中国六城市成熟母乳中磷脂含量研究

目的研究中国六个城市的成熟乳中五种主要磷脂的含量,包括磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE),磷脂酰肌醇(PI),磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS),磷脂酰胆碱(PC)和鞘磷脂(SM),并分析六个城市母乳磷脂含量差异和可能的相关因素。方法:本研究是母爱(MUAI)研究的一部分。在成都、上海、天津、广州、长春、兰州六个城市招募单胎足月分娩的健康产妇共646例,收集其40～45 d的成熟乳和产妇社会人口学资料及新生儿信息,采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法(HPLC-ELSD)测定成熟乳中的五种磷脂含量。结果在646例成熟乳样本中,总磷脂的含量中位数为169.89 mg/L,其中PE含量的中位数为52.34 mg/L、SM为45.39 mg/L、PC为38.67 mg/L、PI为17.60 mg/L、PS为15.84 mg/L。广州市和兰州市的成熟乳中总磷脂含量高于其他四个城市(P<0.001),而上海市成熟乳中总磷脂含量最低(P<0.001),六城市成熟乳中磷脂的构成比无显著性差异。成熟乳磷脂含量与产妇和新生儿社会生理学信息均无相关性(P>0.05)。结论在中国六城市成熟乳中,总磷脂的含量存在地区间差异,...     

桑蚕蛹的脂质营养组成

目的分析桑蚕蛹脂类营养组成,综合评价其营养价值。方法分别采用GC、TLC、HPLC法分析氯仿/甲醇萃取的蚕蛹脂质脂肪酸、生育酚、甾醇、磷脂含量及组成。结果蚕蛹的总脂质含量32.79%,蚕蛹油中最主要的脂肪酸有α-亚麻酸、油酸、棕榈酸、其次为亚油酸和硬脂酸。甾醇中胆固醇含量最高,其次为β-谷甾醇,分别占总甾醇的67.35%、19.21%。菜油甾醇、菜籽甾醇含量甚微。蚕蛹油中总生育酚含量为486mg/kg,其中α-,γ(+β)及δ-生育酚分别占总甾醇的44.85%、44.57%和10.85%.蚕蛹磷脂种类丰富,总磷脂水平为1.17mg/goil,其中磷酯酰胆碱含量最高(41.8%)。结论蚕蛹油含有丰富的功能因子,尤其富含α-亚麻酸、α-生育酚、β-谷甾醇及卵磷脂,是潜在的高营养价值的食用油。     

蒸发光散射液相色谱法测定保健食品中磷脂酰胆碱的含量

目的 采用蒸发光散射检测器,建立高效液相色谱法测定保健食品中磷脂酰胆碱的含量。方法 以正已烷-异丙醇水溶液(0.1%的三乙胺,三氟乙酸调pH至3.5)为流动相,采用正相硅胶色谱柱和蒸发光散射检测器,高效液相色谱仪测定保健食品中磷脂酰胆碱的含量。结果 在0.05~2.0 mg/ml范围内,蒸发光散射检测器响应值的对数与磷脂酰胆碱质量浓度的对数线性相关,检测限为0.02 mg/ml。样品加标回收率为93.7%~102.3%,精密度(n=7)在1.3%以下。结论 液相色谱蒸发光散射法能够快速测定保健食品中磷脂酰胆碱的含量,具有操作简便、准确度高和重现性好等优点,适用于保健食品中磷脂酰胆碱含量的测定。     

功能性红曲功效成分的含量测定

目的：测定功能性红曲功效成分脂肪酸、麦角甾醇、磷脂酰胆碱、总黄酮的含量。方法：采用索氏抽提法测定红曲中的粗脂肪含量,以气相色谱法（GC）测定其中的脂肪酸组成;采用高效液相色谱法（HPLC）测定红曲中的麦角甾醇的含量;采用分光光度法测定红曲中磷脂酰胆碱及总黄酮的含量。结果：红曲中粗脂肪含量为20.57～52.06 mg/g,其中油酸占38.69%（5份样品平均,下同）、亚油酸占32.21%、棕榈酸占15.44%、硬脂酸占7.512%;红曲中麦角甾醇的含量为0.7366～0.9543 mg/g;红曲中磷脂酰胆碱的含量为0.7513～1.567 mg/g;红曲中总黄酮的含量为1.026～1.362 mg/g。结论：红曲功效成分的含量测定有利于进一步探索其降血脂机制。     

基于液相色谱-离子阱飞行时间质谱的大豆磷脂组分分析

目的 利用液相色谱-离子阱飞行时间质谱建立大豆磷脂组分分析方法,对大豆磷脂分子进行全面结构鉴定和定量分析,获得大豆磷脂分子组成及含量数据。方法 以我国东北地区栽培的10个大豆品种为样品,利用亲水相互作用液相色谱-离子阱飞行时间质谱系统,通过亲水相互作用色谱柱(2.1 mm×150 mm, 2.7μm)实现不同类型磷脂的分离,并通过离子阱-飞行时间质谱准确表征磷脂分子的头部基团类型、脂肪酰基结构和取代基位置,进行磷脂分子的定性,再采用精确质量数提取和内标法对鉴定出的磷脂分子进行定量。结果 在10个大豆品种中共定性出101种磷脂分子,包括20种磷脂酰胆碱(phosphatidylcholine, PC)、15种磷脂酰乙醇胺(phosphatidylethanolamine, PE)、17种磷脂酰肌醇(phosphatidylinositol, PI)、12种磷脂酰甘油(phosphatidylglycerol, PG)、9种磷脂酸(phosphatidic acid, PA)、6种磷脂酰丝氨酸(phosphatidylserine, PS)、5种溶血磷脂酰胆碱(lysophosphatid...     

阿尔茨海默病患者血清中5种磷脂的代谢水平

目的利用高效液相色谱法对阿尔茨海默病患者血清5种磷脂的代谢水平分析,探讨血清中磷脂在阿尔茨海默病发生、发展中的作用。方法采用Si60色谱柱(5μm,4.6 mm×250 mm),乙腈-甲醇-磷酸为流动相,3阶梯度洗脱,分离5种磷脂,紫外检测器,波长205nm处,高效液相色谱法检测血清5种磷脂。结果磷脂酰丝氨酸(PS)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、磷脂酰胆碱(PC)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)和神经鞘磷脂(SM)的检出限分别为0.015、0.060、0.020、0.009和0.013 mg/m L;对照组血清中PS、PC、PE、SM含量明显高于病例组,而PI在两组间并无差异。结论阿尔茨海默病患者血清中PC、PE、PS、SM的含量水平与对照组比较呈现下降趋势,可能与阿尔茨海默病的发病有关。     

丙烯酰胺致大鼠肺损伤及敏感标志物遴选

目的 观察丙烯酰胺致大鼠肺损伤后肺表面活性物质(PS)中磷脂(PL)的组分[磷脂酰甘油(PG)、磷脂酰肌醇(PI)、磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)]和蛋白质含量变化,寻找丙烯酰胺损伤早期敏感特征性标志物.方法 24只大鼠气管内滴注丙烯酰胺(0.1 mg/kg,0.4 mg/kg)建立肺损伤模型.分别设12 h,2,3,5 d组.大鼠的肺组织块分别用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色,光镜观察.测定支气管液中PL组分和蛋白质含量.结果 实验组大鼠肺均可见PS层丧失连续、均匀的绒状结构,脱落入肺泡腔.以12 h组较明显.PS中PL含量趋于增加,以12 h组较明显(55.61±9.97).PS中蛋白质含量最高,以2 h组较明显(180.4±22.5).结论 丙烯酰胺损伤后PS的质与量的变化能较特异的反映肺损伤.测定PL含量可判断肺早期损伤.PL中的磷脂酰甘油(PG)和磷脂酰肌醇(PI)可能是丙烯酰胺损伤早期敏感特征性标志物.     

高效液相色谱法测定鸡蛋中PC和PE含量研究

[目的]建立高效液相色谱-紫外检测器测定蛋黄中磷脂酰胆碱(PC)和磷脂酰乙醇胺(PE)含量的方法。[方法]采用Zorbax XDB C18(150 mm×4.6 mm×5μm)色谱柱,以乙腈∶甲醇∶异丙醇=10∶80∶10(v/v)为流动相,流速1.0ml/min,柱温35℃,UV 208 nm的色谱系统。[结果]蛋黄中PC的平均回收率为86.4%;PE的平均回收率为88.0%,PC的RSD为3.4%(n=6);PE的RSD为2.8%(n=6),PC的线性范围0.050~0.40 mg/ml(r=0.9990);PE的线性范围0.050~0.40 mg/ml(r=0.9991)。[结论]建立的方法用于蛋黄中PC、PE含量的测定,操作简便、快速。     

高脂饲料对豚鼠心肌线粒体脂质构成和细胞色素氧化酶活性的影响

用含10％猪油(重量比)的饲料喂养豚鼠50天,观察对心肌线粒体脂质构成和细胞色素氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,实验组动物心肌线粒体细胞色素氧化酶活性出现降低趋势,总胆固醇含量增加,总磷脂含量下降,总胆固醇与总磷脂的分子比显著增加(P<0.05)。测定的四种主要磷脂组分磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰胆硷、心磷脂和神经磷脂的含量均减少。其中磷脂酰乙醇胺含量下降显著(P<0.05)。文中对心肌线粒体脂质构成改变的机制和意义及其与细胞色素氧化酶活性之间的关系进行了初步探讨。     

磷酸钠对砷致细胞膜损伤保护作用

目的 探讨磷酸钠对三价砷所致细胞膜损伤的保护作用.方法 用NaAsO2处理非洲绿猴肾上皮细胞(Vero)后,在培养液中加入不同剂量磷酸钠剂,采用分光光度法分别测定细胞膜Na+,K+-ATP酶活性,高效液相法测定细胞膜磷脂组分含量改变.结果 2.20mg/L剂量的砷暴露可明显抑制Vero细胞膜Na+,K+-ATP酶活性;高剂量磷酸钠(69.00 mg/L)干预后,Na+,K+-ATP酶活性为(0.761±0.067)U/(mgprot·b)高于砷染毒组(0.544±0.037)U/(mgprot·h)(P<0.05);69.00 mg/L磷酸钠组细胞膜磷脂酰胆碱、磷脂酰乙醇胺、磷脂酰丝氨酸及神经鞘磷脂含量分别为(0.506±0.073),(0.101±0.237),(0.083±0.005)和(0.066±0.003)mg/mL,明显高于砷染毒组(P<0.05).结论 一定剂量磷酸钠对砷染毒细胞的细胞膜Na+,K+-ATP酶活性及磷脂组分的改变具有保护作用.     

胡桃楸树皮对红细胞氧化损伤抑制作用及其活性成分探讨

[目的]观察胡桃楸树皮对红细胞自氧化损伤和H2O2所致的红细胞氧化损伤的抑制作用,同时对活性成分进行定性分析。[方法]用健康成人静脉血制成1%红细胞悬液,加入不同浓度的胡桃楸树皮提取物,以孵育24 h和H2O2为损伤因素,采用比色法测定红细胞的溶血程度来探讨胡桃楸树皮抑制红细胞氧化损伤的作用。采用化学预示法和薄层层析法对胡桃楸树皮活性成分进行分析。[结果]与对照损伤组比较,胡桃楸两种组分的各剂量组都可抑制红细胞的氧化溶血和H2O2所致的氧化溶血,并都呈一定的剂效关系。相同浓度不同组分对红细胞的抑制作用相比,组分1优于组分2;胡桃楸树皮活性成分主要是黄酮、皂苷、蒽醌、酚类及鞣质。[结论]胡桃楸树皮提取物能明显抑制红细胞的氧化损伤;胡桃楸树皮含有黄酮、皂苷、蒽醌、酚类及鞣质等抗氧化活性物质。     

新疆树莓果实营养成分及其提取物抗氧化性研究

目的分析新疆野生树莓果实营养成分,并对其提取物进行抗氧化活性测定。方法进行营养保健成分含量分析,并对果实95%乙醇提取物经石油醚脱脂后,依次用乙酸乙酯、正丁醇萃取,观察不同萃取部位对DPPH·和·OH的清除能力。结果树莓鲜果中必需氨基酸含量高达320mg%,非必需氨基酸中谷氨酸含量较高(180mg%);富含维生素C(28.04mg%)和钾(147.32mg%);有机酸含量高达1.72%,以柠檬酸为主;其它如总酚、总黄酮、鞣化酸、单宁含量分别为498、125、2.2和290mg%,SOD活性高达606.93U/ml。树莓不同提取物均显示了较好的抗氧化活性,以乙酸乙酯部分最高,与清除DPPH自由基相比,清除羟自由基能力强。结论新疆野生红树莓果富含多种营养保健成分和抗氧化活性,有很好的开发价值。     

新疆传统发酵乳酪制作中乳清的营养成分及抗氧化作用

目的对新疆阿勒泰草原传统发酵牛乳酪乳清(XTCW)主要营养成分含量进行测定并研究其抗氧化作用。方法采用2300型全自动凯氏定氮系统,L-8500A型氨基酸分析仪,1525泵系列高效液相色谱仪,Sigma115型气相色谱仪,Avanta-PM型原子吸收分光光度计,AFF-820型原子荧光光度计等仪器,测定乳酪乳清中蛋白质、灰分、水分、氨基酸、维生素、脂肪酸、矿物质和微量元素的含量。利用角叉菜胶(Car)诱导的大鼠气囊滑膜炎慢性炎症模型,测定总氧化能力及丙二醛(MDA)含量变化。结果新疆传统发酵牛乳酪乳清中总蛋白含量为1.72%,灰分为1.16%,水分为88.9%,18种氨基酸中,9种人体必需的氨基酸(含婴幼儿必需的组氨酸)含量为0.31%,占总氨基酸的比例40.327%;各氨基酸中以丝氨酸的含量最高,为0.47%,其次为谷氨酸为0.14%;饱和脂酸(棕榈酸、硬脂酸)含量为38.7%,不饱和脂肪酸含量为61.3%,其中,单不饱和脂肪酸高达46.0%,多不饱和脂肪酸为15.3%;乳糖含量为:5.58%;矿物质中钾、钙、镁含量高,分别为246.3、200.2和18.7mg%;维生素中VB2、VC的含量(mg%)为0.23和0.30。乳清大剂量组可以提高角叉菜胶致大鼠气囊滑膜炎的血清中总抗氧化能力,并且可以降低MDA含量。结论新疆传统发酵牛乳酪乳清营养成分丰富,具有抗氧化作用,从营养成分和医疗保健作用角度分析,极具研究开发价值。     

Effect of Processing on Proximate Composition,Antinutritional and Toxic Contents of Kernels from Cucurbitaceae Species Grown in Nigeria

Dry seeds of melon—Citrullus vulgaris_Schrad, Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mansf. syn. Colocynthis citrullus Linn. O. Ktze, Cucumeropsis mannii Naud (Cult.) syn. Cucumeropsis edulis (Hook.f) Cogn. and gourd—Lagenaria sicceraria var. 1 (Molina) were used. The effects of germination, toasting and boiling on proximate composition, phytic acid, oxalate, total phenols, hydrocyanic acid and saponin contents were determined on control and treated samples. Apart from fibre and ash, protein and oil, contents changed in concentration with pre-treatments. There was about 2–4% protein increase in kernels from 48 h germinated seed but subsequent germination reduced the protein content by 9–10%; oil was also reduced by 7–10%. Antinutritive and toxic contents of raw kernels were phenols 1.6–2.4 mg catechin/g, hydrocyanic acid 12.1–15.9 mg/100g and saponin 3.1–4.2%. Toasting reduced 22–44% saponin and 24–54% total phenol contents of the kernels; germination reduced phytic acid, oxalate and phenols by 31–50, 26–41 and 17–67%, respectively; whereas boiling appreciably reduced all the components by about 40–81%, with phenols having the greatest reduction. The soluble antinutritional and toxic components of the kernels were found in traces in the boiled water. In general, the data obtained in this investigation tend to suggest that the use of kernels from some species of Cucurbitaceae for food may have no health hazard potentials.     

食物中色氨酸测定方法的改进

本文报告用氰离子激活木瓜蛋白酶水解玉米、大米、小米、小麦、大豆、代乳粉、浓缩鱼蛋白及酪蛋白8种食物样品的蛋白质,测定了色氨酸含量。根据色氨醛反应原理用含27mg％FeCl_3·6H_2O和2％乙酸酐的冰醋酸溶液与等量30N硫酸混合作显色剂,将样品水解液与色氨酸标准液分别加显色剂后,在545nm波长下比色。在光径1cm时,灵敏度为0.2μg。选用30种不同品种玉米作对照测定,加氰离子的色氨酸平均测定值比不加氰离子的平均值增高18.6mg％,差异非常显著(P<0.001)。     

Fatty acid content of New Zealand-grown walnuts (Juglans regia L.)

Walnut (Juglans regia L.) samples were collected during the 1994 and 1995 harvest from ten different cultivars of trees grown in a replicated trial in an experimental orchard at Lincoln University, New Zealand. Two US commercial cultivars (Tehama and Vina), three European commercial cultivars (Esterhazy, 139, G120) and five New Zealand selections (Rex, Dublin's Glory, Meyric, McKinster, Stanley) were evaluated. Total oil was extracted using a cold press and individual fatty acids were analysed by GLC. The total oil content of the nuts ranged from 62.4 to 68.7%. The oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 14.3 to 26.1% of the total fatty acids, while the linoleic acid content ranged from 49.3 to 62.3% and the linolenic contents from 8.0 to 13.8%.     

魔芋食品对糖尿病患者血糖影响的研究

用含低蛋白质、低脂肪、低热能、高膳食纤维的魔芋精粉添加制成的食品,对72名Ⅱ型糖尿病患者(包括糖耐量降低者)进行研究。经多元方差分析,受试者食用魔芋食品30天及65天的空腹血糖(FBG),餐后二小时血糖(PBG)均比食用前显著下降(P=0.001,P<0.001);试验末的糖化血红蛋白(GHb)比试验前也有显著下降(P<0.05),FBG-0(试验前空腹血糖)≥200mg％者在试验末FBG,PBG分别平均下降51.8及84.6mg％,150mg％≤FBG-0<200mg％者分别平均下降24.7及68.67mg％,FBG-0<150mg％者分别平均下降4.83及21.42mg％,有关血脂的指标在试验前后无明显变化,但13例高甘油三酯者在试验末有显著改善(P<0.05)。结果表明,魔芋食品是糖尿病人的一种较为理想的食品,它不仅可以作为食品享用,还有降低血糖,改善症状和控制病情的效果。     

Effect of ethanolic extract of Juglans regia L. on blood sugar in diabetes-induced rats

Walnut is one of the medicinal plants used in traditional Iranian medicine as a treatment for diabetes, but little scientific documentation supports its antidiabetic action. This study is designed to evaluate the antidiabetic effect of ethanolic walnut leaf extract. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: nondiabetic rats, alloxan-induced diabetic rats with no treatment, alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with ethanolic extracts of Juglans regia (200 mg/kg), and alloxan-induced diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide (0.6 mg/kg). Fasting blood sugar decreased meaningfully in diabetic rats treated with J. regia and diabetic rats treated with glibenclamide. Insulin level increased and glycosylated hemoglobin decreased significantly in diabetic groups receiving either glibenclamide or J. regia compared with the diabetic group with no treatment. The histological study revealed that the size of islets of Langerhans enlarged consequentially as compared with diabetic rats with no treatment. Effects of administering glibenclamide or extract of J. regia on all parameters discussed above showed no difference, and both tended to bring the values to near normal. Our data show the ethanolic extract from leaves of J. regia has a dramatic antidiabetic effect on diabetes-induced rats.     

Melatonin in walnuts: influence on levels of melatonin and total antioxidant capacity of blood

OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether melatonin is present in walnuts (Juglans regia L.) and, if so, tested whether eating walnuts influences melatonin levels and the total antioxidant status of the blood. METHODS: Melatonin was extracted from walnuts and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography. After feeding walnuts to rats, serum melatonin concentrations were measured using a radioimmunoassay and the "total antioxidant power" of the serum was estimated by using the trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of serum methods. RESULTS: Mean +/- standard error melatonin concentrations were 3.5 +/- 1.0 ng/g of walnut. After food restriction of rats and then feeding them regular chow or walnuts, blood melatonin concentrations in the animals that ate walnuts were increased over those in the rats fed the control diet. Increases in blood melatonin were also accompanied by increases in trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of serum values. CONCLUSIONS: Melatonin is present in walnuts and, when eaten, increase blood melatonin concentrations. The increase in blood melatonin levels correlates with an increased antioxidative capacity of this fluid as reflected by augmentation of trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity and ferric-reducing ability of serum values.     

Fatty acids, tocopherols, selenium and total carotene of pistachios (P. vera L.) from Diyarbakir (Southeastern Turkey) and walnuts (J. regia L.) from Erzincan (Eastern Turkey)

In this study, 14 well-adapted genotypes of pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) grown in Diyarbak?r (Southeastern Turkey) and 15 walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes grown in Erzincan (Eastern Turkey) have been studied. Pistachio genotypes contained 8.16-9.33% palmitic acid, 0.54-0.68% palmitoleic acid, 2.35-4.21% stearic acid, 67.81-76.82% oleic acid, 9.42-18:32% linoleic acid, 0.27-0.38% linolenic acid and 0.19-0.33 % arachidic acid. The range of selenium, α-tocopherol, γ-tocopherol, δ-tocopherol, α-tocotrienoid, γ-tocotrienoid and total carotenoid of these promising genotypes were found to be between 11.44 and 190.71?ng/g, 1.36 and 26.93, 36.17 and 170, 0.45 and 2.61, 0.96 and 3.76, 2.33 and 37.72 and 1.01 and 4.93?mg/kg, respectively. Linoleic acid ranging from 43.19% to 53.16% was the most abundant fatty acid in 15 pomologically selected walnut genotypes, followed by oleic and linolenic acids (31.91% and 11.46%, respectively). Their selenium contents ranged between 7.25 and 57.67?ng/g. γ-Tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in walnut genotypes. Pistachio and walnut genotypes with higher unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherols and selenium contents may be valuable for nutritional breeding efforts.