跟外侧神经的形态特点及其临床意义

目的:为临床选择跟外侧神经作为受区皮神经重建足跟感觉提供解剖依据.方法:20个成人尸体下肢标本,解剖显露腓肠内侧皮神经与腓肠外侧皮神经的会合部位至各支跟外侧神经的终末支;观察各支跟外侧神经的来源、发出部位、形态、走行、分支与分布情况;测量各支跟外侧神经自腓肠神经主干发出平面至外踝尖水平面的垂直距离及其起始部的外径.结果:大部分腓肠内、外侧皮神经于外踝尖平面上8.9 cm会合成腓肠神经主干,于其后外侧部发出跟外侧神经1～3支;其中跟外侧神经第1支分别于外踝尖平面至其卜方7.2 cm发出,跟外侧神经发出后均垂直于足底平面向下走行,终支分布于足跟负重区外侧部皮肤;跟外侧神经及其分支多为类似圆柱形态;跟外侧神经有1～3支、直径分别为(1.62±0.45)mm、(1.11±0.37)mm和(0.85±0.39)mm.结论:跟外侧神经第1支解剖恒定,较为粗大,起始部离足跟外侧缘有一定距离,具备重建跟外侧感觉所要求的皮神经解剖学特点.     

腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣的解剖学研究

目的:为腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管远端蒂复合瓣设计提出解剖学依据.方法:30侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本,解剖观测腓动脉肌间隔穿支、腓肠外侧动脉肌皮穿支与腓肠神经-小隐静脉、腓肠肌外侧头、比目鱼肌以及腓骨营养血管的关系;小隐静脉浅深交通支.结果:腓动脉肌间隔穿支6～10支,外径0.5～1.6 mm,最远的动脉穿支距外踝尖上(1.0±1.3)cm,外径(0.6±0.2)mm.穿支分出骨膜动脉、肌支,营养腓骨和比目鱼肌外侧半.穿支穿深筋膜时,发深筋膜支、皮支、皮神经浅静脉血管,构成腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管链.腓肠外侧动脉发2～5支外径0.2～1.2 mm肌皮穿支,营养腓肠肌外侧头及相应区域皮肤.小隐静脉浅深交通支距外踝尖上(3.4±0.9)cm,外径(1.7±0.5)mm.结论:腓肠神经-小隐静脉营养血管与肌、骨、皮营养血管同源,以腓动脉的肌间隔动脉终末穿支远端蒂复合瓣,旋转点近外踝尖平面,可覆盖前足创面.     

基于Sihler’s技术的踝和足背皮神经的整体分布模式研究

目的 揭示踝及足背皮神经的整体分布模式,为皮瓣移植感觉重建提供形态学指导。 方法 成年尸体24具,紧贴肌表面摘取含皮下脂肪的踝及足背皮肤,用改良的Sihler’s染色法显示并观察皮神经整体分布模式。 结果 在Sihler’s染色的标本中,肉眼可见隐神经支配踝前区（40.01±7.6）%、踝后区（30±6.7）%、以及部分足背内侧缘。腓浅神经支配踝前区（60.03±6.8）%,其足背内侧皮神经支配足背内侧区、第1、2趾背及第3趾背内侧半;95.83%的足背中间皮神经分布到第3趾背外侧半、第4、5趾背。腓肠神经支配踝后区（70±5.3）%,其足背外侧皮神经支配足背外侧缘皮肤。腓深神经分布到第1、2趾背相对面。初级神经支密度以踝前区最高,次级及以下神经支密度和总的神经支密度均以足背内侧区最高。 结论 在踝或足背的皮瓣移植中,建议把踝前区或足背内侧区设计为利于感觉重建的首选供区或感觉需求较高的受区。     

腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的应用解剖

目的 :为带腓肠神经营养血管蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用提供解剖学依据。方法 :在 3 8侧经动脉灌注红色乳胶成人下肢标本上解剖观测腓肠神经及营养血管的起始、走行、分支分布、吻合及外径 ,2侧成人新鲜下肢标本墨汁灌注观察营养血管的墨染范围。结果 :腓肠神经由腓肠内侧皮神经与腓神经交通支汇合而成 ,其汇合点在外踝上 12 .7± 3 .7cm ,腓肠神经沿窝中点至外踝与跟腱中点连线下行 ,外踝上 12 .6± 3 .4cm处穿出深筋膜。其营养血管主要来源于窝中间皮动脉和腓动脉肌间隔穿支 ,上段起始部外径 0 .6± 0 .1mm ,下段距外踝上 6.7± 1.6cm处与腓动脉穿支恒定吻合 ,吻合支外径 0 .6± 0 .1mm ,沿途发出众多筋膜皮支营养小腿后部皮肤。结论 :以腓肠神经及其营养血管为蒂可设计切取顺行或逆行岛状皮瓣。     

穿支蒂足背中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣的解剖基础

目的　为穿支蒂足背中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣修复前足软组织缺损提供解剖基础。 方法　在30侧动脉内灌注红色乳胶的成人足标本上解剖观测：①足背中间皮神经的走行与分布;②足底弓第3足背穿支及其与足背中间皮神经营养血管间吻合关系。另在1侧新鲜标本上进行摹拟手术设计。 结果　①足背中间皮神经主要为腓浅神经外侧支的延续,经十字韧带表面,径直前行至第4跖骨间隙近端附近分为第3、4跖背支,分布于部分足背和趾背皮肤;②足背中间皮神经营养血管为多节段、多源性,与术式关系密切在第4跖骨间隙近端浅出的足底弓第3足背穿支位置相对恒定, 并分出众多的细小血管与足背中间皮神经干或旁营养血管链的分支密切吻合。 结论　可形成以足底弓第3足背穿支蒂足背中间皮神经营养血管皮瓣转位修复前足软组织缺损。     

足背外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣的应用解剖学

目的:为足背外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣设计提供解剖学依据。方法:32侧乳胶灌注的成人下肢标本,对足背外侧皮神经及其营养血管进行解剖,观察其起始、直径、走行、分支及分布情况。结果:足背外侧皮神经于外踝后方续于腓肠神经,起始处直径(2.65±0.57)mm,主干于外踝前下方(1.5±0.9)cm处发出分1～2条分支。足背外侧皮神经营养血管平均每侧4.8支,最为恒定的分支穿深筋膜时分别位于外踝后方平外踝最凸点,直径(0.75±0.16)mm;第5跖趾关节外侧近端(1.5±0.3)cm,直径(0.47±0.07)mm。结论:足背外侧皮神经营养血管皮瓣血供可靠,可以用来修复足前端或足底外侧创面。     

踝关节周围皮神经应用解剖学研究及意义

目的 研究隐神经、腓浅神经、腓肠神经在踝关节周围的走行位置、毗邻关系,为临床踝关节周围皮神经阻滞麻醉提供解剖学依据。方法 采用局部解剖学实验教学用尸体标本15例,观察隐神经、腓浅神经、腓肠神经在踝关节周围的位置及毗邻关系,测量神经压扁径,在内外踝尖连线上测量神经至内外踝尖或跟腱边缘的距离。结果 隐神经在内外踝最高点的连线上,位于大隐静脉外侧,压扁径(0. 342±0. 14) cm,距内踝尖(1. 857±0. 17) cm,距外踝尖(6. 838±0. 32) cm;腓浅神经在内外踝最高点的连线上,压扁径(0. 264±0. 13) cm,距内踝尖(5. 334±0. 33) cm,距外踝尖(4. 424±0. 46) cm;腓肠神经在踝关节周围,位于外踝沟处、小隐静脉外侧,压扁径(0. 250±0. 12) cm,距跟腱边缘(2. 745±0. 21) cm,距外踝尖(2. 660±0. 16) cm。结论 依据隐神经、腓浅神经、腓肠神经在踝关节周围至内外踝尖或跟腱边缘的距离、压扁径、毗邻结构关系,可提高皮神经阻滞麻醉的精准度,减少对其他组织的损伤,具有一定的临床参考意义。     

腓深神经和足背动脉关系在足背复合组织瓣中的意义

目的:探讨腓深神经和足背动脉在足背部的位置关系,为带神经血管蒂的足背复合组织瓣的切取提供解剖基础。方法:选用经福尔马林固定的足踝部完好的下肢68侧,逐层解剖,在踝上显露腓深神经和胫前动脉向远端追踪解剖;定量描述腓深神经分支点到足背动脉和踝间线的位置关系,并对神经和动脉的位置关系进行分型。结果:腓深神经分支点集中在踝间线上(9.34±3.4)mm至踝间线下(14.00±5.28)mm;动脉内侧3.46mm至动脉外侧3.32mm这个范围之内,58.0%(36侧)位于动脉的前上。神经分支后,外侧支位于浅面,与深面的跗外侧动脉平行进入短伸肌;内侧支与动脉伴行,根据神经与动脉关系可分为5型:Ⅰ型,神经伴行于动脉的内侧(50.0%);Ⅱ型,神经位于动脉的外侧(11.8%);Ⅲ型,神经和动脉彼此交叉(26.5%);Ⅳ型,动脉自神经内侧支的分支间穿出(2.9%);Ⅴ型:内侧支缺如(8.8%)。结论:腓深神经和足背动脉在足背部位置关系的解剖特点对足背复合组织皮瓣的切取有指导意义。     

腓肠神经及其血管的显微外科解剖学

本文对50例成人下肢的腓肠神经、腓肠内侧皮神经、腓神经交通支及其血管作了观察。腓肠神经的营养动脉来自腓动脉的肌皮支。腓肠内侧皮神经中间部及远侧部的动脉来自邻近细小肌皮血管。腓神经交通支中间部及远侧部亦由邻近的肌皮血管供给。腓肠神经的部分静脉直接注入小隐静脉。     

吻合腓血管腓肠神经移植的解剖学

在51侧成人下肢标本上,解剖观察了腓动脉分支供养腓肠神经的血供情况,腓动脉平均发2.7支营养动脉至腓肠神经,以腓动静脉为蒂,可设计成有血供的腓肠神经移植。     

Surgical anatomy of the sural and superficial fibular nerves with an emphasis on the approach to the lateral malleolus

The aim of this study was to investigate the risk and to analyse the significance of laceration of the sural and superficial fibular nerves during the surgical approach to the lateral malleolus. The sural and the superficial fibular nerves, and their branches were dissected under ×3 magnifying lenses in 68 embalmed leg‐ankle‐foot specimens. The specimens were measured, drawn and photographed. In 35% of specimens the superficial fibular nerve branched before piercing the crural fascia, and in all these specimens the medial dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was located in the anterior compartment while the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was located in the lateral compartment. In 35% of specimens the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was absent or did not innervate any toe. The deep part of the superficial fibular nerve was in contact with the intermuscular septum. Its superficial part was parallel with the lateral malleolus when the nerve pierced the fascia more proximally and oblique to the lateral malleolus when the nerve pierced the fascia distally. In one case the intermediate dorsal cutaneous nerve of the foot was in danger of laceration during a subcutaneous incision to the lateral malleolus. In 7 cases (10%) the sural nerve overlapped or was tangent to the tip of the malleolus. Malleolar nerve branches were identified in 76% of the cases (in 28% from both sources). The sural nerve supplies the lateral 5 dorsal digital nerves in 40% of cases. Our study indicates that during the approach to the lateral malleolus there is a high risk of laceration of malleolar branches from both the sural and the superficial fibular nerves. There is less risk of damage to the main trunk of these nerves, but the 10% chance of laceration of sural nerve at the tip of the malleolus is significant. As the sural nerve supplies the superficial innervation to the lateral half of the foot and toes in 40% of cases, the risk of its laceration is even more important than indicated by the common anatomical teaching.     

Easily identifiable bony landmarks as an aid in targeted regional ankle blockade

Regional anesthesia around the ankle joint is well suited to a large number of surgical procedures of the foot. Previous studies have alluded to the variable nerve distribution of the foot, which may result in incomplete blocks. The aim of the study was to determine the position of the nerves in relation to the ankle joint to easily identifiable bony and prominent soft tissue landmarks to aid more accurate targeting of these nerves. A number of 94 ankles (47 left; 47 right) were dissected to expose the tibial, sural, deep fibular (peroneal), superficial fibular (peroneal), and saphenous nerves. The distance of the nerves relative to easy to find bony landmarks was measured. A distance (alpha) was measured from the middle of the tibial nerve to the most medial aspect of the medial malleolus. Measurement beta was considered from the inferior tip of the lateral malleolus to the anterior border of the sural nerve on a horizontal plane. Measurement delta was taken from the medial border of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve to the most anterior aspect of the medial malleolus. epsilon was measured from the middle of the superficial fibular (peroneal) nerve to the most anterior aspect of the medial malleolus on a horizontal plane. The saphenous nerve was measured (gamma) from its medial border to the most anterior aspect of the medial malleolus on a horizontal plane. Factors such as sex, length, and ankle side were also analyzed concerning their influence on the position of the nerves. This study suggests that a greater degree of certainty may possibly be attained when palpable and easy to find bony landmarks are used to determine the position of the nerves around the ankle and ensure a simple to perform, predictable, and selectively targeted block.     

外踝及其周围结构的解剖学测量及临床意义

目的　对外踝及其周围结构进行解剖学观测,为外踝骨折内固定及设计外踝定位导向器提供解剖学基础。 方法　①80例（男20对,女20对）干燥腓骨下端形态进行观察分析;②40例（男20,女20）X线片观察外踝的大体形态;③40具（男20,女20）尸体解剖观测外踝前动脉、腓浅神经,腓肠神经毗邻关系。 结果　（1）外踝从上往下骨质逐渐均匀的变薄变窄,近似一个倒立的三角形;（2）骨性标本外踝左右两侧高度、宽度、厚度测量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);但存在性别差异(P<0.05)。（3）男女X线片上外踝角测量比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);（4）外踝前动脉在距离外踝尖端平面男性(4.30±0.22)cm,女性(4.11±0.6)cm处由胫前动脉发出,先斜向外下方至腓骨下端;然后紧贴腓骨下端及外踝前缘进入足背。（5）腓浅神经主干距离外踝前缘男性(1.59±0.20)cm,女性(1.31±0.64)cm;腓肠神经经过外踝后外下方,距离外踝后缘男性(1.80±0.13)cm,女性(1.62±0.34)cm; 结论　外踝及其周围结构的解剖学测量结果为外踝骨折内固定以及设计外踝定位导向器提供解剖学基础。     

The consistent presence of the human accessory deep peroneal nerve

Twenty-four human legs were dissected macroscopically to study the morphological details of the accessory deep peroneal nerve. This nerve arose from the superficial peroneal nerve and descended in the lateral compartment of the leg, deep to peroneus longus along the posterior border of peroneus brevis. Approaching the ankle joint, this nerve passed through the peroneal tunnels to wind around the lateral malleolus; it then crossed beneath the peroneus brevis tendon anteriorly to reach the dorsum of the foot. The accessory deep peroneal nerve was found in every case examined and constantly gave off muscular branches to peroneus brevis and sensory branches to the ankle region. In addition, this nerve occasionally had muscular branches to peroneus longus and extensor digitorum brevis, and sensory branches to the fibula and the foot. The anomalous muscles around the lateral malleolus were also innervated by this nerve. Neither cutaneous branches nor communicating branches with other nerves were found. The present study reveals that the accessory deep peroneal nerve is consistently present and possesses a proper motor and sensory distribution in the lateral region of the leg and ankle. It is not an anomalous nerve as has previously been suggested.     

Anatomical variations of the cutaneous innervation patterns of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot

The present study attempts to determine the cutaneous pattern of distribution of the sural nerve on the dorsum of the foot to note the predominant pattern present and whether there was any association between the innervation pattern and sex or side. A total of 260 Indian feet (78 adult feet: 60 male, 18 female; 52 fetal feet: 20 male, 32 female) were dissected. The results showed six patterns of innervation of the toes by the sural nerve. In Type I, the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes by the superficial peroneal nerve alone (35.38%). In Type II the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 4th and 5th toes by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (10%). In Type III the lateral side of the little toe was supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd, 4th, and 5th toes by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (21.15%). In Type IV the lateral 1(1/2) toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd and 4th toes by the superficial peroneal nerve alone (3.85%). In Type V the lateral 1(1/2) toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone and the adjacent sides of the 3rd and 4th toes were supplied by the sural nerve along with the superficial peroneal nerve (5%). In Type VI the lateral 2(1/2) toes were supplied by the sural nerve alone (24.61%). The predominant patterns were Type I (35.38%), Type VI (24.61%), and Type III (21.15%). There was no association between the innervation pattern of the sural nerve and sex or side. The pattern, which is usually described, was found in only 35.38% of feet. Considering the variation in the pattern of cutaneous distribution of the sural nerve in Indian feet, the function of the sural nerve may be to supply a wider area of skin than is usually described.     

Cutaneous innervation of the ankle: An anatomical study showing danger zones for ankle surgery

Three nerves innervate the skin in the foot and ankle region: the saphenous, sural, and superficial peroneal nerves. Because they are close to the medial and lateral malleoli, these nerves are at significant risk during orthopedic interventions. The aims of this study were to investigate the distal courses of the three cutaneous nerves of the ankle and to determine their exact relationships with easily identifiable bony landmarks. Ten freshly frozen and 40 embalmed lower extremities of adults were dissected. The positions of the superficial peroneal, sural, and saphenous nerves were determined using reference lines based on easily palpable osseous landmarks. The frequencies and distributions of all three nerves and their branches were converted into absolute numbers. A danger zone for each nerve was established on the basis of the distribution of crossings between the nerves and the different reference lines. Determination of the exact orientation of the nerves around the ankle should help minimize the nerve injury rate during surgical approaches in this area. Using this easily translatable new grid system, the course and danger zones of each cutaneous nerve around the ankle can be estimated clinically. Clin. Anat. 653–658, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Anatomical variations of the sural nerve

An anatomical study of the formation of the sural nerve (SN) was carried out on 76 Thai cadavers. The results revealed that 67.1% of the SNs were formed by the union of the medial sural cutaneous nerve (MSCN) and the lateral sural cutaneous nerve (LSCN); the MSCN and LSCN are branches of the tibial and the common fibular (peroneal) nerves, respectively. The site of union was variable: 5.9% in the popliteal fossa, 1.9% in the middle third of the leg, 66.7% in the lower third of the leg, and 25.5% at or just below the ankle. One SN (0.7%) was formed by the union of the MSCN and a different branch of the common fibular nerve, running parallel and medial to but not connecting with the LSCN, which joined the MSCN in the lower third of the leg. The remaining 32.2% of the SNs were a direct continuation of the MSCN. The SNs ranged from 6-30 cm (mean = 14.41 cm) in length with a range in diameter of 3.5-3.8 mm (mean = 3.61 mm), and were easily located 1-1.5 cm posterior to the posterior border of the lateral malleolus. The LSCNs were 15-32 cm long (mean = 22.48 cm) with a diameter between 2.7-3.4 mm (mean = 3.22 mm); the MSCNs were 17-31 cm long (mean = 20.42 cm) with a diameter between 2.3-2.5 mm (mean = 2.41 mm). Clinically, the SN is widely used for both diagnostic (biopsy and nerve conduction velocity studies) and therapeutic purposes (nerve grafting) and the LSCN is used for a sensate free flap; thus, a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the SN and its contributing nerves are important in carrying out these and other procedures.     

The communicating branches between the sural and superficial peroneal nerves in the foot: a review of 55 cases

The rich sensory innervation of the ankle and foot is manifest through the numerous communicating branches linking the neural trunks, particularly the superficial peroneal and sural nerves on the anterolateral aspect of the hindfoot. The 35 communicating branches seen in 55 dissections (58%) were proximal in half of the cases, lying in the malleolar and lateral tarsal regions, and distal in the other half, in the metatarsal region. The communicating branch was straight in 25 cases and curved in 11. The average distances of the communicating branch from the crest of the lateral malleolus and the tubercle of the 5th metatarsal was 4.7 and 4.1 cm, but there was a wide range of values. We believe that stretching of the proximal communicating branch during forced inversion of the ankle and/or foot or during fractures of the calcaneus or direct injury in surgical approaches or arthroscopy of the ankle may lead to unexplained pre- and submalleolar pain. Advances in modern imaging may allow recognition of these branches and guidance of infiltration and even neurolysis in cases of failure of conservative treatment.     

Formation and distribution of the sural nerve based on nerve fascicle and nerve fiber analyses

The formation and distribution of the sural nerve are presented on the basis of an investigation of 31 legs of Japanese cadavers using nerve fascicle and fiber analyses. Nerve fibers constituting the medial sural cutaneous nerve were designated as 'T', whereas those constituting the peroneal communicating branch were designated as 'F'. In 74.2% of cases (23/31), the T and F fibers joined each other in the leg, whereas in 9.7% of cases (3/31) they descended separately. In 16.1% of cases (5/31), the sural nerve was formed of only the T fibers. The sural nerve gave off lateral calcaneal branches and medial and lateral branches at the ankle. The lateral calcaneal branches always contained T fibers. The medial branches consisted of only T fibers, whereas most of the lateral branches consisted of only F fibers (71.0%; 22/31). In addition to the T and F fibers, P fibers, which derived from the superficial and deep peroneal nerves, formed the dorsal digital nerves. The P fibers were entirely supplied to the medial four and one-half toes. However, they were gradually replaced by the T and F fibers in the lateral direction. The 10th proper dorsal digital nerve consisted of T fibers only (38.7%; 12/31), of F fibers only (19.4%; 6/31) or of both T and F fibers (38.7%; 12/31). These findings suggest that the T fibers are essential nerve components for the skin and deep structures of the ankle and heel rather than the skin of the lateral side of the fifth toe. The designation of the medial sural cutaneous nerve should be avoided and only the T fibers are appropriate components for naming as the sural nerve.