Recovery of peroxides in saliva during home bleaching--influence of smoking

The study aimed at determining hydrogen peroxide recovery in saliva during use of different home bleaching products by smokers and non-smokers. Peroxide recovery was evaluated with respect to the safe level reported in the literature. Determination of peroxide levels in saliva was performed with peroxidase, phenol and 4-aminoantipyrin in a photometric method. Four different bleaching regimens were used by 10 smokers and 10 non-smokers: Whitestrips, Vivastyle (tray-based) and two paint-on products (Crest Night Effects, Colgate Simply White). Whole saliva was collected and total amount of peroxide (mg) released during the 60 min bleaching period was determined: Colgate Simply White: 2.67 +/-0.88 (non-smokers); 2.66 +/- 1.17 (smokers); Crest Night Effects: 0.23 +/- 0.13 (non-smokers); 0.25 +/-0.16 (smokers); Vivastyle: 2.47 +/- 0.82 (non-smokers), 2.44 +/- 1.31 (smokers); Whitestrips: 1.39 +/- 0.62 (non-smokers), 2.02 +/- 1.86 (smokers). In terms of amount of peroxide kg(-1) body weight the bleaching systems led to a single exposure of 0.004-0.046 mg kg(-1), which is distinctly less than safe daily dose of 0.26 mg kg(-1) day(-1), if calculated for a small person (58 kg). The criterion smoker versus non-smokers had no influence on peroxide levels in the oral cavity. Conclusion: Smoking did not appear to impact the anti-oxidant defence capacity of the oral cavity with respect to degrading peroxides released from bleaching products. Significantly lower amounts of peroxides were detected in saliva during application of the paint-on product Crest Nights Effects compared with the other bleaching systems.     

Elemental ion release from fixed restorative materials into patient saliva

The objective of this study was to quantitatively investigate the elemental ion release from the fixed gold alloy and ceramic crowns into patient saliva. Twenty patients who participated in the study were divided into two equal groups; 1) full coverage type IV gold crowns and 2) full coverage CAD‐CAM‐fabricated ceramic crowns. Saliva collection and clinical evaluation of marginal integrity and gingival health were performed before crowns preparation, 3 months and 6 months after crowns placement. Clinical evaluations were conducted using California Dental Association criteria. Collected saliva samples were analysed for element release using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. The zinc, copper, palladium, gold and silver were released from type IV gold crowns into saliva, while the silicon and aluminium were released from ceramic crowns. A clinically significant number of subjects had increased release of zinc from baseline to three‐month recall and increased silicon release from baseline to both three‐month and six‐month recalls. For all elements, the subjects' counts for the case of three‐month recall to six‐month recall were never higher than that of the case of baseline to three‐month recall except for palladium. No obvious adverse effects on marginal integrity or gingival health were noticed. Significant increased releases of zinc from cast gold crowns and silicon from CAD‐CAM‐fabricated ceramic crowns into the saliva were evident after 3 months of clinical service.     

应激中述情障碍对唾液SlgA及Cor的影响

目的：探讨应激过程中述情障碍对唾液分泌型免疫球蛋白A（SIgA）及皮质醇（Cor）的影响。方法：60例高中男生为研究对象,应用多伦多述情障碍量表（TAS）评分（高分组A与低分组B）,评定其心理状况;应用放免法测定应激前后唾液SIgA和Cor浓度的变化。所得数据用t检验和单因素相关分析进行评价。结果：（1）考试前1个月和考试当天,A组学生唾液SIgA浓度均低于B组（P均〈0．05）;2组学生考试当天SIgA值和考试前1个月类似（P均〉0．05）。（2）考试前1个月和考试当天,A组学生唾液Cor浓度均显著高于B组（P均〈0．05）;2组学生考试当天Cor浓度均高于考试前1个月（其中A组P〈0．01;B组P〈0．05）;（3）2组学生应激前后SIgA、Cor变化率差异显著（其中SIgA变化率P〈0．05;Cor变化率P〈0．01）;（4）TAS总分、因子Ⅰ、因子Ⅱ与考试前1个月SIgA值、Cor变化率均显著相关（P〈0．05）;因子Ⅲ和Cor变化率呈负相关（P〈0．05）;因子Ⅳ和各测量指标无显著相关（P〉0．05）。结论：应激和应激中述情障碍均可导致唾液SIgA及唾液Cor的改变。     

五种烤瓷合金在人工唾液中的离子析出研究

目的 通过测定镍铬合金、镀金镍铬合金、涂金泥镍铬合金、钛合金和金钯合金5种烤瓷合金在人工唾液中,连续时间段内析出金属离子的种类和数量,为各类合金耐腐蚀性能的比较提供一定的实验依据.方法 将各类合金制作的试件分别浸泡于ISO/TR10271标准唾液(37℃,pH=6)的实验介质中,运用原子吸收光谱分析仪在连续时间段内测定各类合金试件浸泡液中析出金属离子的种类和数量.结果 钛合金离子析出量最多,但其中未检测出Ti;镀金镍铬合金和涂金泥镍铬合金离子析出量次之,镍铬合金离子析出量居第三,金钯合金离子析出量最少.结论 金钯合金的离子析出量相对较少,耐腐蚀性能相对较好;镀金和涂金泥技术对镍铬合金的耐腐蚀性能未见显著改善;钛合金的离子析出量较镍铬合金还多,其耐腐蚀性能尚不够理想.     

头颈癌患者放疗期混合唾液质和量的变化

选择26例头颈部癌患者，对其放疗前、放疗中及放疗后刺激性混合唾液流率、乳铁素、溶菌酶、淀粉酶与白蛋白的含量进行分析，结果显示：唾液流率和淀粉酶含量在放疗开始后即明显下降，并一直维持在较低水平，半年后更低；唾液乳铁素、溶菌酶与白蛋白的含量在放疗早期明显升高，累积量达40Gy时稍有回落，当累积量达60Gy时，又明显升高，半年后基本恢复到治疗前水平。提示：唾液流率和淀粉酶含量的变化是反映放疗期唾液腺功能受损程度的可靠指标，而乳铁质、溶菌酶与白蛋白的变化是与放疗有关的炎症反应的指标。     

Increased IgA levels in saliva during pregnancy

Abstract – The level of IgA in saliva of pregnant and non-pregnant women was measured. Stimulated whole saliva was collected from pregnant women. Also included was a group of menstruating women from whom saliva was collected in springtime as well as in autumn in each phase of the menstrual cycle. There was a marked increase in the IgA level in saliva of the pregnant women. The IgA level was especially high during late pregnancy and postpartum. No significant differences in IgA were found between the three phases of the menstrual cycle.     

Film-forming properties and viscosities of saliva substitutes and human whole saliva

Hypo-salivation, related to medical remedies, is an increasing clinical problem. Studies report a weak correlation between subjective mouth dryness and objective sialometry. This indicates that both quantity and quality of saliva are important for the surface-associated functions of saliva, such as lubrication and hydration, to be expressed. Film-forming properties and viscosities of three saliva substitutes were compared to human saliva. Adsorption to surfaces was measured by ellipsometry, infrared spectroscopy and drop-volume technique. Viscosity measurements were carried out using an oscillating rheometer. Saliva, with the lowest viscosity value and the highest protein content, presented superior film retention on both hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The carboxymethylcellulose-based MAS 84 showed intermediate values of viscosity, poorest ability to reduce surface tension, and negligible film-forming capacity. The porcine mucin-based Saliva Orthana showed about twice the viscosity of saliva and film-forming capability on preferably hydrophobic substrates. Salinum, a linseed extract, possessed the highest viscosity value and an initial surface tension close to that of saliva. The film retention on hydrophilic surfaces was not as effective as for saliva. The results indicate that the film-forming capacity of saliva substitutes is a property also to be considered in the exploration of clinically effective artificial salivas.     

奥硝唑在唾液中药物浓度的测定及其药代动力学研究

目的:对奥硝唑注射液在健康志愿者唾液中的药物浓度进行测定,并进行药代动力学分析研究。方法:6名健康志愿者单次静滴奥硝唑0.6g后,采用高效液相色谱法(high performance liquid chromatography,HPLC)法测定唾液中奥硝唑的药物浓度,计算其药代动力学参数。结果:奥硝唑在健康志愿者唾液中的处置符合二室模型,药峰浓度Cmax为(7.045±1.363)mg/L,t1/2β为(14.966±2.409)h,AUC0-∞为(61.478±11.733)mg·h/L,AUC0-t为(79.864±19.717)mg·h/L。结论:本试验证明奥硝唑在健康志愿者唾液中浓度较高,维持时间长。     

The pH change after HCl titration into resting and stimulated saliva for a buffering capacity test

BACKGROUND: Saliva collection can provide clinical information about individual patients. However, a correlation between ranking buffering capacity using resting and stimulated saliva is still unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pH change after HCl titration into resting and stimulated saliva for a salivary buffering capacity test. METHODS: Resting and stimulated saliva (by chewing paraffin wax) were collected from 80 patients. After the pH of both saliva samples was measured using a hand-held pH meter, the saliva samples were titrated with 0.1N HCl to evaluate the buffering capacity. Correlations of ranking buffering capacity (high, medium, low) between stimulated saliva and resting saliva with 30 microL HCl titration and between stimulated saliva and resting saliva with 40 microL HCl titration were statistically analysed by Spearman Rank Correlation Test (p < 0.05). RESULTS: At 50 microL HCl titration, stimulated saliva buffering capacities were ranked into high (above pH 5.5), medium (pH from 5.5 to 4.5) and low (below pH 4.5). At 30-40 microL HCl titration, the resting saliva buffering capacities were ranked into the same categories. Spearman Rank Correlation indicated significant positive coefficients for the stimulated saliva and resting saliva buffering capacity at 30 microL titration and the stimulated saliva and resting saliva at 40 microL titration. CONCLUSION: Stimulated saliva is more resistant to variation in pH change during HCI titration than resting saliva. Stimulated saliva sampling is a good method to determine buffering capacity during a comprehensive oral health assessment.     

唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐检测方法的探讨

目的 通过比较几种不同测定唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的方法来寻求最佳测定唾液微量硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的标准方法.方法 比较经典的Griess法、镉柱法和高压液相色谱法(HPLC)对含不同浓度的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐标准品以及10位健康志愿者混合唾液样本中硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐含量的最低检出限和硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐回收率.结果 Griess法和镉柱法测定唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的最低检出限NO-3为10ng/μl,NO-2为1ng/μl,回收率为91.2%;HPLC法测定唾液硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐的最低检出限为NO-3为0.8ng/μl,NO-2为0.1ng/μl,回收率达到97.6%.结论 HPLC在微量硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐检测中的灵敏度明显高于经典的Griess法.     

老年2型糖尿病患者唾液分泌率及其葡萄糖的质量浓度分析

目的比较老年2型糖尿病患者与健康老年人非刺激性唾液分泌率和唾液葡萄糖的质量浓度,从宿主因素方面评价老年糖尿病患者的患龋风险。方法随机筛选四川大学华西医院内分泌科住院部老年2型糖尿病患者20例(糖尿病组)、健康老年人20例(对照组),收集其5 min非刺激性唾液,计算唾液分泌率并测定其葡萄糖的质量浓度。结果糖尿病组非刺激性唾液分泌率与对照组无明显差异(P>0.05);糖尿病组唾液葡萄糖的质量浓度大于对照组,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论老年2型糖尿病患者唾液葡萄糖的质量浓度较健康老年人高。     

Comparison of the composition of oral mucosal residual saliva with whole saliva

OBJECTIVE: Compared with whole saliva, residual saliva comprising the oral mucosal film shows a high protein concentration. The purpose of this study was to compare the composition of residual saliva with unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva in normosalivators. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The composition of oral mucosal residual saliva in 30 healthy individuals was investigated and compared with that of whole saliva. The concentrations of total protein, secretory immunoglobin A (sIgA), lactoferrin, total carbohydrate, and sialic acid were examined. The activities of peroxidase, lysozyme and alpha-amylase were determined. RESULTS: Residual saliva had higher levels of total protein and carbohydrate than whole saliva, with a higher carbohydrate to protein ratio in the residual saliva suggesting that salivary glycoproteins are concentrated on the oral mucosal surface. sIgA, lactoferrin and sialic acid were present as highly concentrated forms in residual saliva. The enzymatic activity of peroxidase in residual saliva was higher than that of whole saliva. CONCLUSIONS: These concentrated carbohydrate and antimicrobials on the oral mucosal surface work for mucosal defence and could be used for targeting sites for the delivery of therapeutic agents.     

The excretion of cephem antibiotics into saliva is inversely associated with their plasma protein-binding activities

BACKGROUND: The excretion of medicated drugs into saliva may disturb the oral environment and antibiotic excretion into saliva appears to be regulated by many factors that have not been fully explored. METHODS: Excretion of four cephem antibiotics into saliva was examined in healthy volunteers and rats, using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the relationship between excretion levels and plasma protein-binding activities of the antibiotics was investigated. RESULTS: Following addition of 50 microgram/ml of each antibiotic to human plasma, protein binding rates (PBRs) of cefuzonam (CZON, molecular weight (MW): 535.58), cefotaxime (CTX, MW: 477.45), flomoxef (FMOX, MW: 518.45) and cefozopran (CZOP, MW: 551.99) were 87.8 +/- 1.2, 70.8 +/- 0.8, 36.2 +/- 0.5 and 8.3 +/- 0.3%, respectively. In rat plasma, PBRs of the four antibiotics were 94.0 +/- 0.5, 62.1 +/- 1.4, 54.0 +/- 0.8 and 6.0 +/- 0.8%, respectively. Similar PBRs were observed when the antibiotic concentration was increased to 100 and 200 microgram/ml. CZOP was most rapidly excreted into saliva and had the highest concentration in saliva among the tested antibiotics, while the plateau level of CZON was the lowest. The excreted levels of each antibiotic in saliva, when locally perfused through the rat facial artery, were inversely associated with each PBR. Similarly, the ratios of antibiotic concentration in saliva to rat plasma were almost constant for each antibiotic, revealing an inverse relationship with PBRs. CONCLUSION: These results appear to indicate that low molecular weight antibiotics are excreted into saliva through passive diffusion, inversely relating to their PBRs, and that high concentrations of antibiotics in the saliva have the potential to change the oral ecological environment.     

Prevalence of yeasts in saliva and root canals of teeth associated with apical periodontitis

AIMS: To determine: (i) the relative prevalence and diversity of yeasts in salivary and root canal samples from the same patients; and (ii) the clinical factors associated with their presence in saliva and root canals. METHODOLOGY: Sixty root canal samples from teeth associated apical periodontitis and the corresponding whole unstimulated saliva samples were obtained from 55 patients. The medical history including antibiotic therapy and clinical/radiographic data on the teeth were recorded. The samples were serially diluted and cultured on yeast & fungi-selective sabouraud dextrose agar. Isolates were characterized and speciated by the germ tube formation test, hyphal morphology and a commercial biochemical test kit (Rapid ID32C(R) system). RESULTS: Twenty-three yeast isolates were recovered from 19 saliva samples and eight isolates from six root canal samples. Candida albicans (17/23 & 3/8) and Rodotorula mucilaginosa (2/23 & 4/8) were the most prevalent isolates from saliva and root canal samples. It was significantly (13.8 times) more probable that yeasts would be recovered from root canals when they were also present in the saliva (P = 0.021). The effect of coronal restoration leakage (P = 0.08) and previous root canal treatment (P = 0.123) were equivocal. The history of antibiotic therapy had no association with the presence of yeasts in saliva (OR = 1.1). CONCLUSIONS: Yeasts occurred relatively infrequently (10%) in root canals. Their presence in root canals was significantly associated with their presence in saliva. The role of yeasts in the initiation and perpetuation of periapical disease remains to be determined.     

Detection of anti-HIV antibodies in saliva

It is sometimes difficult in clinical practice to identify carriers of the AIDS virus. Such identification is of unquestionable value in oral pathology, both for determining the pathogenests of certain lesions and for assessing their significance to the patient. We evaluated several commercially available diagnostic techniques for the detection of anti-HIV antibodies in serum, and examined the feasibility of adapting such techniques to tests on saliva. The technique chosen for experimental adaptation required only slight modifications for use with this medium. We compared the results obtained in serum from intravenous drug users with a western blot assay designed to detect p24 viral protein, against the findings with a test designed to detect salivary antibodies. The likelihood of cross-reactions in saliva containing high concentrations of other antiviral antibodies was also studied. The specificity and sensitivity of the modified saliva test were 100% and 96% respectively, and no cross-reactions were observed.     

Prevalence of Streptococcus mutans with different colonial morphologies in human plaque and saliva

Abstract – Plaque and saliva samples were obtained twice from 58 children at an interval of 1 year and examined for the prevalence of Streptococcus mutans on Mitis salivarius (MS) and Mitis salivarius bacitracin (MSB) agar. Two types of S. mutans colonies with different colonial morphologies were seen on both media. They were serologically identified as serotypes c/e/f and d/g respectively. The first type, morphogroup c/e/f, had the typical "frosted-glass" appearance. It was the most prevalent and was found in 97% of the children. The second type, morphogroup d/g, had a creamy marzipan consistency with a dull, granular surface, gray to brown in color and often with some liquid around or on top of the colony. Group d/g was detected in 21 children (36%) and then together with colonies of group c/e/f. Children infected with single or multiple morphogroups of S. mutans generally harbored the same groups 1 year later. There was a significant positive correlation between the proportion of S. mutans in plaque and their numbers in saliva.     

Impact of surface contamination of implants with saliva during placement in augmented bone defects in sheep calvaria

Our aim was to try and find out whether contamination with saliva during insertion of dental implants affects osseointegration in bone that has been augmented with different grafts. Six bony defects were created in each of the calvaria of six sheep, and then augmented with three different materials (autogenous bone, bovine bone, and resorbable biphasic ceramic bone substitute) After five weeks of healing, three implants contaminated with saliva (contaminated group) and three not contaminated (uncontaminated group) were placed in the centre of the augmented areas. For histomorphometric analysis, bone implant contact, bone area fraction occupancy, bone and material area, and bony area were measured after a healing period of five weeks. There was a significant difference between the contaminated and uncontaminated groups (p = 0.036) for bone implant contact only in the augmented areas, but there were no significant differences in bone area fraction occupancy, bone and material area, and bony area. We conclude that contamination with saliva during placement of dental implants can significantly compromise bone implant contact in augmented areas, but had no significant effect on the formation of bone in areas more distant from the surface of the implant. We suggest that salivary contamination should be avoided during placement of dental implants in augmented areas.