乳腺癌前哨淋巴结微转移术中快速检测的临床意义

目的：了解术中冰冻切片联合快速免疫组化在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）微转移检测中的应用及效果。方法：2003年2月至2006年4月我科共62例乳腺癌患者，采取美蓝染色前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB），行SLN术中冰冻切片，阴性者行EPOS法快速免疫组化检查以发现微转移。并与术后SLN连续切片及免疫组化检查作比较，以了解快速免疫组化检查的准确性及发现微转移的能力。结果：56例成功行SLNB，成功率90．3％，术中冰冻切片发现20例SLN癌转移，36例阴性者行快速免疫组化检查．发现2例微转移，术后连续切片及常规免疫组化检查又发现2例微转移。结论：美蓝染色SLNB成功率较高、安全、价廉。术中SLN冰冻切片联合EPOS法快速免疫组化检查，可增加SLN微转移的检出率．减少假阴性率．适合基层医院开展。[著者文摘]     

99Tcm-ASC淋巴显像在乳癌前哨淋巴结定位中的应用

目的 评价^99Tc^m—ASC硫化锑胶体(^99Tc^m—ASC)淋巴显像对乳腺癌前哨淋巴结(SLN)的定位价值，为乳腺癌SLN活检技术提供准确的定位依据。方法 对30例乳腺癌患者行^99Tc^m—ASC前哨淋巴结显像，同时术中行染色法(14例)或γ探测仪探测(14例)定位SLN，并与显像体表定位结果作比较。结果 显像成功率为93．3％(28／30例)；共显示SLN43个，平均1．54枚；淋巴显像检出的SLN与染色法结果完全吻合，符合率为100％，与γ探针检测符合率为85％(12／14枚)；12例SLN病理阳性的患者中8例ALN有转移，16例阴性患者中14例ALN为阴性；诊断符合率为78．6％，假阴性率为7．1％。结论 ^99Tc^m—ASC前哨淋巴结显像体表定位可以准确显示SLN的部位、数目及淋巴引流情况，可用于指导术中乳腺癌SLNγ探测定位及活检手术。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检临床应用82例分析

目的：探讨亚甲兰染色法在前哨淋巴结活检术（SLNB）中的应用。方法：应用亚甲兰染色法对82例乳腺癌患者行SLNB，然后进行乳腺癌改良根治术。结果：（1）82例前哨淋巴结活检，检出率94％；（2）SLNB的检出准确率为89．6％，假阴性率为7．6％。结论：前哨淋巴结活检反映腋窝淋巴结状况准确性较高。出现假阴性，结果可能与肿瘤切检后空腔过大，淋巴回流阻断，注射药物时间与时机，注射药物的部位及术者初期手术经验不足有关。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检指导腋窝淋巴结清扫

目的探讨前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）对乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结（ALN）转移状态的预测价值,为指导乳腺癌患者是否行腋窝淋巴结清扫（ALND）提供科学依据。方法2005～2008年本院手术治疗的乳腺癌患者36例患者,采用术前2 h注射99M锝-右旋糖苷（99M Tc-dx）1 ml于肿瘤周围腺体内和术中1%亚甲蓝2 ml（总剂量）四点法注射于肿瘤覆盖皮肤之皮内,术中前哨淋巴结活检,随后行包括ALND的不同方式的根除术。所有前哨淋巴结（SLN）术中冷冻病理检查为单切片HE染色,所有SLN和非SLN均再行多层切片HE染色及免疫组织化学病理学检查。结果根据术中切片病理和术后腋窝淋巴结病理,SLN检出成功率为94.4%（34/36）;SLN预测ALN转移的准确性为94.1%（32/34）,灵敏度为85.7%（12/14）,特异性为100%（20/20）,假阴性率为14.3%（2/14）,总的阳性、阴性预测值分别为100%（12/12）和90.9%（20/22）。与单切片HE染色相比,多层切片HE染色和免疫组织化学检查使灵敏度提高至92.9%（13/14）,假阴性率降低至7.14%（1/14）。结论亚甲蓝法和放射性示踪法联合应用能准确检测出SLN,SLN能反映腋窝淋巴结的状态。术中多层切片HE染色可降低前哨淋巴结假阴性率。     

应用美蓝显示乳腺癌前哨淋巴结病理检查的意义

目的：研究乳腺癌前哨淋巴结病理检查的临床意义。方法：在乳腺癌根治性切除手术开始时将美蓝2ml注射于乳腺肿瘤区域，在切除标本中寻找蓝染的前哨淋巴结以及未染色的淋巴结，均行HE染色病理检查。结果：64例乳腺癌患者中显示蓝染色的前哨淋巴结定位成功55例，成功率85．9％(55／64)，前哨淋巴结癌转移率为58．2％(32／55)，前哨淋巴结与非前哨淋巴结病理检查符合率为96．4％(53／55)，前哨淋巴结假阴性率为3．6％(2／55)。结论：乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检查对预测腋窝淋巴结状态的可靠性尚有待进一步研究提高。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床研究

目的；探讨亚甲蓝染色法在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（Sentinel lymphnode，SLN）活检中对腋窝淋巴结（axillary lymphnode。ALN）转移预测的准确性。方法：采用亚甲蓝染色法对56例乳腺癌行腋窝蓝染淋巴结活检，后行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary lymph node dissection，ALND），两标本均送病理检查。结果：全组56例患者检出SLN54例，未找到SLN2例，检出率为96．4％（54／56）;SLN与ALN病理检查完全符合者53例，准确率为98．1％（53／54），曼敏度为88．9（8／9），假阴性率为11．1％（119）。结论。前哨淋巴结活检能正确反映大多数乳腺癌ALN状态，亚甲蓝染色法可以成功确定SLN．     

超声造影引导下细针穿刺活检诊断早期浸润性乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结转移的价值

目的探讨超声造影(contrast-enhanced ultrasound, CEUS)引导下细针穿刺组织活检在早期浸润性乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结转移诊断中的价值。方法早期浸润性乳腺癌患者176例,均行CEUS检查,对检出前哨淋巴结者先行CEUS引导下细针穿刺组织活检再行前哨淋巴结活检术(sentinel lymph node biopsy, SLNB),未检出前哨淋巴结者直接行SLNB,并根据SLNB结果判定是否行腋窝淋巴结清扫术。以SLNB结果为金标准,评估CEUS引导下细针穿刺组织活检诊断早期浸润性乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结转移的价值。结果 176例患者中,170例CEUS检出前哨淋巴结261枚,其中CEUS引导下细针穿刺组织活检诊断淋巴结转移93例;176例SLNB检出前哨淋巴结351枚,组织病理检查证实腋窝前哨淋巴结转移100例。以SLNB结果为金标准,CEUS引导下细针穿刺组织活检诊断早期浸润性乳腺癌患者腋窝前哨淋巴结转移的灵敏度为93.0%,特异度为100.0%,阳性预测值为100.0%,阴性预测值为90.9%,准确率为95.9%。结论前哨淋巴结CEUS引导下细针穿刺组织活检在早期浸润性乳腺癌患者腋窝前哨淋巴结转移诊断中具有较高的价值。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检在简化的腋淋巴结清扫中的应用

目的:探讨前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)在早期乳腺癌简化的腋淋巴结清扫(ALND)中的应用及效果,了解EPOS法快速免疫组化发现前口哨淋巴结(SLN)微转移的能力及准确性。方法:30例早期乳腺癌行美蓝染色SLNB术中行SLN冰冻切片联合EPOS法快速免疫组化检查,其中阴性者28例分成两组,15例行简化的ALND(仅清扫胸小肌外侧组淋巴结,简化组),13例行标准ALND(标准组)。结果:EPOS法快速免疫组化使SLN假阴性率降了50%,简化组后腋窝引流时间、积液及患肢水肿发生率较标准组减少,患肢功能恢复良好,短期随访无腋窝局部复发及远处转移。结论:EPOS法联合冰冻切片可减少SLN的假阴性率,SLN阴性可安全使用简化的ALND,减小手术创伤和并发症。     

前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌中的临床研究

目的：探讨肿瘤前哨淋巴结活检在乳腺癌中应用的可行性。方法；采用术中注射亚甲蓝方法定位前哨淋巴结，对40例乳腺癌行腋窝蓝染淋巴结活检，后行常规腋窝淋巴结清扫，两标本均送病理检查。结果：全组40例患者检出SLN36例，4例未找到SLN，检出率为90％（36／40）；SLN与ALN病理检查完全符合者37例，准确率为92．5％（37／40）；出现淋巴结转移的有16例，其中SLN出现转移的有12例。灵敏度为75％（12／16）；假阴性率为25％（4／16）。T1期20例无假阴性者，准确率100％，T2期20例假阴性者4例，准确率为80％（16／20），假阴性率为20％（4／20）。淋巴结阴性病例前哨淋巴结检出率100％（24／24）明显高于淋巴结阳性者的病例75％（12／16）。结论：前哨淋巴结活检能准确预测乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结状态，术中注射亚甲蓝方法定位前哨淋巴结可以作为检测SLN的常用方法之一。淋巴结阴性的病例前哨淋巴结检出率明显高于淋巴结阳性者的病例。     

乳腺癌术中蓝染法前哨淋巴结活检

目的探讨手术中应用亚甲蓝染色法探查乳腺癌前哨淋巴结（SLN）的可行性及准确性。方法术中于癌块周围注射1％亚甲蓝2-4ml，10—15分钟后开始手术。凡术中发现被蓝染的淋巴结即判断为SLN，切除蓝染淋巴结及相应腋窝淋巴结清扫所得淋巴结均送常规病检。结果43例中发现SLN者39例，检出率为90.7％；39例中SLN共计54枚，其中位于第1站淋巴结51枚，占94．4％，位于第Ⅱ站淋巴结3枚，占5．6％。未检出SLN的4例癌肿位于下象限3例，内上象限1例。在SLN病检阴性的31例中，2例非SLN病检为阳性，假阴性率为6．45％。结论术中亚甲蓝染色法能较准确鉴别SLN，操作简单易行；SLN能够较准确地反映乳腺癌患者腋窝状况。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.