实施研究：是什么？怎么做？

实施研究能够帮助公共卫生和临床的政策和项目取得更好的效果。它是一个正在不断增长却尚未被广泛认知的健康研究领域。本文提供了实施研究的广义概念，并列出了开展实施研究的具体关键准则。 我们需要更好的研究来帮助决策健康相关的政策、项目以及如何实施，与之相关的实施研究的数量正在增长，但了解它的人并不多。本文重点讨论实施的环境和影响实施的因素、研究的主要受众、用来衡量实施过程方方面面的结局变量以及对实施策略的研究（这些策略为健康服务、项目、政策的实施提供支持）。     

Informed consent: what does it mean?

The editorial in the September 1982 issue of this journal and many articles before and since have addressed the problem of informed consent. Is it possible? Is it a useful concept? Is there anything new to be said about it? In this article the basic rationale of the rule (patient autonomy) is explained and the extent of the rule explored. Various exceptions have been offered by the law and an attempt is made to catalogue the chief of these. A number of specially vulnerable groups are then identified, the most important, and vexed, being children. How can informed consent be secured in the case of young patients? Finally, a few problems are mentioned in an attempt to get this subject back to reality. The appeal to the principle primum non nocere may be medical paternalism in disguise. Informed consent is the competing principle that reminds us of the primacy of human autonomy. A pointer is given to the future: even the use of sound recordings to explain medical procedures and to activate informed consent so that it may become a reality and not just a lawyer's myth, should be considered.