内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道病变

内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）是一种安全有效的内镜下微创治疗新技术。ESD技术具有可完整切除病灶、切除较大病灶、切除溃疡型病灶等优点,为上消化道黏膜病灶尤其是早期肿瘤和黏膜下肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的途径。本文详细介绍了ESD的适应证、禁忌证、操作中所需的特殊器械、具体的操作方法及其并发症的处理,并结合文献资料和临床操作体会,阐述了ESD技术在早期消化道肿瘤和消化道黏膜下肿瘤处理中的应用。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道病变

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗消化道病变的疗效、安全性及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析ESD方法治疗29例(共31块)消化道病变的内镜下手术情况、并发症及治疗、预后情况。结果术中出血2例,1例创面小动脉出血,内镜下钛夹止血,另1例胃黏膜下持续出血,形成血肿,中转开腹行胃窦切除术;1例直肠管状腺瘤ESD术后7天大出血,经肛门缝扎止血;术中发现肠壁穿孔1例,中转开腹行肠壁修补术。29例患者均痊愈出院,无1例留下后遗症,平均住院时间5 d。随访2～27个月未见复发。结论 ESD治疗消化道病变是安全的,可以一次性完整切除较大病变,提供完整的病理学资料,且术后不易复发。缺点是操作时间长,技术难度较大,并发症较EMR多。     

EMR和ESD在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用

考虑到外科手术的风险和改善患者生活质量等问题,内镜下粘膜切除术(EMR)和内镜下粘膜剥离术(ESD)在日本已成为消化道早期粘膜癌的常规治疗方法,并逐渐被西方等国家认同。现就EMR、ESD在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用现状和进展作一综述。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在消化道肿瘤治疗中的应用

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）在治疗消化道肿瘤中的应用价值。方法收集近2年电子胃肠镜发现的15例胃与大肠黏膜及黏膜下肿瘤,内镜超声检查和/或病理活检进一步明确病灶大小,位置及性质,ESD操作步骤;黏膜下注射液体以抬高病灶,接着预切开病灶周围黏膜,之后使用Hook刀或IT刀沿病灶黏膜下层完整剥离病灶。结果 15例患者均顺利完成ESD治疗,病变直径1.0～3.5cm,平均2.3cm,ESD手术时间30～175min,平均73min,ESD治疗过程中创面均有少量出血,均经电凝或金属钛夹止血,无术后延迟出血发生,穿孔发生率为6.7%（1/15）,术后随访1～8个月,未见肿瘤残留或复发。结论 ESD作为一种内镜微创治疗,能实现较大病灶的完全剥离,为临床提供完整的病理学资料,也为消化道早期黏膜及黏膜下肿瘤的治疗开辟了新的治疗途径。     

对比EMR与ESD治疗消化道神经内分泌肿瘤有效性及安全性的META分析

目的 对比内镜下黏膜切除术(Endoscopic Mucosal Resection, EMR)与内镜黏膜下剥离术(Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection, ESD)治疗消化道类癌的有效性及安全性。方法 根据选题拟定检索词,计算机检索Pubmed、The Cochrane Library、Sinomed、Embase、维普数据库、中国期刊全文数据库和万方数据库等权威数据库,检索时间从2013年4月至2023年4月;筛选出符合纳入标准的文献,进行偏倚风险评估,提取数据并对数据进行分析处理,制作森林图并对结果进行分析讨论。结果 共有973篇文献,经过筛选后纳入10片文献进入研究,包括6篇随机对照试验与4篇临床病例对照研究,共计642例患者。其中EMR组315例,ESD组327例。Meta分析结果如下：(1)有效性指标：ESD术内镜下完全切除率高于EMR术(RCT:OR=0.25,95%CI:0.13,0.49,P<0.05;回顾性分析：OR=0.34<1,95%CI:0.16,0.88,Z=2.23,P<0.05);ESD术内镜下整块切除率高于E...     

内镜黏膜剥离术治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变

目的探讨内镜下黏膜剥离术(endoscopic gubmucosal disseetion,ESD)治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的疗效、安全性及并发症防治。方法回顾性分析ESD方法治疗37例消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变的内镜下手术情况、并发症及治疗、预后情况。结果术中出血3例,术后出血2例,均内镜下成功止血;术中穿孔2例,均予内镜下金属夹夹闭后内科保守治疗成功,未有中转外科手术;l例直肠类癌及1例食管重度异型增生术后切缘病变组织残留,2~6月后复查未见明显复发迹象。结论 ESD治疗消化道黏膜及黏膜下病变安全、有效,可以一次性完整切除较大病变,提供完整的病理学资料,且术后不易复发。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道肿瘤的安全性及手术操作体会

[目的]探讨消化道肿瘤行内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)治疗的安全性及手术操作体会。[方法]选取行ESD治疗的消化道黏膜层及黏膜下层肿瘤患者10例,对镜下手术方法及并发症进行总结。[结果]10例患者均完整剥离病灶,平均手术时间65(40~90)min,平均住院时间9(7~15)d。所有病例术中仅有少量渗血,经喷洒及电凝即可止血;1例穿孔,经保守治疗后痊愈。[结论]ESD治疗消化道黏膜层及黏膜肌层肿瘤是相对安全有效的,大部分患者的手术并发症可保守治愈。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤的疗效分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗消化道黏膜下肿瘤(submucosal tumor,SMT)的疗效及安全性。方法选取我院2008年3月-2011年6月经胃肠镜检查发现消化道黏膜下肿瘤48例,回顾性分析48例患者资料,包括患者的基本情况、病变部位、大小、治疗经过以及病理结果等,统计并发症发生情况及术后随访结果。结果病灶直径为0.8～5.8 cm,平均(3.3±0.75)cm,ESD手术时间为27～167 min,平均(71.0±22.6)min,ESD完整切除病灶45例(45/48,93.75%),穿孔3例(3/48,6.25%),其中1例大出血,1例食管患者ESD术后出现食管狭窄,经内镜下球囊扩张食管狭窄消失。所有病人均完成了术后6个月的内镜随访,1例患者见肿瘤复发。结论 ESD技术对较大病变可以整块切除,并提供完整的病理诊断资料;消化道SMT行ESD术是安全、有效的。     

ESD治疗低位直肠侧向发育型肿瘤20例

[目的]探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）在低位直肠侧向发育型肿瘤（LST）治疗中的临床价值.[方法]回顾分析丽水市人民医院2009年1月～2013年12月应用ESD治疗低位直肠LST患者20例的临床资料.[结果]20例患者内镜下ESD治疗一次性成功,术后未见迟发性出血、穿孔等并发症,随访3～6月未见病变残留.[结论]ESD治疗低位直肠LST是一种较为安全、有效的内镜微创手段.     

ESD衍生技术的临床应用

内镜技术的问世被誉为是医学史上的一次革命,在内镜治疗方面产生了“内镜外科”和“微创手术”的新概念,消化道疾病的治疗由此进入了一个新时代。近年随着ESD的逐渐开展和经验积累,新的内镜技术和内镜附件不断涌现,国内外学者提出了诸多ESD衍生技术用于消化道疾病的治疗。本文就ESD的衍生技术在消化道疾病治疗中的应用作一综述。     

Efficacy and Safety of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection for Early Gastric Cancer in Patients with Comorbid Diseases

Background/Aims

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD), a new and potentially curative method for treating gastrointestinal neoplasms, may have longer procedure time and the risk of complications when compared to conventional endoscopic mucosal resection. This study evaluated the efficacy and safety of ESD in patients with comorbid diseases.

Methods

The outcomes of 337 patients who underwent ESD for early gastric cancer at Samsung Medical Center from April 2003 to December 2006 were analyzed retrospectively. The Charlson comorbidity scale was used to divide the patients into low-risk (no risk factor) and high-risk (at least one risk factor) groups. The outcomes and complications were compared between the high- and low-risk groups.

Results

The low- and high-risk groups comprised 240 and 97 patients with mean ages of 61.1 and 64.7 years, respectively (p=0.002). Tumor location, tumor size, depth of invasion, procedure duration, and rates of en bloc resection, complete resection, complication, and recurrence did not differ significantly between the two groups (p>0.05).

Conclusions

ESD may be a safe and effective treatment for early gastric cancer in patients with comorbid diseases.     

内镜黏膜下挖除术治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤65例

目的探讨内镜黏膜下挖除术(ESE)治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法对胃镜检查发现、CT证实凸向胃腔生长、超声胃镜提示起源于固有肌层的胃黏膜下肿瘤患者共65例行ESE治疗,完整挖除病变后送病检。所有病例术后1、2、6、12月随访观察。结果 65例病变均完整挖除;术中均有不等程度出血,经内镜下热活检钳或APC电凝或钛夹夹闭后出血停止;术中有5例并发穿孔,用钛夹封闭穿孔创面,均保守治疗成功,未转外科手术治疗。3例发生迟发性出血患者,经急诊内镜止血后,出血停止。术后随访暂未见复发患者。结论对于凸向胃腔内生长的黏膜下肿瘤病变,ESE可以成功挖除,具有创伤小,恢复快等优点,是治疗胃黏膜下肿瘤安全有效的手段。     

A Novel One-Step Knife Approach Can Reduce the Submucosal Injection Time of Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: A Single-Blinded Randomized Multicenter Clinical Trials

Background/AimsEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is a curative treatment modality for early gastric neoplasms; however, ESD can be a time-consuming process. To overcome this pitfall, we developed the one-step knife (OSK) approach, which combines an endoscopic knife and injection needle on a single sheath. We aimed to evaluate whether this approach could reduce the ESD procedure time.MethodsThis single-blinded randomized multicenter trial at four tertiary hospitals from June 2019 to June 2020 included patients aged 19 to 85 years undergoing ESD. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups (OSK or conventional knife [CK]). The injection time, total procedure time, resected specimen size, submucosal fluid amount, degree of device satisfaction, and adverse events were evaluated and compared between groups.ResultsFifty-one patients were analyzed (OSK 25 patients and CK 26 patients). No baseline differences were observed between groups, with the exception of a higher portion of males in the OSK group. The mean injection time was significantly reduced in the OSK group (39.0 seconds) compared to that in the CK group (87.5 seconds, p<0.001). A decrease of more than 10 minutes in the total procedure time (18.0 minutes vs 28.1 minutes, p=0.055) in the OSK group compared to the CK group was observed. Second-look esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed two delayed bleeding cases in the OSK group that were easily controlled by endoscopic hemostasis.ConclusionsOSK reduced the injection time and showed a decrease in total procedure time compared with the CK approach. OSK can be a feasible tool for ESD, especially in difficult cases.     

Indications for and Technical Aspects of Colorectal Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection

Due to the widespread acceptance of gastric and esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissections (ESDs), the number of medical facilities that perform colorectal ESDs has grown and the effectiveness of colorectal ESD has been increasingly reported in recent years. The clinical indications for colorectal ESD at the National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo, Japan include laterally spreading tumor (LST) nongranular type lesions >20 mm and LST granular type lesions >30 mm. In addition, 0-IIc lesions >20 mm, intramucosal tumors with nonlifting signs and large sessile lesions, all of which are difficult to resect en bloc by conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), represent potential candidates for colorectal ESD. Rectal carcinoid tumors less than 1 cm in diameter can be treated simply, safely, and effectively by endoscopic submucosal resection using a ligation device and are therefore not indications for ESD. The en bloc resection rate was 90%, and the curative resection rate was 87% for 806 ESDs. The median procedure time was 60 minutes, and the mean size for resected specimens was 40 mm (range, 15 to 150 mm). Perforations occurred in 23 (2.8%) cases, and postoperative bleeding occurred in 15 (1.9%) cases, but only two perforation cases required emergency surgery (0.25%). ESD was an effective procedure for treating colorectal tumors that are difficult to resect en bloc by conventional EMR. ESD resulted in a higher en bloc resection rate as well as decreased invasiveness in comparison to surgery. Based on the excellent clinical results of colorectal ESDs in Japan, the Japanese healthcare insurance system has approved colorectal ESD for coverage.     

内镜粘膜下剥离术治疗胃浅表病变手术时长的影响因素分析

目的 探讨造成胃浅表病变内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）手术时间较长（大于120 min）的独立危险因素。 方法 从北京友谊医院内镜中心病历库中,收集2015年1月至2017年12月因术前诊断早期胃癌而行ESD治疗的病例资料,包括患者基本信息（年龄、性别、体重指数、合并症等）、病灶特征（大小、部位、形态等）、操作者经验、手术时间及术后病理等信息,最终纳入193例（195处病灶）。对收集到的资料先行单因素分析以寻找ESD手术时间的影响因素,对于其中有统计学差异的因素再纳入Logistic回归分析以寻找ESD手术时间大于120 min的独立危险因素。 结果 193例患者平均年龄为63.34±9.11岁,手术时间为120.00（95.00,165.00）min,病灶长轴为1.50（1.00,2.38）cm,术后病理诊断早期胃癌164例（84.10%）,其中162例（98.78%）达到整块切除,148例（90.24%）达到治愈性切除。单因素分析中,患者性别（P=0.018）、病灶部位（P＜0.001）及病灶长轴大小（r=0.209,P=0.007）与手术时间相关,而年龄、体重指数、美国麻醉医师协会分级（ASA分级）、病灶表面是否粗糙、有无白苔、有无溃疡、病变浸润深度、手术时期、病灶大体形状、分化程度及操作者年资均不是手术时间的影响因素（P＞0.05）。患者性别、病灶部位、病灶长轴纳入多因素Logistic回归分析发现,病灶位于贲门/胃底（OR=5.656,95%CI：2.291～13.964,P＜0.001）、胃体（OR=2.667,95%CI：1.048～6.785,P=0.040）及病灶长轴＞2 cm（OR=2.761,95%CI：1.229～6.205,P=0.014）是手术时间超过120 min的独立危险因素。 结论 胃浅表病变行ESD治疗时,病灶位于贲门/胃底、胃体及病灶长轴＞2 cm者易发生手术时间较长（大于120 min）的情况。     

Acute Intestinal Obstruction after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Report of a Case

The endoscopic submucosal dissection is a novel noninvasive therapeutic procedure for the early stage colorectal neoplasm. Endoscopic submucosal dissection has an advantage over endoscopic mucosal resection by en bloc resection of the mucosal lesion regardless of the size. As endoscopic submucosal dissection becomes popular, the rate of complication is expected to increase. Although uncommon, complications of endoscopic submucosal dissection have been reported including hemorrhage and perforation. Acute colon obstruction is a very rare complication of endoscopic submucosal dissection, but can be potentially lethal if the diagnosis is delayed. We report a case of acute intestinal obstruction after ESD of early colon cancer located in the cecal base.     

Esophageal Mucosal Autograft for Preventing Stricture After Widespread Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection of Superficial Esophageal Lesions

Background: Although esophageal mucosal autograft prevents esophageal stricture after widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection and has been reported as a new technique, it is relatively unproven in clinical practice. This prospective study was conducted to evaluate our experience using esophageal mucosal autograft to prevent strictures after widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection in patients with widespread superficial esophageal lesions.Methods: Between October 2017 and June 2018, 15 patients with widespread superficial esophageal lesions were consecutively treated with widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection and then underwent esophageal mucosal autograft. The main outcomes measured included esophageal epithelialization and esophageal stricture.Results: The median longitudinal diameter of the widespread superficial esophageal lesions was 5.2 cm. All 15 patients were successfully treated with widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection and esophageal mucosal autograft, and the median procedural time was 182 minutes. During follow-up (median, 23 months), esophageal epithelialization was found in 13 patients (86.7%), and 7 patients experienced esophageal stricture (46.7%). In those 7 patients, the esophageal strictures were successfully relieved after endoscopic balloon dilation or endoscopic radial incision. No complications related to endoscopic balloon dilation/endoscopic radial incision occurred. Additionally, local recurrence was found in 1 patient with poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma, and further surgical resection was performed.Conclusions: Esophageal mucosal autograft appears to be an efficient approach to reconstructing local esophageal epithelium and might have a potential role in preventing esophageal stricture after widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection. However, as a new technique, it needs more improvement to enhance its role in preventing esophageal stricture after widespread endoscopic submucosal dissection.     

微探头超声指导内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的价值

背景：微探头超声（MPS）能对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变进行较准确的定位,并初步定性诊断,内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）可完整切除病变,目前MPS指导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的研究少见。目的：评价MPS指导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的价值。方法：对胃镜检查发现的89例上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变行MPS检查,比较两者的诊断准确率。然后采用ESD切除病变,分析手术情况。结果：上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变以平滑肌瘤和间质瘤为主,MPS对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的总体诊断准确率显著高于胃镜（83．1％对51．7％,P〈0．05）。82例病变位于黏膜肌层或黏膜下层,平均直径为12．6mm,平均手术时间28．2min,ESD完整切除率100％;5例病变位于固有肌层,平均直径为13．8mm,平均手术时间48．5min,ESD完整切除率71．4％,其余2例固有肌层病变因难以控制的出血和黏连而行外科手术。所有患者术后随访无病变残留和复发。结论：MPS可对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变作出较准确的判断,应作为内镜下治疗的术前常规检查。MPS引导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变安全、有效。