尿道下裂不同术式的疗效评价

目的 评价尿道下裂不同成形术式的疗效。方法 总结434例尿道下裂手术资料,分析不同术式与尿道狭窄及尿道瘘的发生率。结果 尿道口前移、阴茎头成形术（MAGP1）和Onlay island flap法（加岛状皮瓣法）的狭窄、尿道瘘发生率为零;Flip-Flap法的狭窄发生率为9％,尿道瘘发生率为5％;Dennis-Brown的狭窄、尿道瘘发生率分别为28％和28％;膀胱膜法的狭窄和尿道瘘发生率分别为36％和4％。结论 阴茎头、冠状沟型尿道下裂宜采用MAGPI法,阴茎体型宜采用Flip-Flap法,近端型宜用加盖岛状皮瓣法或Duplay Duckett法,仅在材料缺乏时才考虑膀胱粘膜法。     

应用显微外科技术修复小儿尿道下裂

目的探讨提高尿道下裂治愈率的有效措施。方法利用显微外科技术对本组64例尿道下裂患儿进行一期尿道修复。年龄7个月-14岁，平均5．6岁。阴茎头及冠状沟型16例，阴茎体型36例，阴囊会阴型12例。伴阴茎阴囊转位3例，隐睾4例6侧，鞘膜积液2例，斜疝2例。先期外院矫正下弯但未成形尿道1例，Duckett手术失败2例。据病情不同，分别选用不同的手术方法：阴茎头型用尿道口前移、阴茎头成形法（MAGPI术式）；冠状沟型或距冠状沟较近的阴茎体型用尿道口基底血管皮瓣法（Mathieu术式）；尿道口在阴茎体2／3以外段伴有阴茎轻度下弯或无下弯者用尿道板纵切卷管法或加盖岛状皮板法（Snodgrass术式或Onlay术式）；有严重阴茎下弯的所有阴茎体型选横裁或纵裁包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形（Duckett术式或Hodgson术式）；阴囊型或会阴型用阴囊中缝皮管加横裁包皮岛状皮瓣成形尿道（Duplay联合Duckett术式）。对20例再次手术者或包皮材料不理想、重度尿道下裂者手术结束前行膀胱穿刺造瘘。结果手术治愈57例，治愈率89．1％（57／64）。手术时间90-180min，平均120min。术中出血量〈15ml。并发尿道瘘3例，尿道狭窄4例，无尿道憩室发生。54例获得随访2-36个月，平均19个月，均符合尿道下裂治愈标准。结论应用显微外科技术，合理选用手术方法，重视术中技巧，能明显提高手术成功率，而且手术年龄可提早到婴幼儿。     

先天性尿道下裂术式选择与并发症的关系

目的:讨论先天性尿道下裂不同术式的选择与并发症的发生关系。方法:总结1988年3月～2001年8月本院收治的先天性尿道下裂成形术资料,并发症的发生率。结果:尿瘘及尿道狭窄是最常见的并发症。尿道口前移,龟头成形术(MAGPI),Onlay island flap法(加盖岛状皮瓣技术),阴囊中线岛状皮瓣术式,Mathieu术式(翻斗式皮瓣法)并发症发生率较低。原位皮管法,Dennis-Brown(皮条埋藏法)及Duckett法发生率较高。结论:阴茎头冠状沟型的尿道下裂尽量采用MAGPI,阴茎体型宜采用Matheiu法,远端宜采用Duplay+Duckett或Onlay island flap法。二期手术宜采用Dennis-Brown。     

显微外科技术纵形带蒂岛状包皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂

目的 探讨显微外科技术纵形带蒂岛状包皮瓣修复尿道下裂的临床效果.方法 伴明显阴茎下弯的尿道下裂患者42例.年龄1～19岁,中位6.4岁.阴茎头冠状沟型6例、阴茎体型28例、阴茎阴囊型8例.4倍显微镜下采用纵形带蒂岛状包皮瓣术式33例,纵形带蒂岛状包皮瓣联合阴囊纵隔皮瓣成形9例.42例重建尿道平均3.6(2.5～6.0)cm. 结果 一次手术治愈38例(90.5%).术后出现尿瘘1例,行尿瘘修补治愈;尿道口狭窄2例,尿道吻合口狭窄1例,行尿道扩张后治愈.41例获随访9～52个月,平均27个月,患者均符合尿道下裂治愈标准. 结论 显微外科技术纵形带蒂岛状包皮瓣行一期尿道下裂修复手术成功率高,并发症少,值得临床推广.     

微创钨针在横形包皮岛状皮瓣法尿道下裂一期修复术中的应用

目的 总结微创钨针在横形包皮岛状皮瓣管状尿道成形法尿道下裂一期修复术的应用方法及术后效果。方法 我科2013年5月至2019年10月收治的其中226例尿道下裂患者,年龄6月~26岁（平均3.8岁）,其中阴茎体型119例,阴茎阴囊型83例,阴囊型及会阴型24例。术中应用微创钨针进行阴茎矫直、阴茎包皮脱套、横形包皮岛状皮瓣的切取及解剖等操作,将成形的横形包皮岛状皮瓣缝合成管状尿道,对各型尿道下裂进行一期尿道重建术。结果 术后7~8天拔除硅胶尿管排尿后,共发现12例伤口愈合不良、尿外渗及尿瘘形成。全部病例随访3月~2年,共发现尿瘘及尿道部分裂开24例,尿道外口狭窄2例,尿道（吻合口）狭窄3例,尿道憩室1例,阴茎下弯复发2例,总的并发症发生率为32/226（14.2%）。结论 在尿道下裂一期修复手术中,合理应用微创钨针的电切及电凝功能的优势特点,可精细分离解剖横形包皮岛状皮瓣,可安全有效获取尿道再造所需要的血运良好的包皮瓣等组织,有利于提高手术效率、减轻组织的损伤,可促进组织愈合、降低术后并发症。     

阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂

目的探讨阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂的手术方法. 方法 1997 年～2003年,对31例尿道下裂患儿,其中阴茎阴囊型21例、会阴型10例,按照尿道下裂的不同病理解剖,进行阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣设计、移位和尿道成形修复手术.阴茎包皮岛状瓣最长7.5 cm,宽1.5～1.8 cm. 结果修复后阴茎外形良好,不臃肿、无扭曲,尿道开口达到正常解剖部位,排尿正常或接近正常.术后发生尿瘘11例,其中阴茎阴囊型6例、会阴型5例,经修补后痊愈. 结论阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂是一种实用、有效的手术方法.     

尿道下裂的术式选择-会阴型和阴茎阴囊型

目的 总结会阴型尿道下裂和阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型尿道下裂的最佳术式.方法 将2000年1月至2015年1月本院收治的38例尿道下裂患儿,其中阴茎阴囊型25例、会阴型13例,按照尿道下裂的不同类型进行阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣设计、移位和尿道成形修复手术.阴茎包皮岛状最长7.5cm,宽1.5～1.8cm.结果 术后11例发生尿瘘,其中会阴型5例,阴茎阴囊型6例,经修补后痊愈.本组患者术后阴茎外形正常,无扭曲或臃肿、尿道开口达到正常解剖部位,均能正常排尿或有很大改善接近正常.结论 阴茎包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复阴茎阴囊型和会阴型尿道下裂是一种较为安全有效的手术方法.     

显微外科技术及带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣法在尿道下裂治疗中的应用

目的总结应用显微外科及带蒂包皮皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂的经验,提高手术成功率。方法回顾性分析38例一期尿道下裂修复手术及术后并发症。患儿年龄3～22岁,平均7．5岁。阴茎头冠状沟型12例,阴茎体型19例,阴茎根部型7例,其中6例曾在院外行阴茎下屈矫正术。应用显微外科技术,单纯选择带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣法一期修复尿道下裂32例,联合应用Duplay术式6例。结果随访3个月～2年,35例患儿术后阴茎外观满意,排尿通畅,无明显并发症:术后发生尿瘘2例,再次手术后治愈。1例术后3月出现尿道外口狭窄,经尿道扩张治愈。手术成功率为94．7％。结论应用显微外科及带蒂包皮岛状皮瓣一期修复尿道下裂,成功率高,并发症少,是治疗尿道下裂的良好方法。     

包皮横行岛状皮瓣尿道成形术治疗先天性尿道下裂

目的探讨改良包皮横行岛状皮瓣术(transverse preputial tubularized island flap,TPIF)治疗先天性尿道下裂的方法和效果。方法对77例不同类型的先天性尿道下裂采用改良TPIF进行治疗。结果77例中一次手术成功73例,3例术后发生尿瘘,1例术后再次出现阴茎下屈。随访1至6年,阴茎外观和排尿功能均满意。结论改良包皮横行岛状皮瓣术是先天性尿道下裂较为理想的手术方式,术后外观和功能均令人满意。     

斜行包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂

目的:探讨斜行包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂的效果。方法:采用斜行包皮岛状皮瓣尿道成形术治疗尿道下裂51例。结果:所有病例均自正位尿道口排尿,尿道外口呈纵向裂隙状,阴茎的外观满意,无阴茎下弯或侧弯,并发症发生率11.8%(6/51),其中尿瘘3例,尿道外口狭窄3例。结论:本术式具有取材范围大、皮瓣血运可靠、成形阴茎外观满意、并发症少等优点,适合阴茎型和阴茎-阴囊型尿道下裂的I期修复。     

Preservation of the urethral plate in hypospadias repair: extended applications and further experience with the onlay island flap urethroplasty

The onlay island flap urethroplasty, a variant of the transverse preputial (tubularized) island flap, was originally described for repair of anterior hypospadias. However, many cases of mid and proximal hypospadias have a well developed urethral plate and exhibit little or no chordee after release of skin tethering. Patients with this combination of findings are ideal candidates for onlay island flap urethroplasty regardless of initial meatal position. During the last 5 years the onlay island flap has been used for repair of mid to posterior hypospadias in 31 patients (38% of the cases). These are variants that formerly would have required more extensive urethroplasty. Because of the technical advantages of the onlay island flap this alteration in technique selection has resulted in fewer complications. When applied to mid and posterior hypospadias the onlay island flap maintained a significantly lower complication rate (10%) compared to other standard techniques. Preservation of the urethral plate in hypospadias repair is a principle with significant implications to an extended variety of hypospadias.     

Onlay island flap urethroplasty: variation on a theme.

The onlay island flap urethroplasty is useful in patients with distal, mid shaft and proximal hypospadias who have a well developed urethral plate and exhibit little or no curvature after release of chordee. The technique described has 2 main features: 1) use of the entire inner prepuce of the foreskin facilitates its mobilization and protects the vascular pedicle, and 2) additional soft tissue coverage is gained by removing the excess preputial mucosa not used for the neourethra. This extra soft tissue covering of the suture lines should prevent fistula formation. During the last 4 1/2 years the onlay island flap has been used for repair of hypospadias in 61 patients. The complication rate (6%) is low and compares favorably with other techniques. Further refinements in the onlay flap hypospadias repair should decrease the complication rate and widen its applicability.     

Hypospadias repair by skin flaps: a comparison of onlay preputial island flaps with either Mathieu's meatal-based or Duckett's tubularized preputial flaps.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the success of different skin flaps in the one-stage correction of primary hypospadias, with particular emphasis on comparing onlay preputial island flaps with Mathieu's meatal-based and Duckett's preputial tubularized flaps. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During a 12-year period, 418 patients underwent single-stage primary hypospadias repair using skin flaps, carried out by one surgeon. The surgical techniques used included Mathieu's repair in 216 (52%), Duckett's in 148 (35%), onlay preputial flaps in 42 (10%) and the Mustarde flap procedure in 12 (3%). The surgical results were reviewed, assessing complications and the functional and cosmetic outcome. RESULTS: At a mean follow-up of 23 months the initial overall complication rate for flap procedures was 22%; however, after a mean of 1.4 procedures, the final success rate was 95%. The complication rate was significantly (P<0.05) higher in patients with a proximal urethral meatus, with severe chordee or in repairs involving transection of the urethral plate. However, the complication rates were not significantly different when the patients underwent repair when aged <2 years or >2 years. Despite no significant difference in overall complication rates, onlay procedures tended to be used in more severe hypospadias than was Mathieu's repair. Duckett's repair caused a significantly higher overall complication rate as fistulae, strictures, meatal stenoses and tubular abnormalities than did onlay procedures. The use of double-faced preputial island flaps resulted in an inferior cosmetic appearance than the use of single-faced flaps, but the overall complication rates did not differ significantly between these techniques. CONCLUSIONS: Hypospadias repair using skin flaps offered a reliable and durable outcome. However, complication rates were greater in patients with severe hypospadias and with techniques requiring transection of the urethral plate. The onlay preputial island-flap technique was more widely applicable than was Mathieu's repair and had a lower complication rate than Duckett's procedure.     

Complications of the preputial island flap-tube urethroplasty.

OBJECTIVE: To report the long-term results of hypospadias repair using tubularized transverse preputial island flaps. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-four patients (mean age 7 years, range 2-19) underwent a transverse preputial island flap-tube repair for hypospadias. All patients had chordee, 14 had anterior, 41 mid-penile and 19 penoscrotal hypospadias. The mean (range) follow-up was 43 (14-77) months and the outcome assessed by function and cosmesis. RESULTS: The repair was functionally and cosmetically successful in 43 patients (58%) as a single-stage repair. Necrosis and sloughing of the neourethra occurred in five patients (7%), urethrocutaneous fistula in 17 (23%), strictures in seven (9%), diverticula in three (4%) and insignificant urethral misalignment was detected by urethrography in three (4%); thus the overall complication rate was 42%. All of these complications were treated successfully in one or two re-operations. CONCLUSIONS: The transverse preputial island flap-tube repair of hypospadias is a demanding technique. Even in experienced hands it has a relatively high complication rate. Every effort should be made to preserve the urethral plate during orthoplasty, minimizing the need to use tubularized preputial island flaps and expanding the application of onlay procedures.     

Lengthening urethral plate with inner preputial skin grafts: a modification of the onlay technique

PURPOSE: The onlay technique for primary hypospadias with severe chordee usually requires dorsal plication for residual curvature. To avoid this we use an inner preputial skin graft to reconstruct the urethral plate. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The urethral plate is divided with a transverse incision near the meatus and penile straightening is achieved. After this a fitting inner preputial skin is grafted between the meatus and urethral plate, and the ventral side of the neourethra is formed with an onlay island flap. RESULTS: A total of 21 patients have undergone this procedure. At a mean followup of 10 months a urethrocutaneous fistula developed in 2 patients and glans dehiscence developed in 1. The complication rate was 14.3%. No anastomotic stricture or megaurethra were found. All patients had excellent cosmetic results. CONCLUSIONS: Lengthening the urethral plate with an inner preputial skin graft allows adequate correction of severe chordee. We think that it is a useful procedure in select cases of primary hypospadias with severe inward curvature.     

Treatment of proximal hypospadias with a tubularized island flap urethroplasty and the onlay technique: a comparative study

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: The onlay island flap urethroplasty was first described in the repair of mid and distal penile hypospadias. Since then, this technique has been increasingly used in more severe cases of hypospadias, because of the complications of tubularized flaps, mainly megaurethra and proximal anastomotic strictures. The aim of this study was to compare the morbidity of these 2 techniques. METHODS: Between April 1994 and December 1998, 80 patients underwent surgical treatment for hypospadias. A tubularized island flap (Ducketttechnique) was performed in 42 cases, and the onlay island flap technique was used in 38 patients. The authors retrospectively compared the complication rate and type of these 2 procedures. RESULTS: Altogether, fistula was the most frequent complication without any significant difference between the 2 groups (21.4% for Duckett technique and 18.4% for onlay repair; P > .05). However, the anastomotic stricture was much more common in the tubularized flap group (7.14% v 2.63%; P < .05). Moreover, a megaurethra was found only in the Duckett technique group (4.7%). There was no case of chordee recurrence, but 6 patients (15.7%) treated with the onlay technique required urethrolysis including dissection of the chord behind the urethral plate, and in the other 3 patients of the same group (7.9%), a dorsal Nesbit plication also was necessary. In all these cases, the urethroplasty included an island cutaneous flap to provide ventral coverage to the neourethra. CONCLUSIONS: The authors conclude that both techniques present similar complications. However, proximal strictures and megaurethra are more common after the Duckett technique. This procedure is of choice in patients with scrotal hypospadias. Conversely, the onlay repair should be completed with other procedures (urethrolysis, dorsal Nesbit plication) to obtain good results in patients with severe degree of chordee.     

One-stage hypospadias repair. Experience with 544 cases.

PURPOSE: We evaluated one-stage hypospadias repairs in providing a normal looking penis with a normal functioning urethra. Also we looked critically at the effects of the severity of hypospadias, the type of repair and the experience of the surgeon on the outcome. Materials and METHODS: From 1987 to 1996 we performed 578 primary hypospadias repairs. The type and surgical results as well as the effects of certain variables on outcome were reviewed retrospectively. RESULTS: 544 single-stage hypospadias repairs have been followed up for a mean of 19 months (range 12-49). They included: MAGPI (92), ARAP (78), Mathieu (205), Mustarde (12), Duckett's tubularized preputial flap (142) and Onlay preputial flap (15). Despite an initial overall complication rate of 19%, the final success rate was 96%, after a mean of 1.3 procedures. Complications included fistula in 48 (9%) cases, meatal stenosis or retraction in 28 (5%), residual chordee in 17 (3%), stricture in 14 (2.5%), tubal abnormality in 10 (2%), and flap necrosis in 9 (2%). Complication rates were significantly higher (p < 0.05) when the meatus was proximal, the degree of chordee was moderate or severe and in the early series. Complication rates were also significantly higher with flap procedures and when the urethral plate was resected. Cosmetic defects occurred mainly with meatal advancement procedures. CONCLUSIONS: A repertoire of different types of single stage procedures has allowed the successful treatment of most hypospadias cases presenting to one surgeon. Complication rates increases with the severity of hypospadias or transection of the urethral plate. A cumulative experience allows for better results via a proper selection of the procedure and a perfection of a few techniques.     

Application of the onlay island flap urethroplasty to penile hypospadias with severe chordee

The onlay island flap urethroplasty was originally used to repair anterior hypospadias without chordee and was later used to repair penile hypospadias with a well developed urethral plate exhibiting little or no chordee after release of skin tethering. It is possible to treat all cases of penile hypospadias even with severe chordee by releasing the chordee without dividing the urethral plate and by reconstructing the urethra with an onlay island flap.