医护同组责任制护理在烧伤ICU的实践

目的 探讨在烧伤ICU应用医护同组责任制护理模式的方法和效果.方法 2011年3～9月烧伤ICU采用医护同组责任制护理模式,比较实施该模式前后患者、护士、医生的满意度和护理质量评分.结果 实施医护同组责任制护理后,患者、护士、医生满意度、护理质量评分均优于实施前（P＜0.01）.结论 医护同组责任制护理提高了护理服务质量,提高了医生、护士、患者满意度,可以尝试在其他科室推广.     

Epidemiology, classification, initial care, and administrative considerations for critically burned patients

The care of major burn injuries is a critical care endeavor from the initial evaluation and admission until the patient is discharged from the burn intensive care unit. A thorough history and physical examination are essential and require expertise to classify each burn injury. The initial treatment of the burn must address stopping the burning process, insuring a patient airway, assessing inhalation injury, initiation of adequate fluid and electrolyte resuscitation, appropriate wound care, and institution of ancillary care, such as insertion of nasogastric tubes and urinary catheters, narcotic dosage, tetanus prophylaxis, laboratory studies, and environmental temperature control. Critical care units must be designed, equipped, and staffed to facilitate the safe and effective care of burned patients. A well trained and experienced multidisciplinary burn team under the direction of a surgeon who specializes in burns is essential to the ultimate outcome of the seriously burned patient. Effective communication among the burn team and with the burned patients requires formal protocols for general treatment as well as dynamic individualized care based on careful comprehensive observations and monitoring. The prognosis for these critically injured and ill patients depends on attention to every detail of their care, which can only be accomplished in a sophisticated critical care atmosphere with personnel skilled in intensive care techniques.     

The role of the psychiatrist in the team treatment of the adult patient with burns.

Improved survival rates for patients with major burn injuries and the consistent finding of significant long-term psychologic disability among survivors of burn trauma call for a redefinition of the role of the psychiatric consultant in the care of patients with burns. In addition to the traditional functions of diagnosis and treatment of discrete psychiatric disorders in patients with burns, this expanded role includes assisting the patient's normal process of psychologic adaptation after injury, assessing and managing burn pain, and facilitating communication among all members of the burn team. The functions of the psychiatrist are most effectively carried out when the psychiatrist is able to participate on a regular basis in the care of every patient as a member of the burn team.     

Initial management of a patient with extensive burn injury

During the resuscitation period, a knowledge of burn pathophysiology assists the nurse in conducting thorough assessments and providing effective nursing interventions in the acutely ill patient. The many variables associated with the burn injury contribute to the presentation of each burn patient as one with a unique injury that requires the most vigilant nursing care and expertise. The total dedication required of health care workers as members of a multidisciplinary burn team provides a significant professional challenge. Meeting that challenge appreciably strengthens the chances of burn patient survival.     

Burn injuries and pregnancy

Although burn injuries during pregnancy are considered relatively rare, the exact incidence is not known. Multiple factors influence morbidity and mortality resulting from burn injuries during pregnancy. These factors include the depth and size of the burn, the woman's underlying health and age, and the estimated gestational age of the fetus. Associated inhalation injury and development of other significant secondary complications also influence maternal and fetal outcomes. Successful burn care requires a team approach in which almost every healthcare discipline is represented. Initial care is almost always provided by a specially trained emergency medical team in an out-of-hospital setting. During this phase, the ability of the team to communicate with emergency hospital personnel facilitates appropriate clinical management at the scene. In addition, continued communication regarding the woman's status and responses to treatment allows critical care specialists within the hospital to ensure that necessary personnel and resources are available when the patient arrives. From the time the pregnant woman is admitted to a hospital for additional acute and critical care through the extensive process of rehabilitation from burn injuries, providing care often evokes strong emotions and requires specialized skills to achieve the most positive outcomes.     

A survey of current rehabilitation trends for burn injuries to the head and neck

Burn injuries to the face and neck present a unique challenge to the burn team and must be treated with considerable care and vigilance by the rehabilitation team to prevent potential contractures that may occur. Standard guidelines for treatment of the head and neck have not been established. This article presents the results of a comprehensive survey that examined the similarities and differences in the rehabilitation techniques used in various burn centers for the treatment of these injuries. The results obtained from the survey responses demonstrate several similarities in treatment throughout the continuum of care, revealing the potential for the development of a uniform rehabilitation protocol for the treatment of burn injuries to the face and neck.     

Fire and smoke injuries

The successful management of burns and related injuries requires a comprehensive team approach at a designated burn center. This team should consist of burn surgeons, burn nurses, respiratory therapists, physical therapists, occupational therapists, clinical nutritionists, social workers, chaplains, and other clinical consultants. This article focuses specifically on the management of thermal burns and inhalational injuries, with an emphasis on assessment, resuscitation, and critical care management. It also discusses special considerations related to burned trauma patients.     

Burn reconstruction

The evolving shift in focus of burn care and research toward optimizing the long-term outcomes of persons with burn injuries has certainly increased the emphasis on burn reconstruction. There are an increasing number of persons surviving extensive injury who may have long-term reconstructive needs. Burn reconstruction, just as acute burn care, requires a coordinated team approach from initial consultation through recovery and rehabilitation. Clearly, in the future, one can expect evolution in surgical techniques and technologies that can improve the function and appearance of persons with burn injury.     

Roles and functions of occupational therapy in burn care delivery

The occupational therapist functions as an integral member of the burn care team and assists patients in achieving an optimal level of independence and a satisfying life style after a burn injury. With early assessment and ongoing occupational therapy intervention, an individual recovering from a burn injury should be able to return to a functional life style more rapidly.     

Care of minor burn injuries: an analysis of burn clinic and emergency room charges

Most burn injuries are minor in nature and can be managed on an outpatient basis. Such patients are usually evaluated and treated in emergency departments (ED) rather than in specialized outpatient burn care facilities. Although many burn centers maintain such facilities for the initial care of these patients, this practice is not commonplace because of conflicting interests of the ED and burn team. We first analyzed the hospital charges for all thermally injured patients admitted for a period of < or = 24 hours between April 1996 and August 1998. This was followed by an independent analysis of the hospital charges for all outpatient visits to the burn clinic and ED during calendar year 1998. Physician charges were not included in the second study. Patients admitted for < or = 24 hours had mean hospital charges of $1185 when initially evaluated in the ED compared with $691 if they were directly admitted to the burn unit (P < 0.001). This difference was largely because of higher charges for medication, laboratory, radiologic studies, and the ED visit charges. In the second study the mean charge for care administered in the ED was $192 compared with $139 for treatment in the outpatient burn clinic (P < 0.0001). Patients treated in the burn clinic had significantly lower radiology and treatment charges but significantly higher pharmacy charges than patients treated in the ED. These data have supported our efforts to develop a walk-in burn treatment center. Such a program should not only result in reduced charges for care, but also enhance patient access to the expertise of the multidisciplinary burn team and help ensure optimal outcomes.     

Adapting to life after burn injury-reflections on care

A burn injury is an unforeseen event that means physical and psychological trauma for the person afflicted. The trauma experienced by different individuals varies greatly, as do perceived problems during care, rehabilitation, and throughout the remainder of life. The purpose of this study was to explore burn patients' experiences of adapting to life after burn injury to acquire a deeper understanding of the most important issues for patients when providing care during and after a burn injury. A qualitative approach was applied, and interviews were conducted with 12 adult burn patients (8 men and 4 women) 6 to 12 months postburn. The interviews were analyzed using Kvales' method for structuring analysis and comprised a close reading and interpretation of the texts. Analysis focused on the personal experiences of burn patients living after burn injury and treatment. Struggling with the consequences of burn injury and how patients perceived life today after treatment are important issues for adapting to life after burn injury. New experiences of a fragile body, coping with daily life, and reflections of burn care were also prominent themes. Patients with burn injuries need adequate repeated information about the plan for their care, about the physiological changes, and more support to handle the trauma event. The patients would also like to be more involved in their care. A program of support and preparatory work to help the patient to cope with the new bodily sensations and new body image is necessary and should begin during hospital care. A multidisciplinary team approach for pain treatment needs to be prioritized. In addition, multidisciplinary follow-up after burns need to include patients with minor burns.     

Obesity: a risk factor in the burn patient

Obesity is seldom recognized as a risk factor for the patient with burns. However, the overweight patient with burns presents major problems for the burn team, especially in the areas of wound care, pulmonary care, and general nursing care. One-hundred eighty adults (9.1% weighed more than 45 kg above ideal body weight or more than 100 kg in total weight. Mean weight was 110 kg, with 155 patients heavier than 100 kg. Mean age was 38 years with a mean burn size of 26% (11% full-thickness). The mortality rate was 21%, and respiratory and cardiovascular complications occurred in 33% of these patients. The obese patient presents problems disproportionate to burn size, burn location, and age. The obese patient's problems are related to weight. Care is often compromised by the physical constraints of a patient's size.     

Reorganization of a burn unit in response to underutilization: a critical assessment.

The incidence of burn injury in the United States has declined over the past few years, resulting in a dramatic decrease in the number of admissions to burn centers. This decrease has generated considerable concern, leading to a variety of proposals to modify burn units to control the cost of inpatient care. In 1986 Albany Medical Center Hospital, a 654-bed regional academic health sciences center, closed its burn unit and implemented a program to manage thermally injured patients in the intensive and progressive care areas of the medical center. A retrospective study was performed to compare patient outcomes and length of stay for the dedicated burn unit and the integrated burn program. Between the year before and the year after this change there was no significant difference in mortality rate, length of stay, or number of positive blood cultures. The relationship between burn severity and length of stay was unaltered by the burn program change. A comparison of data collected just after the change to those collected 2 years later again showed no difference, except that the annual census had dropped more than 50%. The results suggest that burn units can be converted to integrated burn programs without compromising patient care outcomes, although the lack of a cohesive burn team and the unavailability of beds designated for patients with burns ultimately resulted in a deemphasis of the burn program and consequent marked reduction in the number of patients with burns seen in the institution.     

Rehabilitation methods for the burn injured individual

Physiatrists play a critical role in managing the medical and functional consequences of serious burn injuries. Goals of rehabilitation include wound healing, scar prevention, hypertrophic scarring suppression, full range of motion, strengthening, and independent mobility and activities of daily living. This article is an overview of burn rehabilitation principles and patient management. The ultimate rehabilitation goal is independence in all spheres of an individual's life. Achievement of independence depends on the commitment of the injured individual and the entire health care team.     

Burn disaster response planning: an urban region's approach.

The objective of this study was to describe a draft response plan for the tiered triage, treatment, or transportation of 400 adult and pediatric victims (50/million population) of a burn disaster for the first 3 to 5 days after injury using regional resources. Review of meeting minutes and the 11 deliverables of the draft response plan was performed. The draft burn disaster response plan developed for NYC recommended: 1) City hospitals or regional burn centers within a 60-mile distance be designated as tiered Burn Disaster Receiving Hospitals (BDRH); 2) these hospitals be divided into a four-tier system, based on clinical resources; and 3) burn care supplies be provided to Tier 3 nonburn centers. Existing burn center referral guidelines were modified into a hierarchical BDRH matrix, which would vector certain patients to local or regional burn centers for initial care until capacity is reached; the remainder would be cared for in nonburn center facilities for up to 3 to 5 days until a city, regional, or national burn bed becomes available. Interfacility triage would be coordinated by a central team. Although recommendations for patient transportation, educational initiatives for prehospital and hospital providers, city-wide, interfacility or interagency communication strategies and coordination at the State or Federal levels were outlined, future initiatives will expound on these issues. An incident resulting in critically injured burn victims exceeding the capacity of local and regional burn center beds may be a reality within any community and warrants a planned response. To address this possibility within New York City, an initial draft of a burn disaster response has been created. A scaleable plan using local, state, regional, or federal health care and governmental institutions was developed.     

院内应急处置流程在批量烧伤伤员早期救治中的应用

目的 探讨院内应急处置流程在批量烧伤伤员早期救治中的作用.方法 制订院内应急处置流程,成立应急抢救小组,并组织烧伤知识学习及批量伤员应急救治流程演练,在批量烧伤伤员早期救治中启动院内应急处置流程.结果 有效缩短抢救时间、伤员来院至开展救治的时间(P＜0.01),抢救成功率达到100.00％.结论 在批量烧伤伤员早期救治...     

Burn wound management

The management of an extensively burned patient provides an exciting challenge for critical care nurses. Burn-wound care is constantly changing with advances in wound-healing techniques, the development of new products designed to cover wounds, and the availability of new methods for controlling infection. Close collaboration is essential on the part of all members of the multidisciplinary burn care team. Nurses are assuming greater responsibility in assuring that a high standard of care is provided for the patient and family. This standard of care is greatly influenced by the knowledge, judgement, expertise, and attitude of the critical care nurse.     

重度烧伤术后低体温患者复温方案的制订及实践

目的 总结重度烧伤患者术后低体温的管理经验。 方法 组建多学科管理团队,基于循证医学制订重度烧伤患者术后低体温管理方案,包括建立复温单元、明确复温启动和终止标准、核心温度监测方法及监测频率、适合烧伤患者的复合复温措施、复温仪器的维护管理、护士复温技能的培训考核等。 结果 重度烧伤患者低体温持续时间由（274.38±149.43） min缩短至（107.89±65.39） min,复合复温方案执行率由21.88%提高至83.33%,核心体温监测正确率由18.75%提高至97.22%。 结论 重度烧伤术后低体温患者复温方案有利于提高护理质量。     

Advances in burn care management: role of the speech-language pathologist.

Because the inclusion of the speech-language pathologist in a burn management team is not widely practiced, we discuss our successes as members of a burn team. We also review speech-language evaluation and treatment strategies and present two patients with head and neck burns who gained from our intervention.     

15例特重度烧伤俯卧位通气患者早期幽门后喂养不减速的护理

总结15例特重度烧伤俯卧位通气患者早期幽门后喂养不减速的实施经验与成效。护理内容主要如下。构建多学科俯卧位通气肠内营养团队,动态调整个性化精准营养方案,管理喂养目标速率,实施以腹内压指导下的喂养不减速策略,有效预防胃肠不耐受。15例患者经精心护理后,24～48 h内肠内营养达标率为20%～60%,1周肠内营养达标率为50%～95%,胃肠耐受较好,以腹内压为目标导向的早期幽门后喂养不减速在特重度烧伤俯卧位通气患者中的应用安全有效。