Thyroid hormones and thyroid hormone receptors: effects of thyromimetics on reverse cholesterol transport

Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) is a complex process which transfers cholesterol from peripheral cells to the liver for subsequent elimination from the body via feces. Thyroid hormones (THs) affect growth, develop- ment, and metabolism in almost all tissues. THs exert their actions by binding to thyroid hormone receptors (TRs). There are two major subtypes of TRs, TRα and TRβ, and several isoforms (e.g. TRα1, TRα2, TRβ1, and TRβ2). Activation of TRα1 affects heart rate, whereas activation of TRβ1 has po...     

The effects and mechanisms of thyroid hormones in the cardiovascular system

Background Thyroid hormones(THs) including thyroxine(T4) and triiodothyronine(T3) with high biological activities have important effects on cardiovascular system by acting on renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system(RAAS), oxidative stress, mitochondria, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells(VSMC), cardiomyocytes, thyroid hormone receptor(TRs), cholesterol metabolism, insulin sensitivity, blood coagulation, etc. Excess or lack of THs is detrimental to cardiovascular function, so this article reviews the mechanism of THs on cardiovascular system.[S Chin J Cardiol 2019;20(4):269-279]