64排CT在左外叶小儿活体肝移植中移植肝体积测量中的应用

目的 探讨应用64排CT测量左外叶小儿活体肝移植供肝体积与手术中实际切除肝重量的相关性,建立回归方程,为术前估计肝切除重量提供依据.方法 对我院12例左外叶小儿活体肝移植供体肝脏64排CT肝薄层扫描肝静脉期图像进行重建,相应软件计算肝脏体积,换算供肝重量,并与手术中实际切除肝脏重量对比,采用SPSS 15.0进行直线回归分析,并建立回归方程.结果 64排CT肝体积测量值(281.99±52.10)ml与术中切除肝组织重量(248.70±49.46)g存在差异(P<0.05)并显著相关(R=0.905,P<0.001);建立回归方程W术中(g)=0.860×V术前(ml)+6.368.结论 64排CT可用于左外叶小儿活体肝移植术前供肝体积测量,应用回归方程,可较准确地预测术中移植物重量,可为术前确定肝切除范围提供重要参考.     

Living related small bowel transplantation in children: 3-dimensional computed tomography donor evaluation

The evaluation of the small bowel vascular anatomy of living small bowel donors (LSBD) is usually performed with conventional angiography (CA). Recently, angio computed tomography (CT) has become a valid study of the vascular anatomy for kidney and liver living donors. We studied the applicability of angio CT with 3-D reconstruction (3-D-ACT) in the evaluation of LSBD. Potential LSBDs for pediatric transplant underwent both CA and 3-D-ACT to evaluate the anatomy of the distal branches of the superior mesenteric artery and vein. Angio-CT was performed with General Electric Lightspeed Scanner. The 3-D reconstruction was performed on the TeraRecon workstation. Adverse reactions, contrast dosage, test duration, invasiveness, hospital-stay, patient discomforts and accuracy were evaluated. Four potential donors (four female; mean age: 30.5 yr; mean BMI: 28.4) underwent both tests. Adverse reactions correlated to contrast agent used (90 mL CA, 150 mL 3-D-ACT) were not reported. CA required a hospitalization of 6 h as opposed to immediate discharge after the 3-D-ACT. The CA required the placement of transfemoral catheter and therefore greater patient discomfort than with 3-D-ACT. The 3-D-ACT arterial images were rated as equivalent to CA, however, 3-D-ACT venous images were rated better than the CA in all cases. CT-angiography with 3-D reconstruction is an acceptable method for vascular evaluation. When compared with routine angiography, it is less invasive, better tolerated and faster, but does require a significantly greater volume of venous contrast. 3-D-ACT also offers a better evaluation of the venous phase, and thus may become the test of choice to evaluate the vascular anatomies of LSBD candidates.     

Lymphocytotoxic crossmatch in pediatric living donor liver transplantation

Abstract:  To investigate the relationship between the pretransplant LCT results and the outcome after pediatric LDLT in a single center. The clinical data of 76 children undergoing 79 LDLTs including three retransplantations from May 2001 to January 2006 were retrospectively analyzed. All of the children had end-stage liver disease, and their median age was 1.4 yr (range, six months to 16.5 yr). Immunosuppressive therapy consisted of cyclosporine- or FK-based regimens with steroids. The children were classified into two groups (positive or negative) according to the pretransplant LCT results. The incidences of post-transplant surgical complications and of rejection episodes were compared. The relationship between the pretransplant LCT results and patient and graft survival rates was also analyzed. Seventy-nine pretransplant crossmatch tests were done; 13 (16.5%) were positive, and 66 (83.5%) were negative. No significant difference was found in the pretransplant clinical factors between two crossmatch groups. There was no significant difference between the groups in the incidence of vascular and biliary tract complications, in the rate of early or steroid-resistant cellular rejections, or in one- and three-yr patient (91.7%, 91.7%, respectively, in the positive group, 93.5%, 93.5%, respectively, in the negative group, p = 0.80) and graft (92.3%, 92.3%, respectively, in the positive group, 88.8%, 86.4%, respectively, in the negative group, p = 0.63) survival. The present study demonstrates that there is no reason to do pretransplant LCT to select the living donor for pediatric LDLT.     

Computed tomography measurement of lung volume in preoperative assessment for living donor lung transplantation: volume calculation using 3D surface rendering in the determination of size compatibility

Abstract:  The objective of this study was to describe the use of CT volume quantification assessment of candidates for LLDLT. Six pediatric candidates for LDLLT and their donors were investigated with helical chest CT, as part of the preoperative assessment. The CT images were analyzed as per routine and additional post-processing with CT volume quantification (CT densitovolumetry) was performed to assess volume matching between the lower lobes of the donors and respective lungs of the receptors. CT images were segmented by density and region of interest, using post-processing software. Size matching was also assessed using the FVC formula. Compatible volumes were found in three cases. The other three cases were considered incompatible. All three recipients with compatible sizes survived the procedure and are alive and well. One patient with incompatible size was submitted to the procedure and died because of complications attributed to the incompatible volumes. One patient with incompatible size has subsequently grown and new measurements are to be taken to check the current volumes. Different donors are being sought for the remaining patient whose lung volumes were considered too big for the prospective transplant donor lobes. Under FVC formula criteria, all cases were considered compatible. CT volume quantification is an easy to perform, non-invasive technique that uses CT images for the preassessment of candidates for LDLLT, to compare the volume of the lower lobes from the donors with volume of each lung in the prospective recipients. Size matching based on CT densitovolumetry and FVC may differ.     

Liver volume in children measured by computed tomography

Liver volume was measured by computed tomography in 54 children and young adults with no history of liver disease. Their ages ranged from 10 days to 22 years. The volume was calculated as follows: (1) the edges of the liver were traced on each scan image and the area was calculated by computer; (2) the areas were summed and multiplied by the scan interval in centimeters. The mean liver volume (± SD) was 178.2 ± 81.9 cm³ in infants (less than 12 months old) and 1114.3 ± 192.9 cm³ in adolescents (more than 16 years old). The mean liver volume in relation to body weight (± SD) was 34.1 ± 5.5 cm³/kg in infants and 20.2 ± 3.1 cm³/kg in adolescents. In general, liver volume increases rapidly in infants, gradually in schoolchildren, and not at all in adolescents. Volumetry might be clinically useful for evaluating the liver function in children and determining the graft size in liver transplantation. Received: 6 November 1995 Accepted: 22 January 1996     

Fibroadenoma in adolescent females after living donor liver transplantation

Breast FA is the most common breast tumor diagnosed in young women. Female renal transplant recipients on CsA have an increased risk of developing FA. However, reports of FA after LDLT have not been described. Our objectives were to determine the incidence of FA, analyze risk factors for FA, and evaluate treatment strategies in adolescent females after LDLT. A total of 18 female patients aged 10‐19 years who underwent LDLT and survived at least one year after transplantation were enrolled in our study. The incidence of FA was 11.1%. To determine pre‐ or post‐transplant conditions that are associated with FA after transplantation, the patients were divided into two groups according to the presence or absence of FA: FA group (n=2) and non‐FA group (n=16). There were no differences in mean age at LDLT, mean age at breast evaluation, and mean duration between transplantation and breast evaluation between the two groups. However, there was a difference in the immunosuppressive regimen between the two groups. The FA group was maintained on CsA, whereas the non‐FA group was maintained on tacrolimus. CsA might be implicated in FA development in adolescent females after LDLT.     

Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in pediatric living donor liver transplantation

The results of duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction in six pediatric patients who received a living donor liver transplant aged from 2 months to 11 yr old are reported. The graft was either entire or a part of the left lateral segments. The orifice of the bile duct of the graft was anastomosed to the recipients' hepatic duct in an end-to-end fashion by interrupted suture using 6-0 absorbable material. A transanastomotic external stent tube (4 Fr) was passed through the stump of the recipients' cystic duct. Mean time for reconstruction was 24 min. All the recipients survived the operation and reinitiated oral intake on postoperative day 3. There were no early biliary complications. One 5-yr-old boy suffered from an anastomotic stenosis 9 months after transplantation. He underwent re-anastomosis by Roux-en Y (R-Y) procedure and recovered uneventfully. Duct-to-duct anastomosis in pediatric living donor liver transplantation has benefits while the complication rate is comparable to R-Y reconstruction.     

活体肝移植治疗Alagille综合征

目的 探讨Alagille综合征(AGS)的临床表现特点及活体肝移植治疗AGS的手术疗效和预后.方法 2013年7月到2015年5月期间7例诊断为AGS的患儿(5男2女)在我中心接受了活体肝移植手术,供肝均来自患儿父母.患儿术前Child分级:B级4名,C级3名,均因终末期肝病接受活体肝移植手术.患儿中位年龄5岁(10个月至13岁1个月),术后中位随访时间11个月(5～23个月).结果 7例患儿中,所有患儿均存在慢性胆汁淤积和特殊面容的临床表现,6例患儿存在先天性心脏结构异常,6例患儿存在特征性肝内胆管稀少的表现.所有病例供、受体均手术成功,5例患儿存活至今,其术后胆汁淤积表现均得以纠正,肝功能在随访期间始终维持正常,黄色瘤体积逐渐减小,生长发育速度明显提高,术后1年患儿身高体重达到正常同龄儿水平.1例患儿移植术前接受胆囊结肠造瘘减黄手术,移植术后12d因结肠吻合口感染导致全身感染而死亡.1例患儿术后第三天因肺动脉破裂出血导致失血性休克伴多脏器功能衰竭死亡.结论 活体肝移植是治疗AGS的有效方式,仔细的体格检查和影像学检查并借助肝脏活检结果是诊断AGS最可靠的手段,准确的临床诊断对AGS患儿的预后有着重要的意义,而术前评估中排除患儿可能存在的内脏和颅内血管畸形可以有效避免围手术期意外的出现.     

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目的探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)及联合经胸二维超声心动图(TTE)检查在先天性心脏病诊断中的意义。方法收集广东省心血管病研究所自2002年9月至2003年12月间86例儿童先天性心脏病病例,全部患儿接受了MSCT和TTE检查,12例接受心导管检查,其中69例进行了外科手术,将术前MSCT、TTE和心导管检查结果分别与手术诊断进行比较。结果69例患儿共计有129处畸形,TTE正确诊断116处(89.9%),MSCT正确诊断112处畸形(86.8%),两者联合正确诊断127处畸形(98.4%),12例心导管检查未能提供更有价值的资料。结论MSCT对先天性心脏病诊断具有较高的价值,尤其是联合TTE可取代部分心导管检查为外科手术提供正确和充分的术前诊断。对于年龄小或重症不耐受心导管检查的患儿具有更大的意义。     

Massive pulmonary hemorrhage before living donor liver transplantation in infants

A massive pulmonary hemorrhage in patients with liver cirrhosis is a life‐threatening complication that may result in a contraindication of a liver transplantation because of its high mortality rate. Herein, we present two infant biliary atresia cases that successfully underwent an LDLT that was followed by intensive respiratory care for the pretransplant massive pulmonary hemorrhage. Both cases exhibited severe respiratory failure (minimum PaO₂/FiO₂; 46 mmHg and 39 mmHg, respectively). To arrest the bleeding, we applied a very high positive pressure ventilation treatment (maximum PIP/PEEP; 38/14 cmH₂O and 55/15 cmH₂O, respectively), plasma exchange, several FFP transfusions, and recombinant factor VIIa via intrapulmonary administration. In addition, we used CHDF treatment, applied HFOV transiently, and treated the patient with inhalation of nitric oxide. Although we prepared ECMO for intra‐operative use, both cases were successfully managed with conventional mechanical ventilation without using ECMO, which may have worsened the pulmonary hemorrhage due to the use of an anticoagulant. Use of an excessive positive pressure management, although it poses a risk for barotrauma, could be acceptable to arrest the pulmonary bleeding in selected cases of liver failure patients who have no time remaining before LDLT.     

Alternatives for vascular reconstruction in pediatric living donor liver transplantation

Many publications discuss the various strategies for vascular reconstruction (VR) in pediatric LDLT. Having knowledge of alternative techniques is helpful in planning transplants. This article presents three case reports that illustrate some of the alternative techniques for HV, PV, and HA reconstruction in pediatric LDLT. It also reviews the available alternative strategies reported for VR in pediatric LDLT. In the first case, a 13‐month‐old girl presented a PRETEXT III HB with invasion of the retrohepatic vena cava. An LLS graft HV was anastomosed to a DD iliac vein graft and subsequently implanted in a “standard” fashion in the recipient. In the second case, a 44‐month‐old boy presented with multifocal HB and portomesenteric thrombosis and the portal inflow was done through a renoportal anastomosis. In the third case, a 22‐month‐old child with a failed Kasai procedure had extensive HA thrombosis. The HA reconstruction was performed with an interposition of the recipient's IMV graft. The use of alternative techniques for VR in pediatric LDLT is paramount to the success of such a complex procedure. Imaging studies can help transplant surgeons outline surgical strategies and define the best technique to be used in each case.     

Outcome after pediatric liver transplantation impact of living donor transplantation on cost

OBJECTIVE: To compare the direct health care cost of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) with that of cadaver donor liver transplantation (CDLT) in children and identify predictors of cost. STUDY DESIGN: All 16 children who underwent LDLT from January 1997 through January 2002 at Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center comprised the study population. They were matched for age, diagnosis, and nutritional status with 31 children who received CDLT during the same era. A historic cohort analysis was performed. RESULTS: There was no difference in the 1-year mortality rates between both groups. Costs associated with graft retrieval contributed 15.3% and 31% of the initial transplant cost for LDLT and CDLT, respectively. Mean cost of care in the first year was 60.3% higher for LDLT than CDLT (P=.01). Multivariate analysis identified biliary complications and insurance status as predictors of cost for initial transplantation (R(2)=0.57), whereas biliary complications and pediatric end stage liver disease scores were identified as predictors of cost of care in the first year after transplantation (R(2)=0.77). CONCLUSIONS: The comprehensive cost of LDLT in the first year after transplantation is higher than cadaveric transplantation. This must be balanced against the time spent and care needs of patients on the waiting list.     

Living donor liver transplantation in critically ill children

From December 1993, St Christopher's Hospital for Children, Philadelphia, PA, USA has provided living donors the opportunity to donate a portion of their liver to children who are critically ill. This report evaluates the results of living donor liver transplants (LDLT) in critically ill children. We retrospectively reviewed the first 22 LDLT at our institution and compared the patient and graft survival of the nine critically ill children with the 13 stable children. Twenty-two LDLT have been performed at our institution between December 1993 and October 1997. Nine of 22 transplants [United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Status I] were performed in children who were critically ill. Thirteen of the LDLT (UNOS Status II and III) were performed on stable children either in the hospital or admitted electively from home. The median weight and age at the time of transplant were 7 kg (range 4.6-54.5 kg) and 16 months (range 3 months-12 yr), respectively, and there was no statistical difference between the two groups. In critically ill children the 1-yr allograft and patient survival was 66% and 89%, respectively, exceeding the published results from UNOS for patients on life support (59.5% graft and 69.7% patient survival at 1 yr). One-yr allograft and patient survival in the stable children was 92.3% and 100%, respectively. All living donors are alive and well with normal liver function. In conclusion, our results show that LDLT is a viable approach for transplantation in critically ill children with liver failure and should be offered to potential donors.     

Results of living donor liver transplantation in five children with congenital cardiac malformations requiring cardiac surgery

In the pediatric population, the concomitant presentation of end-stage liver disease and congenital cardiac malformation occurs rarely. Determining the surgical priority in these cases is a challenge due to the presence of hemodynamic alterations that increase surgical risks. We examined five cases that received living-donor liver transplantation. In four patients that had congenital heart disease with a left to right shunt, two had cardiac surgery first, one had both heart and liver surgery simultaneously, and one underwent liver transplantation first. Both of the patients that received heart surgery before liver transplantation needed emergency liver transplantation because of post-operative liver failure. All five patients had a good outcome. Meticulous surgery, close monitoring, and adequate volume management, in addition to tailoring management decisions to the patient's specific condition, make it possible to correct both the liver and the heart abnormalities with satisfactory results.     

64层螺旋CT在小儿气道病变诊断中的应用

多层螺旋CT能够直观地重建气管支气管树,发现其形态学的改变及与邻近结构的立体关系,从而为病变的全面诊断提供依据[1-2].2007年4月至2008年4月我们通过对73例呼吸急促或紫绀患儿行64层螺旋CT检查,探讨64层螺旋CT对小儿气道及气道周围病变的诊断价值.     

Evaluation of the immune function assay in pediatric living donor liver transplantation

The immune function (ImmuKnow) assay is a measure of cell‐mediated immunity based on the peripheral CD4+ T cell ATP activity. The efficacy of ImmuKnow in pediatric LDLT is not well documented. The aim of this study was to assess the correlations between the ImmuKnow and the clinical status in pediatric LDLT recipients. A total of 716 blood samples were obtained from 60 pediatric LDLT recipients (one month to 16 yr of age). The recipient's status was classified as follows: stable, infection, or rejection. The ImmuKnow values in the pediatric LDLT recipients with a clinically stable status had a lower immune response (IQR 85–297 ATP ng/mL) than that previously reported in adults. Meanwhile, the ImmuKnow values of the stable patients were not correlated with age. Furthermore, a significant difference was found in the ImmuKnow values between the bacterial or fungal infection and stable groups, but not between the CMV or EBV infection and stable groups. The ImmuKnow levels in the pediatric LDLT were lower than those observed in the adult LDLT. The proposed reference value is between 85 and 297 ATP ng/mL in pediatric LDLT recipients. We conclude that the ImmuKnow assay could be helpful for monitoring pediatric LDLT recipients with bacterial or fungal infections.