NICU极低体质量新生儿非营养性吸吮和抚触的胃肠功能分析

目的探究非营养性吸吮和抚触对进入NICU病房极低体质量新生儿胃肠功能的影响分析。方法选择62例在本院NICU病房进行住院治疗的极低体质量新生儿作为研究对象,按进入NICU时间的先后分为观察组(33例)和对照组(29例),对照组新生儿仅给予单纯胃管喂养,观察组的新生儿则在胃管喂养间隙给予非营养性吸吮和抚触,对2组新生儿的体质量变化以及胃肠功能进行分析比较。结果出生时2组新生儿的体质量水平无差异(P0.05),出生后7、14、28 d,观察组新生儿的体质量水平高于对照组(P0.05),观察组在排便情况以及喂养相关情况上的各项指标均优于对照组(P0.05)。此外,观察组新生儿在喂养期间出现的呕吐、腹胀、胃潴留和血糖异常的概率均低于对照组,而上述症状的改善时间也均低于对照组(P0.05)。结论非营养性吸吮和抚触促进了极低体质量新生儿胃肠功能的发育成熟,使喂养不耐受的发生减少,从而加快了极低体质量新生儿早期的生长发育。     

非营养性吸吮对早产儿生长发育的影响

目的:探讨非营养性吸吮(NNS)对早产儿生长发育的影响。方法:将2011年10月～2012年10月本院新生儿重症监护室收治的需间断鼻胃管喂养(INGF)的早产适于胎龄儿80例随机分成观察组40例和对照组40例,观察组在予以INGF之前,喂养过程中及喂养后予NNS,对照组行常规治疗和护理,观察并比较两组早产儿胃肠不耐受发生率、达全肠道喂养时间及出生后2周体重增长情况。结果:观察组胃肠不耐受发生率低于对照组(P<0.05),达全肠道喂养时间短于对照组(P<0.05),出生后2周体重增长高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:NNS能够减少早产儿胃肠不耐受发生率,缩短达全肠道喂养的时间,促进早产儿的体重增长。     

口腔按摩与非营养性吸吮对早产儿经口喂养的促进作用研究

目的:观察口腔按摩联合非营养性吸吮在早产儿经口喂养中的促进作用。方法:将62例早产儿随机分为试验组和对照组各31例。两组均给予预防感染、肠外营养、小剂量金双歧、鼻饲等基础支持治疗,试验组外加口腔按摩及非营养性吸吮。比较两组的临床疗效。结果:治疗后两组早产儿在喂养不耐受、平均留置胃管时间、经口喂养起始时间、3周后体重情况等方面比较,具有统计学意义,P0.05。结论:在基础支持治疗上,对早产儿及时实施口腔按摩联合非营养性吸吮等辅助方法,在提高早产儿经口喂养的吸吮能力中有明显促进作用,能加快其口腔功能发育的成熟,使其早期建立正常的吸吮能力。     

早期微量喂养联合非营养性吸吮对极低出生体重儿喂养耐受性的影响

目的:探讨早期微量喂养联合非营养性吸吮对极低出生体重儿喂养耐受性的影响.方法:将60例极低出生体重儿随机分成观察组和对照组各30例,为观察组患儿实施早期微量喂养并联合非营养性吸吮,为对照组患儿进行常规喂养.结果:观察组患儿达足量肠内营养时间、吸吮吞咽功能建立时间、恢复出生体重的时间及住院时间比对照组明显缩短(P<0.05),两组患儿均未发生坏死性小肠炎及吸入性肺炎.结论:早期微量喂养联合非营养性吸吮能够提高极低出生体重儿对喂养的耐受性,改善胃肠道动力,使其尽早适应胃肠喂养,有利于促进康复.     

口腔感觉运动刺激疗法协同非营养性吸吮对极低出生体质量早产儿吸吮吞咽功能障碍的影响

目的:探讨口腔感觉运动刺激疗法协同非营养性吸吮对极低出生体质量早产儿吸吮吞咽功能障碍的影响。方法:将90例极低出生体质量早产儿随机分成A组、B组、C组各30例。A组采用非营养性吸吮,B组采用口腔感觉运动刺激疗法,C组采用口腔感觉运动刺激疗法协同非营养性吸吮。观察并记录两组早产儿开始经口喂养时间、达到完全经口喂养时间、留置胃管时间、静脉营养时间、住院天数。结果:C组早产儿开始经口喂养时间、达到完全经口喂养时间、留置胃管时间、静脉营养时间及平均住院天数均短于A组(P<0.05),B组以上方面与A组比较有统计学意义(P<0.05),B组以上方面与C组比较无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:口腔感觉运动刺激疗法协同非营养性吸吮可以改善极低出生体质量早产儿吸吮吞咽功能障碍,使之尽快达到经口喂养,早期出院。     

非营养性吸吮在早产儿喂养中的应用研究

目的:探讨非营养性吸吮在早产儿喂养中的应用及其效果。方法:将38例需经鼻胃管喂养的健康早产适于胎龄儿用同一种配方乳喂养。将其随机分为非营养性吸吮组18例和营养性吸吮组20例。营养性吸吮组给予单纯鼻胃管营养,非营养性吸吮组在此基础上给予无孔橡皮奶头吸吮。记录入液量、奶量、热卡和肠道营养达418.4kJ/(kg.d)的时间,记录喂养相关情况。结果:非营养性吸吮组胃残留发生率低于营养性吸吮组(P0.01);喂养耐受情况优于营养性吸吮组(P0.05);肠道营养达418.4kJ/(kg.d)的时间、恢复出生体重时间、反流次数均少于营养性吸吮组(P0.05或P0.01);鼻饲管留置时间两组无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:鼻胃管喂养期间给予非营养性吸吮是一种简单而安全的喂养方式,可促进胃排空,减少胃食管反流次数,对胃肠动力发育有促进作用,有助于早产儿生后肠道营养的建立。     

重力喂养辅以非营养性吸吮并结合抚触治疗极低出生体重儿喂养不耐受的疗效研究

目的探讨重力喂养辅以非营养性吸吮并结合抚触治疗极低出生体重儿喂养不耐受临床疗效及其护理。方法选取84例极低出生体重的早产儿作为研究对象,随机分为观察组和对照组各42例。对照组在常规治疗基础上,采用注射器胃管间歇注入喂养配方奶;观察组在常规治疗基础上,给予重力喂养辅以非营养性吸吮并结合抚触治疗。结果观察组患儿需奶量、恢复出生体重时间、胃残留量、腹胀消失时间和肠道营养达418．4kJ／（kg·d）时间与对照组患儿比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;观察组喂养不耐受发生率为16．7％,对照组喂养不耐受发生率为69．0％,观察组显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论重力喂养辅以非营养性吸吮并结合抚触治疗极低出生体重儿喂养不耐受临床效果较好,能显著改善患儿喂养不耐受状况。     

非营养性吸吮和吸吮8%葡萄糖水对缓解新生儿疼痛的效果观察

目的探索非药物治疗缓解新生儿疼痛的有效方法。方法将130例住院新生儿随机分为非营养性吸吮组和吸吮8%葡萄糖水组,各65例,在采足跟血疼痛刺激前30s、穿刺后20s、1min、3min分别记录心率、呼吸、经皮血氧饱和度和哭声持续时间,并在穿刺1min后根据新生儿面部编码系统、新生儿疼痛评估量表进行疼痛评分。结果穿刺后20s两组新生儿心率加快(P0.01),1min时恢复到穿刺前水平;穿刺后20s、1min两组新生儿呼吸频率均加快(P0.05),3min时恢复到穿刺前水平;两组新生儿穿刺前后经皮血氧饱和度均无明显变化(P0.05);穿刺后吸吮8%葡萄糖水组新生儿哭声持续时间少于非营养性吸吮组(P0.01);吸吮8%葡萄糖水组新生儿面部编码系统和新生儿疼痛评估量表评分均低于非营养性吸吮组(P0.05或P0.01)。结论新生儿对急性疼痛很敏感,吸吮8%葡萄糖水对新生儿有相对较好的止痛作用,在临床护理中,可应用非药物治疗干预措施。     

非营养性吸吮对早产低出生体重儿体格生长的影响研究

目的研究非营养性吸吮对早产低出生体重儿体格生长的临床效果,并探讨管饲前、中、后分别给予非营养性吸吮对其效果有无差异。方法应用简单随机方法将120例早产低出生体重儿分为四组,即A组、B组、C组和D组。A组为对照组,给予早产儿常规治疗和护理;B组、C组和D组为干预组,分别在管饲前、管饲喂养过程中以及管饲后给予非营养性吸吮,记录各组的体格生长指标。结果四组早产低出生体重儿的体质量增长速度、住院时间差异无统计学意义(P0.05);4组早产低出生体重儿的身长和头围增长速度、恢复至出生体重的时间差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。经两两比较得出:A组与B组、C组、D组差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);B组、C组和D组三组各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论非营养性吸吮能促进早产低出生体重儿身长和头围的生长,缩短恢复至出生体质量的时间,加快体格生长;管饲前、中、后给予非营养性吸吮,对早产低出生体重儿体格生长的影响效果并无差异,护理人员可合理安排对早产低出生体重儿实施非营养性吸吮。     

Effect of non-nutritive sucking and sucrose alone and in combination for repeated procedural pain in preterm infants: A randomized controlled trial

BackgroundSucrose combined with non-nutritive sucking provided better pain relief than sucrose or non-nutritive sucking alone in a single painful procedure. However, whether the combination of non-nutritive sucking with sucrose could obtain a significant difference in analgesic effect of the repeated procedural pain than any single intervention has not been established.ObjectiveTo compare the effect of non-nutritive sucking and sucrose alone and in combination of repeated procedural pain in preterm infants.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingA level III neonatal intensive care unit of a university hospital in China.MethodPreterm infants born before 37 weeks of gestation were randomly assigned to four groups: routine care group (routine comfort through gentle touch when infants cried; n = 21), non-nutritive sucking group (n = 22), sucrose group (0.2 ml/kg of 20%; n = 21), sucrose (0.2 ml/kg of 20%) plus non-nutritive sucking group (n = 22). Each preterm infant received three nonconsecutive routine heel sticks. Each heel stick included three phases: baseline (the last 1 min of the 30 min without stimuli), blood collection, recovery (1 min after blood collection). Three phases of 3 heel stick procedures were videotaped. Premature infant pain profile (PIPP) score, heart rate, oxygen saturation and percentage of crying time were assessed by five independent evaluators who were blinded to the purpose of the study at different phases across three heel sticks. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance, with repeated measures at different evaluation phases of heel stick.Results86 preterm infants completed the protocol. During the blood collection and recovery phases, combination group, had lower PIPP score (4.4 ± 1.5; 3.0 ± 0.8), lower heart rate (138.6 ± 7.9; 137.4 ± 4.7), higher oxygen saturation (95.2 ± 1.6; 96.0 ± 1.2), and smaller percentage of crying time (11.5 ± 8.6; 4.6 ± 3.4), compared with the group has given non-nutritive sucking (9.3 ± 1.3, 6.8 ± 1.4; 154.2 ± 9.0, 148.0 ± 9.3; 92.9 ± 2.4, 94.1 ± 1.0; 44.2 ± 9.6, 31.2 ± 10.5; respectively) or sucrose (10.1 ± 2.0, 7.4 ± 1.6; 151.6 ± 9.6, 147.9 ± 6.9; 93.5 ± 1.7, 94.5 ± 1.2; 53.8 ± 16.7, 35.2 ± 13.9; respectively) or routine care (13.3 ± 1.6, 10.6 ± 1.9; 156.8 ± 7.2, 151.7 ± 7.9; 92.9 ± 2.1, 93.8 ± 1.6; 80.6 ± 7.6, 68.2 ± 9.9; respectively). Both non-nutritive sucking and sucrose were more effective in reducing preterm infants’ PIPP score and percentage of crying time than routine care. There was no difference in PIPP score, heart rate, oxygen saturation and percentage of crying time between the non-nutritive sucking and sucrose groups.ConclusionThe combination of non-nutritive sucking with sucrose provided better pain relief during repeated painful procedures than when non-nutritive sucking or sucrose was used alone. The effect of non-nutritive sucking was similar to that of sucrose on repeated procedural pain.     

非营养性吸吮联合拥抱抚触对缓解新生儿疼痛的效果观察

目的:探讨非药物治疗措施缓解新生儿疼痛的效果。方法:将80例住院新生儿随机分为非营养性吸吮组(对照组)和非营养性吸吮联合拥抱抚触组(观察组)各40例,在采足跟血疼痛刺激前,刺激后20 s、1 min、3 min分别记录心率、呼吸、经皮氧饱和度和哭声持续时间,并在穿刺1 min后根据新生儿面部编码系统、新生儿疼痛评估量表进行疼痛评分。结果:穿刺后20 s两组新生儿心率加快(P<0.05),1 min时心率恢复到穿刺前水平;穿刺后20 s、1 min两组新生儿呼吸频率均加快(P<0.05),3 min时恢复到穿刺前水平;两组新生儿穿刺前后经皮血氧饱和度均无明显变化(P>0.05),穿刺后非营养性吸吮联合拥抱抚触组新生儿哭声持续时间少于非营养性吸吮组(P<0.05);且新生儿面部编码系统和新生儿疼痛评估量表评分均低于非营养性吸吮组(P<0.05)。结论:新生儿对急性疼痛很敏感,非药物治疗干预措施有较好的止痛作用,综合两种非药物治疗措施缓解新生儿疼痛效果更明显。     

早期胃肠喂养与抚触对极低出生体重儿体重的影响

目的 探讨极低出生体重儿(VLBWI)早期胃肠喂养与抚触对其体重的影响.方法 将新生儿监护病房(NICU)的64例患儿随机分为实验组与对照组各32例,对实验组32例VLBWI出生后6 h开始胃肠喂养与抚触,对照组32例VLBWI出生后3 d开始胃肠喂养与常规护理.结果 实验组VLBWI出生后第1周体重比对照组增加,有显著性差异(P＜0.01),第2～4周实验组体重较对照组明显增加,有显著性差异(P＜0.001).结论 合理早期的胃肠喂养与抚触,可以促进VLBWI体重增长,提高其生命质量.     

早期微量喂养联合非营养性吸吮对极低出生体重儿喂养耐受性的影响

目的探讨早期微量喂养联合非营养性吸吮对极低出生体重儿喂养耐受性的影响。方法将80例极低出生体重儿按入院顺序分成两组各40例,观察组实施早期微量喂养加非营养性吸吮,对照组实施常规量喂养。观察两组患儿喂养耐受情况、体重、完全达胃肠喂养时间、住院时间及胃管留置时间。结果观察组患儿喂养不耐受性明显低于对照组,完全达胃肠喂养时间、恢复至出生体重时间及平均住院日较对照组明显缩短（P＜0.05）。结论极低出生体重儿出生后早期行微量喂养,同时辅以非营养性吸吮,可提高喂养耐受性,促进胃肠成熟,从而缩短胃管喂养时间及住院日。     

极低出生体质量儿支气管肺发育不良的临床研究

目的研究极低出生体质量儿中支气管肺发育不良(BPD)的发生率、危险因素、临床特点。方法以2011年9月至2014年12月收治的极低出生体质量儿为研究对象,根据BPD发生与否及严重程度分组,进行回顾性分析。结果极低出生体质量儿中BPD的发生率为17.5%,BPD组胎龄、出生体质量、Apgar评分均低于非BPD组,住院时间显著延长(P0.05);母亲妊娠高血压、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征(NRDS)、痰培养阳性、肺出血、呼吸暂停、呼吸衰竭及败血症的发生率,两组间进行比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);BPD组肺泡表面活性物质、氧疗及机械通气的使用率显著高于非BPD组(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示胎龄(OR=0.474,P=0.004)、NRDS(OR=5.942,P=0.043)是BPD发生的独立危险因素。痰培养阳性次数与BPD严重程度正相关(r=0.423,P0.01)。BPD组与非BPD组比较,累计用氧时间及累计机械通气时间在第1周、前2周、前3周、前4周差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。轻度BPD组与中重度BPD组比较,累计机械通气时间在上述时间段差异均有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论 BPD是极低出生体质量儿的常见并发症,常发生于胎龄低于32周的早产儿;低胎龄是BPD发生的独立危险因素;肺部感染严重程度与发生BPD的严重程度相关;BPD组患儿在生后前几周即表现为氧依赖。     

Anxiety and depression in mothers of low birthweight and very low birthweight infants: birth through 5 months

The purpose of this study was to compare two common psychologic stress responses, anxiety and depression, in 27 mothers of very low birthweight (VLBW; less than or equal to 1500 grams) preterm infants and 35 mothers of low birthweight (LBW; 1501-2500 grams) preterm infants from the time of the infant's birth until the infants reached 5 months adjusted gestational age. There were significant differences in the patterns of anxiety and depression experienced by mothers of LBW and VLBW infants over time. Mothers of VLBW infants had higher anxiety and depression until 2 months adjusted gestational age while mothers of LBW infants had higher anxiety and depression at 3 and 4 months. Nursing interventions designed to decrease stress during the first postpartal week and to counsel mothers about patterns of anxiety and depression they may experience over time may be useful.     

极低出生体重儿父母照顾体验的质性研究

[目的]了解极低出生体重儿照顾者在照顾期间内心深处的感受,以探索促进照顾者心身健康的方法。[方法]采用质性研究中的现象学研究方法对11名极低出生体重儿的照顾者进行半结构性访谈,并采用现象学分析法进行资料分析。[结果]采用类属分析法升华出5个关于照顾者感受的主题:心理负担过重、承受压力和痛苦、个人生活的影响、不断适应角色、在照顾活动中实现自我价值。[结论]在研究和关注极低出生体重儿健康时不应忽视照顾者所承受的压力及相关问题,应提供行之有效的干预措施帮助照顾者。     

Dominant bacteria and influencing factors of early intestinal colonization in very low birth weight infants: A prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe intestine of newborns is colonized by bacteria immediately after birth. This study explored dominant bacteria and influencing factors of early intestinal colonization in the early life of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).MethodsWe enrolled 81 VLBWI and collected anal swabs at 24 h, 7th, 14th and 21st day after birth. We conducted bacterial culture for anal swabs, then selected the colony with obvious growth advantages in the plate for further culture and identification. Afterward, we analyzed the distribution and influencing factors of intestinal dominant microbiota combined with clinical data.ResultsA total of 300 specimens were collected, of which 62.67% (188/300) had obvious dominant bacteria, including 29.26% (55/188) Gram‐positive bacteria and 70.74% (133/188) Gram‐negative bacteria. The top five bacteria with the highest detection rates were Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis and Serratia marcescens. Meconium‐stained amniotic fluid and chorioamnionitis were correlated with intestinal bacterial colonization within 24 h of birth. Mechanical ventilation and antibiotics were independent risk factors affecting colonization. Nosocomial infection of K. pneumoniae and S. marcescens were associated with intestinal colonization. The colonization rates of K. pneumoniae, E. coli, E. faecium, and E. faecalis increased with the birth time.ConclusionsThe colonization rate in the early life of VLBWI increased over time and the predominant bacteria were Gram‐negative bacteria. Meconium‐stained amniotic fluid and chorioamnionitis affect intestinal colonization in early life. Mechanical ventilation and antibiotics were independent risk factors for intestinal bacterial colonization. The nosocomial infection of some bacteria was significantly related to intestinal colonization.     

极低出生体重儿PICC导管相关感染的临床观察

目的对11例极低出生体重儿PICC导管相关感染进行临床观察,明确血管内导管相关血流感染诊断标准。方法收集入住NICU且置入PICC导管的早产/极低出生体重儿,对置入导管后发生血培养阳性的11例患儿进行临床资料分析。结果根据诊断标准确诊血管内导管相关血流感染的1例,其他病例可疑与导管感染有关。结论无论血管内导管相关血流感染的诊断成立与否,早产/极低出生体重儿特别是置入PICC导管的患儿,预防感染比明确感染原因重要。置管患儿出现血培养阳性立即拔除导管不是最佳选择。