Splenic Injury after Elective Colonoscopy

Splenic injury is a rare but serious complication of colonoscopy. Since the mid-1970s, 68 splenic injuries during colonoscopy including our 2 cases have been described. With the increasing use of colonoscopy, endoscopists, surgeons, and radiologists are more likely to encounter this unusual complication. Any cause of increased splenocolic adhesions, splenomegaly, or underlying splenic disease might be a predisposing factor for splenic injury during colonoscopy. However, it can occur in patients without significant adhesions or underlying splenic pathology. The diagnosis is often described in the literature as delayed, because many physicians are not aware of this complication of colonoscopy. Although computerized tomography is highly sensitive, knowledge of this complication is the best tool to aid in early diagnosis. Patients with abdominal pain, hypotension, and a drop in hematocrit without rectal bleeding after colonoscopy should be suspected of having splenic injury. Early recognition and interdisciplinary management are required to assure successful management of this potentially life-threatening injury. Patients with hemodynamic instability most often undergo surgery. We present 2 cases of splenic injury secondary to colonoscopy that required splenectomy.     

Pediatric Splenic Injury: Nonoperative Management First!

Abstract Background and Purpose:  In the past splenectomy was the standard procedure for traumatic blunt splenic injury, when bleeding of the spleen occurred. Since the spleen performs important immunological functions the advantage of a spleen-saving approach is preservation of immunological functions. Especially in the pediatric population splenic preservation is an important objective. Spleen-saving treatment, in particular selective nonoperative management, has gained ground in the past 20 years. An 18-year retrospective review was performed to evaluate our cumulative experience with nonoperative management. Endpoints: hemodynamical instability and splenectomy. Methods:  Forty-six patients were identified. Demographics, methods of management, mechanism of injury, injury grade, associated injuries, hemodynamical parameters, bloodtransfusion, complications, ICU and hospital stay were documented and analyzed to determine statistical significance between modes of management. Results:  Initially, 34 patients were managed nonoperatively, while 12 patients underwent laparotomy – with 7 (58.3% of the operative group) of these having splenectomy performed. Three patients (out of 34) failed nonoperative management and required delayed splenorraphy or splenectomy, a 91.2% (3 out of 34 failed) success rate for intended nonoperative management versus 85.7% for intended splenorraphy (1 out of 7 failed). Thus, overall rates of 67.4% nonoperative management and 82.6% splenic conservation were achieved. Analysis of parameters between treatments showed significant differences between nonoperative management and splenorraphy for splenic injury grade II and IV. Conclusion:  We recommend based on our data on children with splenic injury grades II and IV that the standard treatment for children aged 0 to 18 years due to blunt abdominal trauma should be nonoperative management. However management of blunt splenic injury remains a clinical decision, for this reason does not preclude on CT-scan grade V for nonoperative management.     

Splenic Injury During Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy

Background:

Injury to the spleen is a recognized complication during percutaneous renal access due to the close anatomical relationship of the spleen and the left kidney. However, transsplenic renal access is a rare complication of percutaneous nephrolithotomy and can also result in considerable morbidity, often requiring emergent splenectomy.

Methods:

We present our experience with splenic injury during percutaneous nephrolithotomy managed conservatively with the use of a collagen-thrombin hemostatic sealant (D-Stat; Vascular Solutions, Inc., Minneapolis, MN) after delayed removal of the nephrostomy tubes.

Results:

The patient had an uneventful recovery and was discharged home on postoperative day 6.

Conclusion:

In select hemodynamically stable patients, nonoperative management with the adjunctive use of hemostatic sealants may be considered.     

医源性脾损伤的防治

医源性脾损伤临床上并非少见,但国内文献报道不多。本文总结我院2003年3月~2006年6月发生的6例医源性脾损伤,并复习国内外相关文献,对其防治进行探讨。1临床资料本组6例,男4例,女2例,年龄30~65岁。脾损伤发生在近端胃癌根治术3例,全胃根治性切除术1例,左半结肠切除术1例,横结肠造瘘术1例。均在术中发现脾损伤,主要表现为左上腹渗血不止。其中游离脾胃韧带时损伤2例,脾周粘连分离损伤2例,牵拉结肠脾曲时损伤1例,拉钩直接损伤1例。脾上极脏面撕裂伤4例,下极脏面撕裂伤2例。损伤程度按第六届全国脾脏外科学研讨会制定的脾损伤程度分级标准[1]:…     

Nonoperative Treatment of Blunt Splenic Injury

A spleen-preserving program was implemented at the author's institution during the mid-1980s using a five-part injury-grading scale that is similar and comparable to the AAST classification. Since that time, all patients with splenic injuries admitted to the Department of Surgery at the Karl-Franzens University Hospital in Graz, a level I trauma center, have been prospectively evaluated with respect to splenic preservation. Analysis of the relation of the severity of organ injury to the use of nonoperative management showed that degree I or II injuries were treated nonoperatively, whereas degree III and IV injuries were usually treated with adhesives, partial resection, or mesh splenorrhaphy; only degree V injuries almost always required splenectomy. With increasing experience in nonoperative management of splenic injuries the initial criteria have become less rigid, and there is now a tendency to attempt it in patients who formerly would have undergone surgery.     

Retroperitoneal Aortobifemoral Bypass by a Combination of Horseshoe Kidney and Aortoiliac Occlusive Disease with Stent Thrombosis

Bilateral aorto-profunda femoris bypass with Dacron bifurcation graft was performed by a patient with aortoiliac occlusive disease (AIOD) and horseshoe kidney (HSK) who had undergone stenting of the right common iliac artery and of the left superficial femoral artery with subsequent stent thrombosis as well as significant subrenal aortic stenosis. As endovascular treatment was not feasible and surgical treatment by means of transperitoneal incision would be associated with high risk of damage to the HSK, the operation was successfully accomplished through left pararectal retroperitoneal approach.     

Retroperitoneal Approach in Single-Port Laparoscopic Hysterectomy

Methods:A single surgeon (TJ Kim) performed 36 retroperitoneal single-port laparoscopic hysterectomies (SP-rH) from September 1st 2012 to April 30th 2013. We compared these cases with 36 cases of conventional single-port laparoscopic abdominal hysterectomy (SP-aH) performed by the same surgeon from November 1st 2011 to July 31th 2012 (historic control). In the SP-rH cases, the retroperitoneal space was developed to identify the uterine artery; then, it was ligated where it originates from the internal iliac artery.Results:Estimated blood loss (EBL) was decreased in the SP-rH group compared with the SP-aH group (100 mL vs 200 mL; P = .023). The median total operative time was shorter in the SP-rH group (75 minutes vs 93 minutes; P < .05). The operative time of the Scope I phase, including ligation of the utero-ovarian (or infundibulopelvic) ligament, round ligament, uterine artery, and detachment of the bladder, was longer in the SP-rH group compared with that in the SP-aH group (26.0 minutes vs 24 minutes; P = .043). However, the operative time of the Scope II phase, including detachment of the uterosacral-cardinal ligament, vaginal cutting, and uterus removal, was shorter in the SP-rH group (19.5 minutes vs 30 minutes; P < .05). Operative complications were not significantly different between the groups (P = .374).Conclusion:Although SP-rH may be considered technically difficult, it can be performed safely and efficiently with surgical outcomes comparable to those of SP-aH.     

Videolaparoscopic Approach of the Splenic Cyst: A Case Report

The authors report a case of an asymptomatic 30-year-old female patient with an extensive cystic lesion continuous with the splenic parenchyma. A review of the literature and use of a videolaparoscopic approach to the treatment of these lesions is presented.     

经腹膜后径路行腹主动脉手术

经腹膜后径路行腹主动脉手术可获得良好的显露。与经腹腔径路相比,有减少体液蒸发、缩短术后麻痹、避免肠粘连等优点,对经过多次腹部手术、有腹壁造口、腹壁损伤或感染、接受过腹部或盆部放疗、有腹水或极度肥胖的腹主动脉疾病患者尤为适用。利用腹膜后径路可完成肾下腹主动脉瘤人工血管置换术、闭塞性疾病腹主—髂动脉重建术、肾周腹主动脉人工血管置换术、胸腹主动脉瘤人工血管置换术、肾动脉重建术、下腔静脉重建术等。     

Ligament Injury, Reconstruction and Osteoarthritis

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The recent literature on the factors that initiate and accelerate the progression of osteoarthritis following ligament injuries and their treatment is reviewed. RECENT FINDINGS: The ligament-injured joint is at high risk for osteoarthritis. Current conservative (e.g. rehabilitation) and surgical (e.g. reconstruction) treatment options appear not to reduce osteoarthritis following ligament injury. The extent of osteoarthritis does not appear dependent on which joint is affected, or the presence of damage to other tissues within the joint. Mechanical instability is the likely initiator of osteoarthritis in the ligament-injured patient. SUMMARY: The mechanism osteoarthritis begins with the injury rendering the joint unstable. The instability increases the sliding between the joint surfaces and reduces the efficiency of the muscles, factors that alter joint contact mechanics. The load distribution in the cartilage and underlying bone is disrupted, causing wear and increasing shear, which eventually leads to the osteochondral degeneration. The catalyst to the mechanical process is the inflammation response induced by the injury and sustained during healing. In contrast, the inflammation could be responsible for onset, while the mechanical factors accelerate progression. The mechanisms leading to osteoarthritis following ligament injury have not been fully established. A better understanding of these mechanisms should lead to alternative surgical, drug, and tissue-engineering treatment options, which could eliminate osteoarthritis in these patients. Progress is being made on all fronts. Considering that osteoarthritis is likely to occur despite current treatment options, the best solution may be prevention.