregnancy in a patient with a sole remaining tube. This is the first unequivocal proof of intact tubal function after treatment of a tubal pregnancy with local hyperosmolar glucose.     

Methotrexate versus hyperosomolar glucose in the treatment of extrauterine pregnancy

The aim of this prospective, randomized, double blind study was to compare the efficacy of methotrexate and hyperosmolar glucose injected directly into the extra-uterine gestational sac under laparoscopic vision. The study included twenty women with ectopic pregnancy. Inclusion criteria were intact tubal pregnancy, not exceeding 4 cm in diameter, rising or plateauing βhCG levels, and no evidence of intra-abdominal bleeding. The patients were treated by laparoscopically guided injection of 3 mL fluid into the area containing the tubal pregnancy. The fluid contained either 25 mg methotrexate (n=9) or 50% glucose (n=9). Daily decrease in βhCG levels was faster in patients treated by methotrexate (median 8.7%) than in those treated by hyperosmolar glucose (median 4.8%), p=0.17. The study was discontinued due to a higher failure rate in the group treated by hyperosmolar glucose. In conclusion, local injection of methotrexate is superior to hyperosmolar glucose. It can be used as an alternative to salpingostomy or salpingotomy whenever laparoscopy is performed for the diagnosis and treatment of extra-uterine pregnancy. Received: 17 August 2000 / Accepted: 18 October 2000     

Reproductive outcome after laparoscopic instillation of hyperosmolar glucose into unruptured tubal pregnancies

OBJECTIVE: To determine intrauterine and ectopic pregnancy rates after local instillation of 50% glucose into unruptured tubal pregnancies. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort of 183 patients, who were observed for 16 to 108 months (median, 64 months). SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): One hundred eighty-three women who underwent laparoscopic instillation of hyperosmolar glucose for unruptured tubal pregnancies. INTERVENTION(S): Completion of questionnaires. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Pregnancy rate, tubal recurrence rate. RESULT(S): A total of 124 women returned the questionnaire and had a desire for spontaneous conception. The conception rate and the intrauterine pregnancy rate were 79% and 73%, respectively. Seventy percent of all women with desire for spontaneous conception had live births. The rate of subsequent ectopic pregnancies was 12%. Tubal patency of the treated tube was demonstrated in 69% of 39 women at hysterosalpingography. CONCLUSION(S): The long-term prognosis for conception after laparoscopic instillation of hyperosmolar glucose for unruptured tubal pregnancy is favorable and comparable to that of other conservative treatments.     

经阴道穿刺治疗宫内外同时妊娠8例临床分析

目的探讨经阴道穿刺治疗宫内外同时妊娠(HP)的适应证、时机的选择及预后。方法回顾性分析2003年1月至2010年6月在广州医学院第三附属医院生殖医学中心经阴道穿刺治疗HP8例患者的临床特点、住院时间和妊娠结局。结果 8例HP患者经阴道穿刺治疗,其中6例经阴道穿刺抽吸异位妊娠胚胎,2例吸出异位妊娠胚胎后再注射50%葡萄糖2mL。治疗时孕龄43～68d,异位妊娠囊直径15～32mm;手术时间(10.0±1.8)min,住院天数(8.25±0.89)d。1例在治疗后4h因输卵管破裂发生失血性休克,行输卵管切除术,术后3d宫内胚胎停止发育而行清宫术,6例足月妊娠分娩,1例孕36周早产;新生儿均存活,体重(3166.7±272.5)g,无新生儿窒息和畸形。结论对于诊断明确的HP患者,如果孕周<8周,病变输卵管未破裂,无明显的腹腔内出血,异位妊娠囊直径<25mm,术后有条件随访,经阴道穿刺不失为一种较好的选择。     

Heterotopic pregnancy following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: 12 cases report

Objective  To evaluate the incidence, predisposing factors, early diagnosis and treatment options of heterotopic pregnancy (HP) following in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) procedure. Methods  A retrospective review study was performed to identify the HP cases after IVF-ET at the Reproductive Centre in Guangdong Women and Children’s Hospital in China between the years of 2002–2007. Results  Twelve out of 1,476 pregnancies (0.81%) were diagnosed for HP, of which nine patients elected for exploratory salpingectomy, two patients received selective fetal reduction by embryo aspiration under ultrasound guidance, and one patient opted for expectant treatment. Postoperatively, four intrauterine pregnancies were continued to develop until term while two were delivered at 35 weeks of gestation. The achievement ratio of continuous pregnancy was 66.7% (6/9). Conclusion  The incidence of HP is increasing due to the widespread use of assisted reproductive technology. An early transvaginal sonography performed by experienced radiologist/radiographer is considered to be essential and beneficial in establishing early diagnosis of HP. Both salpingectomy and selective fetal reduction by embryo aspiration can be administered as one of the effective therapies for HP with the optimal outcome of intrauterine pregnancy.     

卵泡期经阴道小卵泡穿刺抽吸术治疗多囊卵巢综合征排卵障碍

目的 探讨对克罗米芬治疗无反应的多囊卵巢综合征患者在卵泡期经阴道小卵泡穿刺抽吸术后,使用促性腺激素诱发排卵时卵泡的发育及其结局。方法 选择17例对克罗米芬治疗无反应,或对促性腺激素治疗发生卵巢过度刺激或无反应,但输卵管通畅、男方精液正常的多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者,在月经(人工周期)第5天给予促性腺激素治疗,给药5d后,在B超指引下经阴道行小卵泡穿刺抽吸术,双侧卵巢仅留1—2个较大卵泡,术后继续给予促性腺激素,观察卵泡发育、排卵和妊娠情况及血中性激素水平变化。结果 17例中除2例(11．8％)对该治疗方法无反应外,15例出现优势卵泡发育和排卵,其中单卵泡发育9例(52．9％),双卵泡发育4例(23.5％),3卵泡发育2例(11．8％),发育的优势卵泡全部排卵。总共有7例妊娠,全部为单胎妊娠,单周期治疗妊娠率41．2％(7／17)。结论 卵泡期经阴道小卵泡穿刺抽吸术能使对克罗米芬治疗无反应的多囊卵巢综合征不孕患者,使用促性腺激素治疗获得良好的单卵泡发育和单胎妊娠率。     

体外受精—胚胎移植后发生宫内外同时妊娠6例临床分析

目的 探讨体外受精-胚胎移植（IVF-ET）后宫内外同时妊娠（HP）的发生率、危险因素、诊断及防治方法。方法 对IVF-ET后发生宫内外同时妊娠6例病例进行回顾性分析。结果 宫内外同时妊娠的发生率为0.95%。6例病人均移植3个以上胚胎,4例有盆腔或输卵管疾病史;宫内外同时妊娠症状以腹痛为主。2例伴腹肌紧张及低血容量休克。3例有阴道流血,6例病人中2例经B超确诊,3例经手术确诊。1例误诊为阑尾炎。1例行输卵管修补术,余行输卵管切除术治疗,其中2例自然分娩活婴。结论 IVF-ET后HP发生率明显增加,特别是有盆腔、输卵管疾病史或移植多个胚胎者。加强B超监测。有助于在妊娠部位破裂前发现、诊断及治疗HP,防止不良后果发生。     

Vaginal gamete intrafallopian transfer. Experience with 14 cases

A procedure utilizing transvaginal aspiration of stimulated gametes followed by transcervical, ultrasound-guided catheterization of the tubal ostia was performed as a modification of the standardized gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) technique. Among 14 patients with 16 cycles there were four normal, intrauterine pregnancies and one ectopic pregnancy. In two patients the beta-human gonadotropin level rose significantly and then started to fall; the patients aborted spontaneously. The procedure can be performed with a higher degree of patient acceptance than can traditional GIFT, and the success rate in this small series was promising.     

Heterotopic cervical pregnancy successfully treated with transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration and cervical-stay sutures

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of a heterotopic cervical pregnancy successfully treated with transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration and cervical-stay sutures. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: Tertiary academic IVF program. PATIENT(S): A 35-year-old woman who conceived from IVF-ET treatment at 5.5 weeks of gestation. INTERVENTION(S): Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of the cervical pregnancy followed by cervical-stay sutures to control hemorrhage after aspiration. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Recovery of the patient, preservation of the intrauterine pregnancy, and sequelae. RESULTS(S): The cervical pregnancy was successfully aborted, and the intrauterine pregnancy progressed to term. CONCLUSION(S): Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration in combination with hemostatic cervical-stay sutures can be safely used to manage heterotopic cervical pregnancies.     

Treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancy by laparoscopic instillation of hyperosmolar glucose solution.

Sixty patients with unruptured tubal pregnancy were treated with local laparoscopic instillation of 50% glucose solution. This treatment was successful in 49 (98%) of 50 patients with an initial serum human chorionic gonadotropin level of less than or equal to 2500 mU/ml and in six (60%) of 10 with an initial level greater than 2500 mU/ml. No side effects were seen. The average hospital stay of patients who did not require a second intervention was 5.2 days (range 3 to 10). The average time between glucose instillation and the decline of serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels below the level of detectability was 21.3 (+/- 14.3) and 30.2 (+/- 10.9) days in patients with serum levels less than or equal to 2500 mIU/ml and greater than 2500 mIU/ml, respectively. Five patients (8%) underwent a second laparoscopy (n = 4) or laparotomy (n = 1) because of stable or increasing human chorionic gonadotropin levels and progressing clinical symptoms. We conclude that laparoscopic instillation of hyperosmolar glucose solution is safe, technically simple, and effective in the treatment of unruptured tubal pregnancies associated with a serum human chronic gonadotropin level less than or equal to 2500 mIU/ml.     

Alternative to surgery of treatment of unruptured interstitial pregnancy: 15 cases of medical treatment

Objective: To evaluate medical treatment of interstitial pregnancy. Methods: This series was a retrospective study of medical treatment of interstitial pregnancies which was managed in two French Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (Bichat public Hospital, Paris and A. Béclère public Hospital, Clamart, France). Fifteen patients with clear evidence of an unruptured interstitial pregnancy were treated by injection of methotrexate (MTX) or potassium chloride (KCL) without surgery since January 1988. The diagnosis was established either by sonography and laparoscopic confirmation in eight cases or by only transvaginal ultrasound in seven cases. Three out of 15 cases in this series, had a heterotopic pregnancy who were treated by transvaginal ultrasound-guided injection of KCL. Others received systemic MTX injection in four cases, and local MTX injection in eight cases under either laparoscopy or transvaginal ultrasound guidance. Four different protocols of MTX (Ledertrexate^R) administration was performed in this series with time: at the beginning of our experience, MTX1 protocol, 15 mg i.m. daily for 5 days was used; and after MTX2 protocol, 1 mg/kg body weight i.m. daily for 4 days; MTX3 protocol, 1 mg/kg body weight intratubal associated with 1 mg/kg body weight i.m. daily for 3 days; and now MTX4 protocol, only intratubal 1 mg/kg body weight is especially used. The success was defined as declining serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) to undetectable levels, and no further surgical management was required. Outcome of subsequent fertility was also evaluated. Results: Complete resolution was obtained in 13 (86.6%) out of 15 interstitial pregnancies. Two out of 15 patients, with medical treatment's failure required secondary surgery. No severe side effects of medical treatment were observed. Follow-up hysterosalpingography was performed in 12 patients showing 91.7% tubal patency on the side of interstitial pregnancy. Outcome of intra-uterine pregnancy of the three patients who had heterotopic gestation, was two miscarriages and one delivery at term. Out of the other 12 patients in this series, nine became pregnant within 1 year: eight pregnancies at term, and one induced abortion. At present, among the last three patients, two have no desire to conceive. Conclusion: Our results suggest that unruptured interstitial pregnancies now can be managed with local MTX administration of 1 mg/kg body weight under transvaginal ultrasound or under laparoscopy procedure. This approach is particularly attractive in these patients, where the only alternative to therapy is laparotomy with cornual resection.     

Conservative treatment of cervical ectopic pregnancy with transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration and single-dose methotrexate

OBJECTIVE: To present a case of cervical ectopic pregnancy successfully treated with ultrasound-guided aspiration and single-dose methotrexate administered systemically. DESIGN: Case report. SETTING: University hospital. PATIENT(S): A 27-year-old nulliparous woman with a cervical ectopic pregnancy. INTERVENTION(S): Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of the cervical ectopic pregnancy followed by single-dose methotrexate administered systemically. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Recovery of the patient, successful conservative treatment of the cervical ectopic pregnancy, with preservation of the uterus. RESULT(S): The cervical ectopic pregnancy was successfully aborted, and the reproductive capability of the patient was preserved. CONCLUSION(S): Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration in combination with single-dose methotrexate administered systemically can be safely used to treat cervical ectopic pregnancies.     

Cervical twin ectopic pregnancy after In Vitro fertilization-Embryo transfer (IVF-ET): case report

Introduction.?Cervical twin ectopic pregnancy after IVF-ET is rare and catastrophic complication. However, here is no consensus on the best treatment strategy.

Patient and method.?Case report of cervical twin ectopic pregnancy after IVF-ET treated by transvaginal ultrasound guided aspiration plus systemic single injection of methotrexate, which followed by full-term delivery in next IVF-ET cycle.

Conclusion.?Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration and systemic methotrexate administration can be safely and easily used to treat cervical ectopic pregnancies and to preserve the fertility of the patient without any major complications.     

Simultaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy after intracytoplasmic sperm injection treated by conservative medical treatment. Interest of sonographic follow-up

We describe a case of early bilateral tubal pregnancy diagnosed by transvaginal ultrasonography after intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) and embryo transfer (ET). A follow-up by transvaginal sonography was done with a systematic second scan (5 days) after the first diagnosis of left tubal ectopic pregnancy in case of assisted conception procedure. This follow-up sonographic strategy permitted us to perform a conservative treatment for this case of spontaneous bilateral tubal pregnancy by two consecutive (left then right) in-situ methotrexate injections under vaginal ultrasonographic guidance without any complications.     

Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery for Tubal Stump Pregnancy

ObjectiveTo demonstrate a case of left tubal stump pregnancy successfully treated using our 2-step technique for transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES).DesignDemonstration of the technique using surgical video footage.SettingTertiary university hospital.InterventionsA 27-year-old gravida 3 para 0 patient with a history of laparotomy, left salpingectomy owing to a ruptured tubal pregnancy, was referred to our hospital because of a pregnancy of unknown location. Her serum β human chorionic gonadotropin level was 8400 U/L, and a transvaginal ultrasound revealed an ectopic pregnancy in the left tubal stump. After discussing medical and surgical treatment options, the patient underwent a 2-step vNOTES approach. First, a diagnostic vNOTES was performed using a 5-mm trocar with autoretracting blade. After confirmation of the diagnosis, the trocar was removed, and the incision was enlarged with blunt dissection. A self-constructed pessary port was then placed through the enlarged colpotomy, and the ectopic pregnancy in the left tubal stump was excised using an advanced bipolar device. The colpotomy was closed with running resorbable sutures. The duration of the surgery was 36 minutes, and the patient was discharged on postoperative day 1 without any complications.ConclusionTubal stump pregnancy is a rare form of ectopic pregnancy with an incidence of approximately 0.4% of all ectopic pregnancies [1]. Treatment options include conservative medical management using methotrexate and surgery. Successful surgical treatment using laparoscopy has been previously reported [1,2]. This case demonstrates that vNOTES may be a minimally invasive option for the surgical treatment of tubal stump pregnancy in selected cases.     

Low Multiple Pregnancy Rates and Reduced Frequency of Cancellation After Ovulation Induction with Gonadotropins, If Eventual Supernumerary Follicles Are Aspirated to Prevent Polyovulation

Purpose: Our purpose was to demonstrate the feasibility of the routine aspiration of supernumerary follicles in infertile patients with imminent polyovulation after ovulation induction with gonadotropins and to examine its effect on the frequency of cycle cancellation and on the (multiple) pregnancy rate. Methods: The data on 796 treatment cycles, performed between 1989 and 1996 on 410 infertile couples, were analyzed retrospectively. From October 1992, whenever necessary, supernumerary ovarian follicles were selectively aspirated transvaginally under ultrasound guidance to prevent the ovulation of more than three follicles. Thereafter, intrauterine insemination was performed. Results: After the adoption of transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of supernumerary follicles into the treatment protocol in October 1992, the number of canceled cycles (P < 0.0001) and the multiple pregnancy rate (P < 0.01) were significantly reduced compared to those previously. The overall pregnancy rate remained stable. No ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome requiring hospitalization was noted, and no complications resulting from the follicle aspiration were registered. Conclusions: Transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration of supernumerary ovarian follicles increases both the efficacy and the safety of ovulation induction with gonadotropins. Because of the limited equipment required, this method represents an alternative for conversion of overstimulated cycles to more costly alternatives such as in vitro fertilization.     

宫内外复合妊娠腹腔镜手术治疗34例分析

目的:探讨宫内外复合妊娠(HP)腹腔镜治疗的有效性、安全性及对妊娠结局的影响。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月—2018年1月天津市中心妇产科医院收治的宫内妊娠合并输卵管妊娠共34例,探讨腹腔镜手术治疗的可行性和妊娠结局。结果:34例患者均为宫内妊娠合并单侧输卵管妊娠,其中特殊病例包括:宫内双胎妊娠合并右侧输卵管妊娠1例,宫内妊娠合并右侧输卵管间质部妊娠1例,双子宫右侧宫腔妊娠合并左侧输卵管妊娠1例。所有患者均行腹腔镜手术治疗,手术时间15～110 min,平均(45.21±8.33)min;术中出血5～200 m L,平均(33.04±10.12)m L,其中3例因术前腹腔出血超过800 mL行输血治疗。术后患者无发热、切口感染和术后并发症,超声检查提示宫内妊娠状态正常,患者恢复良好。除胚胎停育行人工流产1例和失访1例外,余33例新生儿(1例双胎妊娠分娩)均为活产,未见新生儿发育畸形。结论:对于妊娠早期的宫内妊娠合并单侧输卵管妊娠患者,腹腔镜手术去除输卵管异位妊娠安全有效,术后未增加医源性流产率及新生儿出生缺陷发生率。     

Cervical pregnancy treated with transvaginal ultrasound-guided intra-amniotic instillation of methotrexate

Aim Aim of the study was to investigate the efficacy of single transvaginal ultrasound-guided intraamniotic installation of methotrexate in the management of cervical pregnancy with concurrent review of the literature.Materials and methods Six patients with cervical pregnancy are included in the study. All patients were treated with single transvaginal ultrasound-guided intraamniotic installation of 70 mg of methotrexate plus folic acid p.o. The main presenting symptoms were mild to moderate vaginal bleeding and lower abdominal cramp-like pain, resembling the clinical presentation of a threatened abortion. The typical ultrasound findings were the absence of intrauterine gestational sac and the detection of a gestational sac within the cervical canal, invading the anterior or the posterior wall of the cervix and normal appearance of the adnexa, bilaterally. The hourglass-shaped cervix was not characteristic at 5 weeks of gestation but it was at 8 weeks of gestation.Discussion Ultrasound-guided intraamniotic installation of methotrexate in the management of cervical pregnancy appears to be an effective and safe method but the choice of the method should be depended on the gestational age of cervical pregnancy, the presence of active bleeding or not and its severity, the desire for preservation of future fertility, the presence of coexisting valuable intrauterine pregnancy and the experience of the physician in charge.     

Ectopic tubal pregnancy after hysterectomy and tubal ligation

Posthysterectomy ectopic pregnancy is an unusual condition that may present soon after hysterectomy or several years later. Similarly, although tubal ligation is a widespread method of contraception, tubal pregnancy after tubal ligation is not common either. If any of these conditions are rare, having an ectopic pregnancy after hysterectomy and tubal ligation is even more infrequent and only one of such cases was found in our review of the literature. We describe the case of a 35-year-old patient, with history of bilateral tubal ligation and vaginal hysterectomy that looked for medical attention due to abdominal pain. A pregnancy test was positive and a transvaginal ultrasound demonstrated the presence of a gestational sac at the vaginal cuff, adjacent to the ovary. An exploratory laparotomy showed a ruptured ectopic pregnancy located in the distal portion of the left fallopian tube. The occurrence of an ectopic pregnancy several years following tubal ligation and vaginal hysterectomy is a rare phenomenon that appears to be secondary to a fistulous connection into the peritoneal cavity.