肺曲菌球手术治疗

本文报告１０例肺曲菌球外科手术治疗的经验，由于抗菌素，激素和免疫抑制剂的广泛应用，肺曲菌球的发病率有逐渐增加的趋势。本组病例的主林临床症太是咳血，有典型的肺血菌球Ｘ线表现者４例，其余６例均被误诊并行抗结核治疗数年。内科治疗对肺曲菌球无明显疗效。     

肺曲菌球病48例的诊断与治疗

曲菌球病患者常因长期肺部疾病，手术和术后处理难度较大，死亡率高。总结我院手术治疗曲菌球的病例，探讨其手术适应证、手术疗效和术后并发症。 研究对象我院1990年1月至2005年12月手术治疗的48例肺曲菌球患者，男20例，女28例，平均年龄45岁（25—73岁）。术后均经病理检查确诊。根据Belcher分类，将曲菌球分为两类：单纯型曲菌球为薄壁空洞，周边肺组织基本正常；复杂型为厚壁空洞或存在严重的肺或胸膜病变。     

肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的外科治疗

目的总结肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的诊断和外科治疗经验。方法对经手术治疗的24例肺结核合并肺曲菌球病患者的临床资料进行分析。结果 24例患者术前确诊率为37.5%(9/24)。行肺叶切除术20例,全肺切除术4例,19例同时行肥厚胸膜切除术。全组无手术死亡。术后并发症8例(33.3%),分别为胸腔出血1例,支气管胸膜瘘3例,包裹性液气胸2例,肺不张2例。术后随访22例,患者无肺曲菌球病复发。结论肺结核合并肺曲菌球病术前确诊率低;手术切除病变肺叶及肥厚胸膜是治疗肺结核合并肺曲菌球病的有效方法。     

肺曲菌球的外科治疗（附182例报告）

目的探讨肺曲菌球的手术适应证及手术治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院1975年9月至2008年1月经手术治疗的182例肺曲菌球患者资料,分为单纯性肺曲菌球组（SPA,n：42）和复合性肺曲菌球组（CPA,n;140）。行肺叶切除术146例,全肺切除13例,复合切除（肺叶＋肺段或楔形切除）11例,肺段切除7例,楔形切除5例。结果182例患者中治愈178例,治愈率97．8％。无手术死亡,术后发生并发症47例（25．8％）,包括出血5例,持续漏气10例,肺炎11例,肺复张不全8例,支气管胸膜瘘、脓胸3例,心律失常3例,肺脓肿5例,切口感染2例。SPA组术后并发症发生率低于CPA组（P〈0．05）。术后随访173例,随访4个月～5年无复发。结论外科手术为肺曲菌球的首选治疗方法。对于病程短、肺病变局限、胸膜粘连较轻的患者电视胸腔镜具有创伤小、恢复快、术后并发症少的优点是其最佳选择。     

经纤维支气管镜清除治疗肺曲菌球15例

受多种因素影响 ,肺曲菌球的发病逐年上升 ,近年来有较多病例报道[1 4] ,肺曲菌球多继发于肺部慢性空腔性病变[2 ] ,单纯抗真菌药物治疗无效 ,手术切除病灶被认为是治疗本病的惟一有效手段[2 ,4] ,手术切除后其病理情况为 :曲菌球呈灰黄色或棕褐色、较松脆、镜下见大量曲菌菌丝体和嗜酸性无定性物质 ,但均未见菌丝侵入空腔周围血管、肉芽组织及支气管壁[1 3 ] 。基于这一特点 ,我们近 2年来对经纤维支气管镜 (纤支镜 )可以窥见的曲菌球采取了经纤支镜清除的治疗方法 ,并对治疗后的疗效进行了 2～ 18个月追踪观察 ,现将结果报告如下。对象与…     

肺曲菌球40例临床分析

目的 探讨肺曲菌球的诊断和治疗方法. 方法 分析2001-2005年武汉市结核病院收治的40例肺曲菌球患者的临床诊治情况. 结果 40例中男24例,女16例,年龄17～61岁,平均37.7岁.40例中支气管扩张症和空洞型肺结核37例,肺囊肿2例,空洞型肺癌1例;咯血33例,反复间断小量咯血(＜20 ml/次)27例,大咯血6例;咳嗽、咳痰5例次;发热、盗汗3例次.40例患者均无基础疾病及长期使用抗生素史.术前、术后曲菌球的诊断符合率为60%(24例),原发病的诊断符合率为40%(16例).手术切除肺叶39例,全肺切除1例.死亡1例.随访1年,仅1例抗曲霉治疗6个月,余均未按要求服药.除2例大咯血患者复发外,余均痊愈. 结论 肺曲菌球多见于支气管扩张症及空洞型肺结核患者.多数患者可出现反复小量咯血.术前曲菌球和原发病诊断较困难.可根据病情采取不同的治疗方法,是否应首选手术或预防性手术有待商榷.出院后的抗曲霉治疗似乎并非必要.     

388例肺结核外科切除病例分析

目的探讨当前肺结核病的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。方法总结胸外科1999年1月—2007年12月手术切除的388例肺结核病的临床疗效。全组浸润肺结核116例,结核球或干酪性肺炎85例,慢性纤维空洞性肺结核66例,肺结核合并曲菌球形成18例,结核性支气管狭窄28例,结核性毁损肺75例。结果全肺切除术95例,肺叶切除术217例,气管或支气管成形术11例,其他手术65例。外科切除临床治愈372例治愈率95.9%,并发症33例发生率为8.5%,手术无死亡。结论虽然肺结核是以抗结核药物为主要治疗方法,但目前仍有部分患者需要外科治疗。外科手术可提高重症和耐多药肺结核的临床治愈率。     

388例肺结核外科切除病例分析

目的探讨当前肺结核病的外科治疗效果和手术适应症。方法总结胸外科1999年1月～2007年12月手术切除的388例肺结核病的临床疗效。全组浸润肺结核116例,结核球或干酪性肺炎85例,慢性纤维空洞性肺结核66例,肺结核合并曲菌球形成18例,结核性支气管狭窄28例,结核性毁损肺75例。结果全肺切除术95例,肺叶切除术217例,气管或支气管成形术11例,其他手术65例。外科切除临床治愈372例治愈率95．9％,并发症33例发生率为8．5％,手术无死亡。结论虽然肺结核是以抗结核药物为主要治疗方法,但目前仍有部分患者需要外科治疗。外科手术可提高重症和耐多药肺结核的临床治愈率。     

肺曲菌病12例的多层螺旋CT表现分析

目的分析肺曲菌病的多层螺旋CT表现,提高对该病的诊断水平。方法对12例经病理和治疗证实的肺曲菌病病人的临床和多层螺旋CT资料进行回顾性分析。结果 12例中8例为曲菌球,4例为侵袭性肺曲菌病。双肺多发2例,右肺7例,左肺3例。8例曲菌球CT表现为空洞性结节,6例呈新月征,空洞壁厚薄不均。4例侵袭性肺曲菌病中,表现为不规则斑片、斑块浸润影2例,表现为结节影和楔形实变影2例,周边有晕圈征。结论认识肺曲菌病影像的特征性表现,有利于其早期正确诊断和治疗。     

257例应用直线型支气管缝合器-TLH30行肺叶切除分析

治疗肺癌、肺结核、肺囊肿、肺脓疡、支气管扩张、肺曲菌球等疾病均为采取手术切除肺叶或全肺,术中采取直线型支气管缝合器-TLH30缝合支气管残端效果令人最为满意[1～3].2003年以来,本院手术切除肺叶及全肺使用强生公司所提供的缝合支气管残端257例效果满意,现报告如下.     

肺结核并发肺曲菌球47例外科治疗

目的　探讨肺曲菌球与肺结核的关系及其诊断和治疗;方法 对13年经外科手术治疗的47例肺结核合并曲菌球病人进行回顾性分析;结果 男性31例,占66.0%,病程>5年27例。咯血症状突出,41例,占87.2%。47例肺结核合并曲菌球中,术前明确诊断32例,占68.1%,漏误诊率31.8%。45例治愈,占95.7%,死亡2例,占4.2%。术后并发症10例,分别为胸腔感染、支气管胸膜瘘、肺炎、肺不张、支气管哮喘、呼吸衰竭和失血性休克。结论 肺曲菌球病见于肺结核空洞患者,在长期规律抗结核治疗后仍反复咯血,漏诊率较高,手术治疗为首选,效果较好。     

Results of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma with 26 cases in six years: a single center experience

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. We analyzed our results of the surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma. Between 2003 and 2009, 26 patients underwent thoracotomy for treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in our center. Results were evaluated retrospectively. There were 5 female and 21 male patients, with a mean age of 44 ± 11.6 years (28-70). The patients were divided into two groups, group A (simple aspergilloma; n= 8) and group B (complex aspergilloma; n= 18). Major underlying diseases were tuberculosis (61.5%). The most common indication for operation was hemoptysis (57.6%). Of our patients, 23% were complaining of massive hemoptysis or recurrent hemoptysis. Other patients were complaining of mild symptoms and some of them were totally asymptomatic. We performed 15 (57.6%) lobectomies (3 with associated segmentectomies), 8 (30.6%) segmentectomies/wedge resections, 2 (7.6%) pneumonectomies, and 1 (3.8%) cavernoplasty. Postoperative complications occurred in 15 (57.6%) patients. Complications occurred in 72.2% patients of complex aspergilloma, whereas 25% occurred in simple aspergilloma (p= 0.03). Major complications included prolonged air leak, empyema, air space. One patient who underwent lobectomies for complex aspergilloma developed bronchopleural fistula and died of respiratory failure on the 20th postoperative day. Operative mortality was 3.8%. The average postoperative hospital stay was 12.9 days. The mean follow-up period was average 44 months. The actuarial survival at 3 years was 90% and 100% for complex aspergilloma and simple aspergilloma, respectively (p> 0.05). There was two recurrence of disease (8%). But no recurrence of hemoptysis. Low morbidity rate may have been due to the selection of patients with localized pulmonary disease in this study. Surgical resection of asymptomatic or symptomatic pulmonary aspergilloma is effective in preventing recurrence or massive hemoptysis for patients whose condition is fit for pulmonary resection with reasonable mortality, morbidity and survival rates.     

肺曲霉病外科治疗分析(附15例报告)

目的:探讨肺曲霉病的诊断、外科手术治疗原则、方法及效果。方法:回顾性分析我科2005年至2011年手术治疗的15例采用外科手术治疗的肺曲霉病患者的临床资料和随访结果。结果:15例患者术后证实均为曲霉病,术前诊断符合率为93.3%(14/15),影像学诊断符合率为73.3%(11/15),全组无手术死亡,随访4个月～6年无肺曲霉病复发和播散。结论:手术治疗肺曲霉病能消除症状,预防咯血复发,减少抗真菌药物对患者影响,可根治进而延长患者生命提高患者生活质量。因此,一旦确诊应积极手术治疗。     

Analysis of surgical treatment for pulmonary aspergilloma

Surgery for pulmonary aspergilloma is reputed to be risky. The results of surgical treatment of pulmonary aspergilloma in 41 patients between 1988 and 2003 were evaluated retrospectively. Hemoptysis occurred in 31 patients (75.6%) and it was massive (> 300 mL in 24 hr) in 3. The underlying lung disease was tuberculosis in 35, bullous lung disease in 2, hydatid cyst in 2, and lung carcinoma in 2 patients. Lobectomy, bilobectomy, wedge resection, and pneumonectomy were performed in 27, 4, 6, and 4 patients respectively. The postoperative complication rate was 24.4%. One patient, who had a right pneumonectomy, died due to respiratory failure; the mortality rate was 2.4%. Recurrent hemoptysis was observed in only one patient. Early surgical treatment of patients with pulmonary aspergilloma resulted in a satisfactory outcome with acceptable morbidity, low mortality, and effective prevention of recurrent hemoptysis. Pneumonectomy has a high morbidity, thus it should be avoided if possible.     

肺曲菌球病63例临床分析

目的探讨肺曲菌球病的临床特征和治疗方案。方法回顾性分析2008.1~2014.10年收治63例病理确诊肺曲菌球病患者的临床诊治情况。结果 HCT37%24例,血清前白蛋白(PA)200 mg/L20例,LY1.5×10~9/L 19例;肺结核空洞22例,支气管扩张症19例,6例无明确基础疾病;咳嗽46例,咯血59例,大咯血29例。典型影像学表现48例,误诊4例,漏诊11例;可见纵隔淋巴结23例,短径小于1 cm,淋巴结活检提示反应性增生。病灶位于左肺上叶17例,右肺上叶29例。肺功能检查:总弥散量低于比弥散量(t=-9.422,P0.001);均行外科手术治疗;58例随访影像学未见复发;大咯血与相关危险因素的Logistic分析,肺结核空洞OR=6.113,P=0.008,空洞或空腔内长径OR=2.410,P=0.004。结论肺曲菌球病咯血和咳嗽为主要症状;病灶多位于双肺上叶,影像学特征典型,大咯血患者的曲菌球长径、空洞或空腔长内径长于非大咯血患者;弥散功能有一定特征性;首选手术治疗;肺结核空洞和空洞或空腔内长径是大咯血的危险因素。     

Place of surgery in pulmonary aspergillosis and other pulmonary mycotic infections

Surgery is part of the therapeutic strategy of aspergillosis and mucormycosis. The aspergilloma is defined as a rounded mass, developing in a cavity by the proliferation of spores of Aspergillus. The most common complication was haemoptysis reported in 50-95% of cases. The pleuropulmonary lesions predisposing are: tuberculosis, residual pleural space, emphysema and lung destroyed by fibrosis or radiotherapy or bronchiectasis. The indications for surgery depend on symptoms, respiratory function, the parenchyma and the type of aspergilloma (simple or complex). In a patient with an intrapulmonary aspergilloma, lung resection preceded by embolization is recommended based on respiratory function. For intrapleural aspergilloma, thoracoplasty is recommended according to the patient's general condition. The invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is characterized by an invasion of lung tissue and blood vessels by hyphae in immunocompromised patients. The death rate of patients who have an API after treatment for leukemia or lymphoma was 30 to 40%, after bone marrow transplantation 60%, after solid organ transplantation from 50 to 60% and after any other cause of immunocompromising from 70 to 85%. The main cause of these deaths is massive hemoptysis. Surgery (lobectomy) is indicated for the prevention of hemoptysis when the mass is in contact with the pulmonary artery or one of its branches, and if it increases in size with the disappearance of border security between the mass and the vessel wall. The patient will be operated in an emergency before the white blood cells do not exceed the threshold of 1000 cells/μl. A persistent residual mass after antifungal treatment may justify a lung resection (lobectomy or wedge) before a new aggressive therapy. Mucormycosis affects patients following immunocompromising states--haematologic malignancy, diabetes mellitus, transplantation, burns and malnutrition. The treatment of pulmonary mucormycosis combines surgical and medical approach.     

Pulmonary aspergilloma, diagnosis and treatment

Pulmonary aspergilloma is a saprophytic form of aspergillosis, and the diagnosis is usually based on radiological findings such as thickened cavitary wall and fungus ball, and on positive serum antibody. Up to 58% of the patients with aspergilloma in Japan have medical history of tuberculosis. Serum anti-Aspergillus antigen is almost always positive in aspergilloma patients but aspergillus antigen is usually negative. Massive hemoptysis can be a fatal complication of aspergilloma, and the most common complication was respiratory failure according to our study. Surgical resection is the only promising intervention to cure the aspergilloma, however, low pulmonary function does not allow operation. Antifungal treatment is chosen for those who are out of operation indication, but the efficacy of antifungal treatment against aspergilloma is controversial. Some patients with aspergilloma show progressive form, and we define such aspergillosis as CNPA, chronic necrotizing aspergillosis, although the original entity of CNPA by Binder et al. is different. We make a diagnosis of CNPA only if all the following entity meets, 1; progressive shadows in radiological findings regardless of the presence of aspergilloma, 2; have some symptoms such as cough, sputum, hemosputum, hemoptysis or fever, 3; proof of Aspergillus attribution by mycological or pathological examination, 4; positive systemic inflammatory reaction, 5; neglect of other etiology of pulmonary diseases. Since CNPA is usually progressive, patients with CNPA should be treated with antifungals.     

Is video-assisted thoracic surgery a versatile treatment for both simple and complex pulmonary aspergilloma?

Background

Pulmonary aspergilloma (PA) is a common fugal infectious disease mostly occurred in developing countries. This study aims to evaluate the outcomes of video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS) treatment for simple pulmonary aspergilloma (SPA) and complex pulmonary aspergilloma (CPA).

Methods

From October 2009 to March 2013, 16 patients were treated by VATS for PA in our department. The patients were divided into SPA group and CPA group. Records were retrospectively reviewed and data were collected and compared.

Results

Patients had a median age of 52.8 years [95% confidence interval (CI): 47.8-57.9 years]. The most common symptom was hemoptysis (68.7%) in our patients. The underlying lung diseases were tuberculosis (31.1%), bronchiectasis (12.5%) and pneumatocele (6.2%). All patients received successful lesion resection by VATS, none was converted to thoracotomy. No significant difference was found in terms of sex and age. Patients with CPA tent to have larger lesion (P=0.001) and more intraoperative findings (P=0.003), they also needed longer operative time (P=0.016) and more blood loss (P=0.003). In addition, CPA patients had more volume of drainage after surgery (P=0.005), longer duration of drainage ((P=0.007) and length of stay in hospital (P=0.004). No difference was found in postoperative complications between the two groups.

Conclusions

SPA patients are the best candidates for VATS, but comprehensive measure should be taken for the overall benefit of CPA patients before conducting VATS.     

Large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung incidentally found at surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis]

We report a 56-year-old man with pulmonary large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) incidentally found at the surgery for pulmonary aspergillosis. In 1991, an abnormal chest radiographic shadow was found on a mass screening. A diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis was made by bronchoscopic examination. The patient was then followed up without treatment. He had hemoptysis in 2005, and was referred to our hospital. Chest CT scan revealed a cavitary lesion with an air crescent sign and an irregularly shaped nodule in the right apex. Wedge resection of these lesions was performed under video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery. Pathological examination revealed not only aspergilloma, but also an LCNEC 11 x 7 mm in size, which was located close to the aspergilloma. Microscopically, nests of tumor cells were distributed peribronchially. Right upper lobectomy and mediastinal lymph node dissection was performed, and the pathological stage was IIIA (T1N2M0). The patient received four cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy with carboplatin and paclitaxel. No recurrence has been observed since surgery. This is the first report describing co-existence of pulmonary aspergilloma and LCNEC.