Role of carnitine in modulating acute-phase protein synthesis in hemodialysis patients.

Increased serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) in uremic and dialysis patients are associated with low serum prealbumin and albumin concentrations and increased mortality and greater risk of cardiovascular disease. Proinflammatory cytokines may cause malnutrition by increasing protein catabolism. Many studies have shown that L-carnitine supplementation leads to improvements in several conditions seen in uremic patients, including cardiac complications, impaired exercise and functional capacities, muscle symptoms, increased symptomatic intradialytic hypotension, and erythropoietin-resistant anemia. L-carnitine therapy may either suppress the inflammatory response or act independently on both inflammation and appetite and/or anabolic processes. Moreover, L-carnitine may suppress proinflammatory cytokines in sick individuals without renal disease and may improve protein synthesis or nitrogen balance in patients without renal disease and in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. In a pilot study, we provided preliminary evidence that treatment with L-carnitine, 20 mg/kg 3 times weekly at the end of each hemodialysis treatment, was associated with a reduction in serum CRP levels and improvement in anabolic status. The improvement or normalization of serum concentrations of serum CRP also was correlated with increased serum concentrations of albumin, transferrin, and blood hemoglobin. The possibility that some or all of these changes may have been caused by improved nutritional intake cannot be ruled out. Further randomized clinical trials will be necessary to confirm the role of L-carnitine as a modulator of inflammatory protein synthesis in hemodialysis patients.     

Nutritional status in hemodialysis patients: options for on-line convective treatment.

Although hemodialysis (HD) has improved the life expectancy of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), uremic patients continue to experience high morbidity and mortality. Two of the most important risk factors for morbidity and mortality are protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) and inflammation. The causes for PEM in ESRD are numerous. The use of materials for dialysis, especially of the dialyzer membrane, is reported as one of the recognized causes for chronic inflammation in hemodialysis. We performed a 6-month prospective study examining the influence of on-line predilution hemodiafiltration on the inflammatory and nutritional status in a population of male hemodialysis patients using ultrapure dialysis fluid and polyamide dialyzers. We evaluated serum C-reactive protein, albumin, and transferrin and some nutritional parameters such as body mass index (BMI), phase angle (phi), fatty mass (FM), and free fatty mass (FFM) using bioelectrical impedance (BIA). Results showed significant amelioration of BMI and the re-equilibrium of the acute phase protein after on-line predilution hemodiafiltration. These results support the hypothesis that on-line predilution hemodiafiltration, as convective extracorporeal treatment, may be used to treat malnourished hemodialysis patients and to prevent malnutrition in the ESRD patient at risk for malnutrition.     

A cohort study of subjective global assessment and mortality in Taiwanese hemodialysis patients

Many patients with end-stage renal disease are malnourished, and cross-sectional studies have shown that markers of malnutrition may predict death. In this study, we investigated the possible association of Subjective Global Assessment and mortality in a small cohort of Taiwanese hemodialysis patients. Fifty hemodialysis patients at a hemodialysis center in eastern Taiwan were enrolled in June 2002. Height and weight were used to determine the body mass index. Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body fat mass was performed before and after a mid-week dialysis session. Biochemical indexes of the nutritional status included serum albumin, creatinine, transferrin, cholesterol, and the normalized protein catabolic rate. Mortality data during 42 months after enrollment were obtained. Twenty-six hemodialysis patients were classified as well-nourished and twenty-four as malnourished based on Subjective Global Assessment. Decreased body mass index (p = 0.006), increased body fat mass (p = 0.019 before hemodialysis; p = 0.007 after hemodialysis), decreased serum albumin (p = 0.011), and decreased serum creatinine (p = 0.006) were significantly higher in the malnourished group. Older age (p = 0.042), decreased serum albumin (p = 0.028), decreased serum transferrin (p = 0.041), and malnourishment (p = 0.004) were significantly higher in the mortality group. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis of mortality and nutrition profiles show that Subjective Global Assessment is the independent predictor of mortality (R(2) = 0.20). Malnourished hemodialysis patients had a higher mortality rate than well-nourished hemodialysis patients in Taiwan. Subjective Global Assessment of the nutritional status appears to be a simple tool for assessing the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients in long-term care. This assessment tool is also beneficial for hemodialysis patients who are at a greater risk of nutritional-associated mortality.     

The deleterious effect of metabolic acidosis on nutritional status of hemodialysis patients

One of the main causes of protein-energy malnutrition in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) is metabolic acidosis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of metabolic acidosis on nutritional status in a group of MHD patients with adequately delivered dialysis treatment. Of 165 eligible anuric MHD outpatients with Kt/V ≥ 1 and no underlying inflammatory diseases, 47 subjects were enrolled. In order to evaluate the effect of different parameters on serum albumin, we measured the pre-dialysis serum albumin, blood pH, serum bicarbonate (HCO 3￣ ), Kt/V, normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) and body mass index (BMI) in these patients. The mean age of the study patients was 55 ± 13.8 years; there were 22 females and six diabetics. The average Kt/V was 1.22 ± 0.16, pH was 7.40 ± 0.15, serum HCO 3￣ was 23.18 ± 2.38 mEq/L, serum albumin was 4.03 ± 0.56 g/dL, nPCR was 1.00 ± 0.16 g/kg/day, post-dialysis body weight was 58.50 ± 11.50 kg and BMI was 23.47 ± 2.70 kg/m 2 . There was a statistically significant direct correlation between serum albumin and BMI (r = 0.415, P = 0.004), and between serum albumin and serum HCO 3 (r = 0.341, P = 0.019). On multiple regression analysis, the predictors of serum albumin were serum HCO3￣ and BMI (direct effect) and nPCR (inverse effect). In 17 patients on MHD with serum HCO3￣ <22 mEq/L, there was a significant inverse correlation between HCO 3 and nPCR (r = 0.492, P = 0.045), and these patients had significantly lower serum albumin compared with patients with serum HCO3￣ >22 mEq/L (P = 0.046). These data demonstrate that patients on MHD with metabolic acidosis had a lower serum albumin concentration despite adequate dialysis treatment. The inverse effect of nPCR on serum albumin concentration in acidotic MHD patients may be due to hypercatabolism in the setting of metabolic acidosis, leading to deleterious effects on the nutritional status of patients on MHD.     

A Cohort Study of Subjective Global Assessment and Mortality in Taiwanese Hemodialysis Patients

Many patients with end-stage renal disease are malnourished, and cross-sectional studies have shown that markers of malnutrition may predict death. In this study, we investigated the possible association of Subjective Global Assessment and mortality in a small cohort of Taiwanese hemodialysis patients. Fifty hemodialysis patients at a hemodialysis center in eastern Taiwan were enrolled in June 2002. Height and weight were used to determine the body mass index. Bioelectrical impedance analysis of body fat mass was performed before and after a mid-week dialysis session. Biochemical indexes of the nutritional status included serum albumin, creatinine, transferrin, cholesterol, and the normalized protein catabolic rate. Mortality data during 42 months after enrollment were obtained. Twenty-six hemodialysis patients were classified as well-nourished and twenty-four as malnourished based on Subjective Global Assessment. Decreased body mass index (p?=?0.006), increased body fat mass (p?=?0.019 before hemodialysis; p?=?0.007 after hemodialysis), decreased serum albumin (p?=?0.011), and decreased serum creatinine (p?=?0.006) were significantly higher in the malnourished group. Older age (p?=?0.042), decreased serum albumin (p?=?0.028), decreased serum transferrin (p?=?0.041), and malnourishment (p?=?0.004) were significantly higher in the mortality group. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis of mortality and nutrition profiles show that Subjective Global Assessment is the independent predictor of mortality (R²?=?0.20). Malnourished hemodialysis patients had a higher mortality rate than well-nourished hemodialysis patients in Taiwan. Subjective Global Assessment of the nutritional status appears to be a simple tool for assessing the nutritional status of hemodialysis patients in long-term care. This assessment tool is also beneficial for hemodialysis patients who are at a greater risk of nutritional-associated mortality.     

Is subjective global assessment a reliable measure of nutritional status in hemodialysis?

OBJECTIVE: Subjective global assessment (SGA) is recommended in US and European guidelines for the nutritional assessment of patients with end-stage renal failure (ESRF). SGA identifies patient groups with abnormal nutritional parameters, but may fail to identify patients with malnutrition as identified by other techniques, such as total body nitrogen. We sought to compare SGA with a composite nutritional score. METHODS: HD patients were assessed by SGA, anthropometry, 3-day food diary, serum albumin, Kt/V urea, and normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR). A composite nutritional score was derived from SGA, body mass index, percent of reference weight, triceps skinfold, midarm muscle circumference, and serum albumin. RESULTS: In 72 HD patients an abnormal SGA identified a patient group with reduced midarm circumference, midarm muscle circumference and serum creatinine and an increased composite nutritional score. However, overlap of nutritional scores was considerable between the normal and abnormal SGA groups, suggesting that SGA misclassified a large number of subjects. Serum albumin correlated with C-reactive protein (r = -0.473, P <.0001), not nutritional status. The composite nutritional score correlated with all of its components except for serum albumin. CONCLUSIONS: SGA may not reliably identify hemodialysis patients with abnormal nutrition. Serum albumin is related to inflammation and not to nutrition status.     

Relationship between nutritional status and the glomerular filtration rate: results from the MDRD study

BACKGROUND: The relationship between the protein-energy nutritional status and renal function was assessed in 1785 clinically stable patients with moderate to advanced chronic renal failure who were evaluated during the baseline phase of the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease Study. Their mean +/- SD glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 39.8 +/- 21.1 mL/min/1.73 m2. METHODS: The GFR was determined by 121I-iothalamate clearance and was correlated with dietary and nutritional parameters estimated from diet records, biochemistry measurements, and anthropometry. RESULTS: The following parameters correlated directly with the GFR in both men and women: dietary protein intake estimated from the urea nitrogen appearance, dietary protein and energy intake estimated from dietary diaries, serum albumin, transferrin, percentage body fat, skinfold thickness, and urine creatinine excretion. Serum total cholesterol, actual and relative body weights, body mass index, and arm muscle area also correlated with the GFR in men. The relationships generally persisted after statistically controlling for reported efforts to restrict diets. Compared with patients with GFR > 37 mL/min/1.73 m2, the means of several nutritional parameters were significantly lower for GFR between 21 and 37 mL/min/1.73 m2, and lower still for GFRs under 21 mL/min/1.73 m2. In multivariable regression analyses, the association of GFR with several of the anthropometric and biochemical nutritional parameters was either attenuated or eliminated completely after controlling for protein and energy intakes, which were themselves strongly associated with many of the nutritional parameters. On the other hand, few patients showed evidence for actual protein-energy malnutrition. CONCLUSIONS: These cross-sectional findings suggest that in patients with chronic renal disease, dietary protein and energy intakes and serum and anthropometric measures of protein-energy nutritional status progressively decline as the GFR decreases. The reduced protein and energy intakes, as GFR falls, may contribute to the decline in many of the nutritional measures.     

左卡尼汀对血液透析患者微炎症及营养状况的影响

目的探讨左卡尼汀对维持性血液透析患者微炎症及营养状况的影响。方法选择62例维持性血液透析患者，随机分为左卡尼汀组和对照组，检测二组患者治疗前、治疗后血C反应蛋白（CRP）、血红蛋白（Hb）、白蛋白（Alb）和血肌酐（SCr）值，计算Kt／V值。结果与治疗前及对照组治疗后比较，左卡尼汀组患者治疗后CRP水平下降，Alb、Hb升高，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）；对照组患者治疗前后CRP、Alb、Hb无统计学差异（P〉0.05）；二组患者治疗前后SCr、Kt/V值均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论左卡尼汀可减轻维持性血液透析患者微炎症反应，改善患者营养状态。     

Association among SF36 quality of life measures and nutrition, hospitalization, and mortality in hemodialysis.

Patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) often show substantial reductions in quality of life (QoL). The SF36 (Short Form with 36 questions), a well-documented, self-administered QoL scoring system that includes eight independent scales and two main dimensions, has been widely used and validated. In 65 adult outpatients on MHD, the SF36 and its scales and dimensions, scored as a number between 0 and 100, and the nutritional and inflammatory state measured by subjective global assessment, near-infrared (NIR) body fat, body mass index (BMI), and pertinent laboratory values, including hemoglobin, albumin, and C-reactive protein were assessed. Twelve-month prospective hospitalization rates and mortality were used as the clinical outcomes. Multivariate (case-mix) adjusted correlation coefficients were statistically significant between SF36 scores and serum albumin and hemoglobin concentrations. There were significant inverse correlations between SF36 scores and the BMI and NIR body fat percentage. Hypoalbuminemic, anemic, and obese patients on MHD had a worse QoL. Prospective hospitalizations correlated significantly with the SF36 total score and its two main dimensions (r between -0.28 and -0.40). The Cox proportional regression relative risk of death for each 10 unit decrease in SF36 was 2.07 (95% CI, 1.08 to 3.98; P = 0.02). Of the eight components and two dimensions of the SF36, the Mental Health dimension and the SF36 total score had the strongest predictive value for mortality. Thus, in patients on MHD the SF36 appears to have significant associations with measures of nutritional status, anemia, and clinical outcomes, including prospective hospitalization and mortality. Even though obesity, unlike undernutrition, is not generally an indicator of poor outcome in MHD, the SF36 may detect obese patients on MHD at higher risk for morbidity and mortality.     

nPCR assessment and IDPN treatment of malnutrition in pediatric hemodialysis patients

Very few pediatric studies have monitored nutritional status using normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR) or treating protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) with intradialytic parenteral nutrition (IDPN). The current study compares nPCR with serum albumin as a marker for nutritional status and examines the effectiveness of IDPN treatment in three malnourished adolescent patients receiving chronic hemodialysis in a pediatric dialysis unit. All patients demonstrated reversal of weight loss and initiation of weight gain within 6 weeks of IDPN initiation. Mean values of monthly percentage weight and percentage body mass index (BMI) change were significantly lower in the pre-IDPN era (-0.61+/-2.70 and -1.3+/-2.7) versus the IDPN treatment period (1.8+/-2.1 and 1.3+/-2.1) ( P<0.02). Two patients attained ideal body weight and IDPN was discontinued after 5 months. Patients required 150% recommended daily allowance to achieve weight and BMI gain. While mean monthly nPCR was significantly lower in the pre-IDPN period versus the IDPN period (1.05+/-0.36 versus 1.35+/-0.37, P<0.05), monthly serum albumin levels were no different before and after IDPN was initiated (3.7+/-0.8 versus 3.8+/-0.6). The current study demonstrates IDPN to be effective therapy for adolescent hemodialysis patients with PEM not correctable by enteral supplementation. nPCR was superior to serum albumin as a nutritional status marker in these malnourished pediatric patients receiving hemodialysis.     

Growth hormone treatment during hemodialysis in a randomized trial improves nutrition, quality of life, and cardiovascular risk

Nutritional markers, such as lean body mass (LBM) and serum albumin, predict outcome in dialysis patients, in whom protein-energy malnutrition is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. The metabolic effects of human growth hormone (hGH) may improve the nutritional and cardiovascular health of these patients and consequently reduce morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to establish clinical proof of concept of hGH treatment for the improvement of the nutritional status in adult patients who are on maintenance hemodialysis. A total of 139 adult patients who were on maintenance hemodialysis and had serum albumin levels < or =40 g/L were randomly assigned to 6 mo of treatment with placebo or 20, 35, or 50 microg/kg per d hGH. Change in LBM and serum albumin (primary outcomes), health-related quality of life, and secondary efficacy and safety parameters were monitored. The study showed that hGH treatment increased LBM significantly at all dosage levels (2.5 kg [95% confidence interval 1.8 to 3.1] versus -0.4 kg [95% confidence interval -1.4 to 0.6]; P < 0.001 for pooled hGH groups versus placebo). Serum albumin tended to increase (P = 0.076), serum transferrin (P = 0.001) and serum HDL (P < 0.038) increased, and plasma homocysteine was reduced (P = 0.029). TNF-alpha also tended to decrease with treatment (P = 0.134). An improvement in the Role Physical SF-36 quality-of-life subscale was observed (P = 0.042). There were no differences in clinically relevant adverse events between groups. In conclusion, hGH therapy safely improves LBM, other markers of mortality and morbidity, and health-related quality of life in adult patients who are on maintenance hemodialysis. A long-term study is warranted to investigate whether these treatment benefits result in reduced mortality and morbidity.     

The Association between Serum Adiponectin Levels and Nutritional Status of Hemodialysis Patients

Adiponectin plays an important role in the regulation of body weight, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and the inflammatory response. Adiponectin is elevated in hemodialysis patients. We investigated the association between altered serum adiponectin levels and the nutritional–inflammation status of hemodialysis patients. Forty-four hemodialysis patients (21 men and 23 women; mean age 53.9 ± 9.2 years) were enrolled and 32 healthy volunteers were included as the control group. Serum adiponectin was measured using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit. Serum albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, urea, creatinine, transferrin, lean body mass, fat mass, body mass index (BMI), the subjective global assessment (SGA) score, and the malnutrition–inflammation score (MIS) were measured in all patients. Adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in the hemodialysis patients compared with the healthy subjects (24.8 ± 10.4 μg/mL and 6.8 ± 4.2 μg/mL, respectively, p < 0.0001). Serum adiponectin correlated positively with SGA (r = 0.47) and MIS (r = 0.38), and negatively with BMI (r = ?0.34), triglyceride (r = ?0.53), and glucose levels (r = ?0.42). Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in malnourished patients than in well-nourished patients when assessed with SGA (20.5 ± 10.4 μg/mL and 29.0 ± 8.7 μg/mL, respectively, p = 0.005). In conclusion, serum adiponectin levels reflect the nutritional–inflammation status of hemodialysis patients. Adiponectin may also be associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and the inflammatory response in these patients.     

老龄维持性血液透析患者营养不良及炎症状态的临床分析

目的：营养不良是维持性血液透析（MHD）患者主要并发症,老龄血透患者一般预后更差,死亡风险更高,其原因是否与老龄患者具有更严重的营养不良和炎症状态有关。本课题研究对象为年龄≥65周岁的老龄MHD患者,临床观察其MIS,MQSGA,人体测量学指标,生化指标及炎症因子水平,并与非老龄MHD患者进行比较研究。方法：选取2007年11月～2008年4月在我院门诊行MHD的36例老龄患者（年龄≥65周岁）为研究对象,64例非老龄（年龄〈65周岁）MHD患者为对照。观察指标：（1）营养不良指标：包括营养不良-炎症评分、改良SGA评分和白蛋白水平。（2）人体测量学指标：包括体重指数（BMI）、肱三头肌皮褶厚度（TSF）、上臂围（MAC）、上臂肌围（MAMC）等。（3）生化指标和血常规：包括血浆总蛋白（TPRO）、白蛋白（Alb）、转铁蛋白（TF）、总胆固醇（TC）、肾功能、铁蛋白（Ft）、未饱和铁（UIBC）等,及血红蛋白（Hb）、红细胞（RBC）等。（4）炎症指标：包括血清超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）、白细胞介素-6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）等。结果：老龄组平均年龄（75.19±8.26）岁。以MQSGA标准：老龄组中营养不良者为91.67%,非老龄组为70.31%。老龄组MIS评分（9.19±5.73）高于非老龄组（6.38±4.51）;按照MIS营养不良程度划分：老龄组55.56%为轻度营养不良,36.11%为中度营养不良,8.33%为重度营养不良。老龄组血浆白蛋白、转铁蛋白、肌酐、未饱和铁和总铁结合力低于非老龄组（P〈0.05）,而铁蛋白水平显著高于非老龄组。两组总胆固醇、血常规（Hb、RBC和红细胞压积）水平,差异无统计学意义。两组的中臂围、中臂肌围、TSF均较健康对照组明显下降,但组间差异无统计学意义。两组CRP、IL-6、和TNF-α水平均显著高于正常人群。老龄组透析前后IL-6和透前TNF-α均高于非老龄组（P〈0.05）。结论：老龄MHD患者具有较高的营养不良发生率,且营养不良程度更重;MHD患者具有较高的炎症因子水平,与非老龄患者比较,老龄患者具有较高水平血清IL-6。     

维持性血液透析患者炎症状态与血清热休克蛋白70的关系

目的探讨维持性血液透析（MHD）患者热休克蛋白70（HSP70）检测与炎症状态的关系。方法将MHD患者92例根据超敏C反应蛋白（hs-CRP）水平分为2组：非炎症组（hs-CRP〈3mg／L）58例;炎症组（hs-CRP≥3mg／L）34例。检测2组患者血清前白蛋白（PA）、血白蛋白（Alb）、hs-CRP、血红蛋白（Hb）、HSP70、铁蛋白、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、白细胞介素6（IL-6）等。结果尿毒症患者血清HSP70与hs-CRP、IL-6、TNF-α、铁蛋白等炎症指标无明显相关性;与Hb、Alb、总胆固醇等营养指标也无相关性。非炎症组透析前HSP70水平较低,透析后迅速升高（P=0．013）;而炎症组透析前后的HSP70水平差异无统计学意义（P=0．871）。结论炎症状态可能是导致炎症组HSP70升高的原因;但HSP70不能反映MHD患者是否存在慢性炎症状况,也不能反映其蛋白质营养状态。透析前、后HSP70水平检测可反映机体抗应激反应能力。     

维持性血液透析患者不同透析龄营养状况的评价

目的 通过相关营养指标比较维持性血液透析(MHD)患者不同透析龄营养状况的差异.方法 纳入非住院MHD患者186例,使用人体成分分析仪结合人体测量学及相关实验室指标检测MHD患者营养指标,包括体质指数、蛋白质、体脂率、肌肉量、内脏脂肪面积、肱三头肌皮褶厚度、上臂肌围、白蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯及CRP.结果 根据透析龄的不同分为三组(＜ 36个月、36～ 72个月、＞72个月),三组之间年龄、白蛋白、总胆固醇、甘油三酯、CRP、蛋白质、肌肉量、内脏脂肪面积均没有统计学差异(P＜0.05).＞ 72个月组患者BMI、AMC明显低于＜36个月组患者,＜36个月组患者TSF、体脂率明显高于其他组.结论 透析龄越大,BMI、肌肉及脂肪越低,透析龄超过72个月的MHD患者更应加强营养指导和营养监测,对营养不良患者及时采取个体化营养治疗,延长患者存活时间,提高患者生存质量,减少患者死亡率.     

Residual Daily Urine Volume Association with Inflammation and Nutrition Status in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients

Background. This study determines the clinical significance of residual renal function (RRF), defined as residual daily urine volume (RDUV), in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients. Methods. This multi-center study enrolled 704 MHD patients. Geographic, hematological, biochemical, and dialysis-related data were obtained. Values for nutritional and inflammatory markers were analyzed together with RDUV. Results. In total, 670 of 704 patients (95.2%) with HD duration greater than 1 year had abnormal RDUV (<500 ml). Patients with higher RRF were younger, had shorter HD duration, higher prevalence of hypertension and levels of serum albumin, high density lipoprotein (HDL), and lower mid-week inter-dialysis body weight increase (MIBWI), cardio-thoracic ratio, levels of intact parathyroid hormone, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (Hs CRP), and KT/V (Daugirdes) values than those with low RRF. Stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that RRF was positively correlated with serum albumin, HDL levels, and presence of hypertension, and negatively correlated with age, HD duration, and MIBWI in MHD patients. Moreover, after adjusting factors that were significantly related to serum albumin or Hs CRP, RRF was still positively correlated with serum albumin (0.000137 ± 0.000585, p?=?0.0197) and negatively correlated with log Hs CRP (?0.000184 ± 0.000952, p = 0.0533). A one-liter increase in RDUV was associated with a 1.4 g/L increase in serum albumin level in MHD patients. Conclusion. This clinical study first demonstrated that RRF affects nutritional and inflammatory status in MHD patients. Because malnutrition and inflammation can cause high mortality in MHD patients, preserving RRF is important for these patients.     

不同营养评估方法对维持性血液透析患者营养状况的分析

目的用不同方法对维持性血液透析患者的营养状况进行评价。方法维持性血液透析患者120例,采用主观营养评价法、营养不良一炎症评分法和微型营养评分精简法行营养评分并测患者血清白蛋白、总铁结合力、血红蛋白、c反应蛋白、血清铁。结果主观全面营养评估、营养不良一炎症评分和微型营养评分精简法评分有显著相关性。微型营养评分精简法评分与血红蛋白显著相关。营养不良一炎症评分与血清白蛋白、总铁结合力显著相关。贫血组主观全面营养评估、微型营养评分精简法评分值较非贫血组低。结论主观全面营养评估、营养不良一炎症评分法和微型营养评分精简法评估维持性血液透析患者的营养状态具有一致性,营养不良一炎症评分判断蛋白质储备更为敏感。     

The association between serum adiponectin levels and nutritional status of hemodialysis patients

Adiponectin plays an important role in the regulation of body weight, insulin sensitivity, lipid metabolism, and the inflammatory response. Adiponectin is elevated in hemodialysis patients. We investigated the association between altered serum adiponectin levels and the nutritional-inflammation status of hemodialysis patients. Forty-four hemodialysis patients (21 men and 23 women; mean age 53.9 ± 9.2 years) were enrolled and 32 healthy volunteers were included as the control group. Serum adiponectin was measured using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit. Serum albumin, cholesterol, triglyceride, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, urea, creatinine, transferrin, lean body mass, fat mass, body mass index (BMI), the subjective global assessment (SGA) score, and the malnutrition-inflammation score (MIS) were measured in all patients. Adiponectin levels were significantly elevated in the hemodialysis patients compared with the healthy subjects (24.8 ± 10.4 μg/mL and 6.8 ± 4.2 μg/mL, respectively, p < 0.0001). Serum adiponectin correlated positively with SGA (r = 0.47) and MIS (r = 0.38), and negatively with BMI (r = -0.34), triglyceride (r = -0.53), and glucose levels (r = -0.42). Serum adiponectin levels were significantly higher in malnourished patients than in well-nourished patients when assessed with SGA (20.5 ± 10.4 μg/mL and 29.0 ± 8.7 μg/mL, respectively, p = 0.005). In conclusion, serum adiponectin levels reflect the nutritional-inflammation status of hemodialysis patients. Adiponectin may also be associated with insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and the inflammatory response in these patients.     

Protein-energy wasting modifies the association of ghrelin with inflammation, leptin, and mortality in hemodialysis patients

Ghrelin abnormalities contribute to anorexia, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis patients, leading to worse outcome. However, ghrelin levels are influenced by the nutritional status of the individual. We hypothesized that the consequences of ghrelin alterations in hemodialysis patients are context sensitive and dependent on the presence of protein-energy wasting (PEW). In this cross-sectional study of 217 prevalent hemodialysis patients followed for 31 months, we measured ghrelin, leptin, PEW (subjective global assessment), and C-reactive protein (an index of inflammation). Compared to patients in the middle and upper tertile of ghrelin levels, those in the lowest tertile were older, had higher leptin levels and body mass index, and presented an increased mortality risk that persisted after adjustment for age, gender, and dialysis vintage. This risk was lost after correction for comorbidities. Patients with PEW and low ghrelin values had abnormally high C-reactive protein and leptin by multivariate analysis of variance, and the highest mortality risk compared to non-PEW with high ghrelin from all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality (adjusted hazard ratios of 3.34 and 3.54, respectively). Low ghrelin values in protein-energy wasted hemodialysis patients were linked to a markedly increased cardiovascular mortality risk. Thus, since these patients were more anorectic, our results provide a clinical scenario where ghrelin therapies may be particularly useful.     

山西省维持性血液透析患者贫血发生情况的流行病学调查及相关因素分析

目的了解山西省维持性血液透析(maintenance hemodialysis,MHD)患者贫血的患病率及治疗情况,并研究其影响因素。 方法通过全国血液净化病例登记系统采集2017年山西省网上直报的MHD患者的临床资料,包括基本资料、透析情况、药物治疗情况及实验室指标,以血红蛋白(hemoglobin, Hb)≥110 g/L作为治疗靶目标,整理并分析数据。 结果2017年山西省MHD患者平均Hb水平为(107.2±19.2) g/L,Hb总体达标率为45.7%。红细胞生成刺激剂使用率为97.6%,铁剂使用率为35.5%,其中68.0%的患者使用静脉铁剂。性别分层显示男性Hb达标率好于女性,年龄分层显示随着年龄的增长,Hb达标率呈增高趋势。与Hb未达标组相比,Hb达标组患者男性比例、平均年龄、透析龄、使用进口透析器的人数比例、尿素下降率及尿素清除分数、静脉铁剂使用率、左旋肉碱使用率、碳酸氢根、血白蛋白、甘油三脂较高;原发病为高血压病患者比例、每周红细胞生成刺激剂剂量、转铁蛋白饱和度≤30%患者比例、甲状旁腺素及C反应蛋白较低(均P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,男性、静脉补铁、高血白蛋白为Hb达标的保护因素,而高甲状旁腺素、高C反应蛋白为Hb达标的危险因素。 结论山西省MHD患者Hb总体达标率(Hb≥110 g/L)为45.7%。男性、静脉补铁、高白蛋白可能为Hb达标的保护因素,高甲状旁腺素、高C反应蛋白可能为其危险因素。合理使用静脉铁剂、改善营养状态,纠正炎症反应可提高Hb达标率。