肠道菌群与放射性肠炎的关系及研究进展

肠道菌群是人体的重要组成部分。目前已经证实肠道菌群在高血压、糖尿病、肿瘤和炎症性肠病等疾病的发生发展中发挥重要作用。放射性肠炎（RE）多见于行放疗的肿瘤患者。近年来,肠道菌群与RE的关系成为研究热点。RE与肠道菌群密切相关,其机制可能与肠道菌群失调引起的炎症细胞的浸润及相关细胞因子的表达密切相关。益生菌补充治疗能够缓解部分RE患者的临床症状。最近一些研究聚焦于粪便菌群移植及小分子新药在RE中的治疗作用。笔者总结了近期基于肠道菌群的RE的发生机制及临床应用研究,期望为靶向肠道菌群的治疗提供理论依据。     

脊髓损伤患者肠道菌群特征及以肠道菌群为靶点的治疗方法研究进展

脊髓损伤严重影响患者胃肠功能并引发肠道菌群失衡, 导致脊髓神经炎症加剧。近年来, 随着"肠道菌群-肠-脑"轴理论的提出, 肠道菌群在中枢神经与胃肠系统中的调节作用逐渐得到重视。尽管已有相当多的研究从不同角度关注脊髓损伤患者肠道菌群特征对脊髓神经功能修复的影响, 但当前以肠道菌群为干预靶点治疗脊髓损伤的研究模式繁多, 仍缺乏统一有效的临床治疗方法。笔者就脊髓损伤患者肠道菌群特征及以肠道菌群为靶点的治疗方法研究进展进行综述, 为脊髓损伤的临床救治与基础研究提供参考。     

肠道菌群——运动干预防治代谢性疾病的新靶点

<正>近年来,肠道菌群作为参与机体稳态调节的新靶点已引起医学界的广泛关注。肠道菌群寄居于人体肠道,通过对肠道的保护、营养以及参与调节机体代谢而对宿主健康产生影响。机体肠道菌群失调可诱发包括肥胖、非酒精性脂肪肝、糖尿病和癌症等多种代谢相关疾病。因此,肠道菌群的改变是评估机体生理健康状况的一项重要指标。运动作为一种环境刺激性因素可有效调节肠道菌群的成分和结构、提高肠道菌群的丰     

肠道菌群与肠道辐射损伤的关系及其机制研究进展

近些年,越来越多的研究人员开始重视肠道菌群与人体健康的关系,并试图探讨其在辐射损伤中的作用。越来越多的证据表明,正常的肠道菌群通过Toll样受体、免疫途径和炎症反应等维持人体的健康。改善肠道菌群、调节菌群的平衡已作为治疗某些疾病的手段之一。本文综述肠道菌群与肠道辐射损伤的关系和机制,以期为放射性肠炎及其他疾病的治疗提供理论依据和指导。     

肠道菌群在恶性肿瘤治疗中的研究进展

近年来,关于肠道菌群与恶性肿瘤的治疗关系一直都是研究热点。有利的肠道菌群结构可以促进上皮肿瘤或者黑色素瘤患者抗PD-1免疫治疗疗效,并且这种疗效可以通过粪菌移植来实现。对于接受盆腔放疗的患者,肠道菌群结构发生明显变化,而服用益生菌可改善放疗引起的腹泻等不适反应。相关研究表明,化疗后患者的肠道菌群发生明显变化,提升相关菌群的数量可提高化疗耐受性和疗效。调整肠道菌群有望成为恶性肿瘤新的辅助治疗手段。     

肠道菌群调节神经递质影响抑郁症的研究进展

近年来,肠道菌群对精神疾病的显著影响是医学和神经生物学研究的热点方向,肠道菌群-肠-脑轴的异常被证实在抑郁症发病与病理生理机制中起到重要作用,但精细机制仍需深入研究.该文综述了肠道菌群及其代谢产物对抑郁症相关神经递质(5-羟色胺、多巴胺、去甲肾上腺素、谷氨酸、γ-氨基丁酸等)的影响,从而探讨肠道菌群与抑郁症之间的相关性...     

益生菌酸奶调节飞行员肠道菌群的考察

目的观察富含益生菌酸奶对飞行员肠道菌群以及飞行员腹泻率的影响。方法采集食用益生菌酸奶前后不同时间点飞行员便标本,细菌培养法测定肠道常见菌群含量,计算肠道定值抗力（CR）值,分析肠道菌群的变化。调查表调查飞行员腹泻率,比较食用不同时间益生菌酸奶飞行员腹泻率的差异。结果益生菌酸奶明显增加肠道菌群中双歧杆菌、消化球菌含量,降低肠球菌含量,增加CR值,对肠杆菌和拟杆菌无显著影响。停止食用益生菌酸奶后飞行员肠道菌群中5种细菌及CR值与对照组比无明显差异。长期食用益生菌酸奶可使飞行员腹泻率明显降低。结论益生菌酸奶具有调节飞行员肠道菌群,降低腹泻率的作用。     

以肠道菌群为靶点的代谢综合征运动干预研究进展

代谢综合征已成为威胁全球的公共健康问题。大量实验证明,肠道菌群可通过调节宿主脂肪吸收存储相关基因影响宿主能量平衡,肠道菌群结构失调会导致宿主血液内毒素增加,诱发慢性低度炎症,致使胰岛素抵抗;适宜运动可有效干预肠道菌群结构和功能,帮助机体建立健康菌群。运用元基因组学、微生物分子生态学和代谢组学方法,揭示与代谢综合征相关的肠道菌群结构失调,鉴定出代谢综合征相关的特定细菌类群及功能,使得通过以肠道菌群为靶点的运动干预防治代谢综合征成为可能。     

肠道菌群关乎生命健康

正每个人的肠道菌群,都是独一无二的。研究发现:人体细胞只占身体细胞总数的43%,其余都是外来微生物。其中约三分之一的微生物生活在肠道中。由于每个人生存环境和饮食结构不同,形成肠道菌群也各不同。有益肠道菌群,可为人体提供健康的保护。但不良肠道菌群,会对人体产生消极的影响,形成高血压、肥胖、抑郁、肿瘤、糖尿病等慢性疾病。这就要求人们从     

空间环境对肠道菌群的影响

维持肠道菌群的平衡对保障航天员健康有重要的意义。复杂的空间环境、严格的灭菌措施、机体应激等都可能影响肠道细菌正常的生长代谢,从而导致肠道菌群失衡,威胁航天员健康。本文就空间环境对肠道菌群的影响进行综述,以期为相关研究及应对措施提供新的思路。     

Esophageal Food Impaction

Esophageal foreign body impaction requires urgent or emergent removal depending on clinical symptoms. Radiographic evaluation is extremely valuable in guiding management, although not required. The case presented herein describes a 66-year-old male presenting with epigastric pain and globus sensation for three days, inability to tolerate both foods and liquids, and regurgitation. Fluoroscopic evaluation revealed a food impaction in the distal esophagus. Urgent endoscopy confirmed the diagnosis and revealed a peptic stricture secondary to Barrett''s esophagus. Although computed tomography has largely replaced the fluoroscopic examination, it can still provide a definitive diagnosis in many cases.     

Mutation in Drosophila Melanogaster Cultured on Irradiated Whole Food or Food Components

Summary

The frequencies of sex-linked recessive lethal mutations have been measured in germ cells from Drosophila males cultured on aged or non-aged, irradiated or non-irradiated whole food or food supplements. The experiments indicate that irradiated whole food, autoclaved sucrose, and heterologous DNA are mutagenic. Non-autoclaved sucrose, whether irradiated or not, does not induce mutations. A large portion of the increased damage may be associated with the induction of gonial mutants. Ageing the treated food or food components for three weeks before use does not alter the results.     

Food and its safety

The manner in which food is produced, distributed, sold and controlled has changed radically over the last fifty years. This has lead to dissociation and deskilling of consumers while control of quality and safety have remained in the hands of legislators and producers. With the globalization of trade consumers perceive in foods unacceptable levels of food safety risk. In the new century the conflict between perceived safety and manageable risk may be resolved by open debate and the establishment of mechanisms which include the ethical dimensions of food production and use.     

Food and its safety

The manner in which food is produced, distributed, sold and controlled has changed radically over the last fifty years. This has lead to dissociation and de‐skilling of consumers while control of quality and safety have remained in the hands of legislators and producers. With the globalization of trade consumers perceive in foods unacceptable levels of food safety risk. In the new century the conflict between perceived safety and manageable risk may be resolved by open debate and the establishment of mechanisms which include the ethical dimensions of food production and use.     

Food refusal in prison

The prevalence of mental disorder amongst prisoners refusing food was studied by examining the prison records of a remand prison and a dispersal prison. Food refusal occurred predominantly in the remand prison. Less than one per cent of the annual remand population engaged in this behaviour. The results indicate that prisoners refusing food do so as a form of protest and that the prevalence of mental disorder among such prisoners is high. The majority respond to observation and counselling. Important indicators of psychosis are: (i) the inability of the prisoner to divulge reasons for his behaviour; and (ii) the refusal by the prisoner of both food and fluids. In such cases transfer to hospital for treatment may be urgently required.