兰州市部分医学生维生素A营养状况调查

[目的]了解大学生维生素A营养状况,为指导学生合理营养提供科学依据. [方法] 采用记账法与24 h膳食回顾法、称重法相结合的方法对兰州市332名志愿参加营养调查的医学生进行连续3 d的膳食调查,同时采用暗适应仪测定学生暗适应时间,并用高效液相色谱仪测血清维生素A. [结果]男、女生膳食中维生素A每日摄入量分别为468.0μg和视黄醇当量(RE)450.0 μg,有41.8%～47.0%的人维生素A摄入量不足推荐摄入量(RNI)的60%;有35.3%的人暗适应时间延长;血清维生素A测定显示,亚临床维生素A缺乏者占3.4%. [结论] 学生维生素A的营养水平有待提高,应给予系统的营养指导,结合必要的营养强化补充.     

某医学院大学生维生素A营养状况评价

[目的]了解目前大学生维生素A营养状况。[方法]采用暗适应仪测定270名大学生暗适应时间,同时进行膳食及饮食习惯调查。[结果]暗适应结果表明受检大学生中维生素A营养状况正常者占40.7%,维生素A不足者占58.9%,维生素A缺乏者占0.4%;男、女生膳食维生素A日平均摄入量为(367.6±380.7)和(332.2±335.5)μg视黄醇当量,分别占RNI的46.0%和47.5%。摄入量最低仅为RNI的10.4%;99%的学生饮食习惯处于中下等水平,39.5%的学生不考虑食品构成,动物性食品食用频率普遍较低。[结论]大学生维生素A摄入水平很低。已有59.3%学生出现维生素A不足和缺乏的早期症状。大学生是维生素A缺乏的一个重要群体,应引起高度重视。     

内蒙古民族大学蒙古族学生膳食营养状况调查

目的了解蒙古族大学生的膳食结构和营养状况,为合理营养提供科学依据。方法采用称重记账法和膳食记录法进行5d膳食调查,依据《中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(DRIs)》中18岁以上中等体力劳动的推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)进行比较评价。结果蒙古族男女学生蛋白质、铜、硒、维生素PP摄入充足,男生铁、锌、维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2均达到和超过推荐摄入量(RNI)或适宜摄入量(AI)。蒙古族男女学生膳食中存在的共性问题是膳食纤维、维生素C及钙不足,脂肪类食物来源比例不合理。蒙古族女生膳食蛋白质质量尚可,但数量不足,膳食中能量、铁、锌、维生素B2摄入不足,维生素A和维生素B1摄入严重不足;蒙古族男生早餐能量摄入不足。结论蒙古族男女大学生膳食结构均不合理,应对学生加强营养知识的教育。     

北京市房山区164名中小学生膳食营养摄入状况分析

目的调查北京市房山区中小学生膳食营养摄入状况,为房山区学生改善营养提供科学依据。方法对北京市房山区中小学生进行膳食调查,采用3 d 24 h膳食回顾结合家庭调味品称重法,依据中国食物成分表计算每日食物消费及营养素摄入状况。结果共调查北京市房山区中小学生164名,男生91名,女生73名,平均年龄(8.93±2.21)岁。中小学生水产品类、奶及奶制品、大豆类及其制品、蔬菜水果类摄入不足,畜禽肉类、盐摄入过多。能量平均摄入量为1710.30 kcal,蛋白质、脂肪和碳水化合物平均摄入量分别为61.57、72.21、211.48 g,供能比分别占14.38%、37.95%和47.68%。中小学生维生素A、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、硒平均摄入量达到推荐摄入量(RNI)的比例分别为34.8%、27.4%、33.5%、24.4%和47.0%。仅2.4%的学生钙摄入量达到了RNI,超过一半的学生铁、锌、铜平均摄入量达到RNI。其中,女生铁摄入量达到RNI的比例低于男生(P<0.05)。结论北京市房山区中小学生膳食结构不合理、微量营养素摄入不足,需加强学生、家长、学校食堂营养宣教,有针对性地改善学生营养状况。     

某卫生学校学生营养知识态度行为调查

目的 了解某卫生学校学生的营养知识、态度、行为和膳食情况,为对学生开展科学膳食指导提供参考. 方法 对随机抽取的某卫生学校学生453名进行营养知识、态度、行为问卷调查,同时用食物频率法对其膳食情况进行分析.结果 学生营养知识普遍缺乏,平均得分仅为52.1,但受过营养教育的学生平均得分为69.6,显著高于平均水平(P＜0.01);营养态度较好,平均得分为18.9(总分27分);但存在一定的营养问题行为.男、女生能量摄入量分别是推荐摄入量(RNI)的89.3%和99.6%,维生素A、维生素B2、维生素E、维生素C、尼克酸、锌、镁、铁的摄入量基本达到RNI的要求,其中男生维生素E、维生素C、钙的摄入量显著低于女生(P值均＜0.05).结论 应加强学生营养教育,纠正其问题营养行为,通过合理膳食促进青少年健康.     

临床医科大学生营养知识及膳食摄入状况

了解临床医科大学生营养知识掌握程度及其膳食结构与营养摄人情况,为营养宣教以及其服务于临床提供科学依据.方法 采用随机抽样方法,抽取同济医学院临床医学专业学生394名为研究对象,采用自行设计的调查问卷进行营养知识、膳食结构调查,采用24 h回顾法询问学生膳食摄人情况,利用营养计算软件计算每人每日热能及各种营养素摄人情况.结果 临床医科大学生营养知识普遍缺乏,获取营养知识的途径较单一.每天各种食物摄入量偏低,脂肪、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C、钙摄入量严重不足,分别仅占推荐摄入量(RNI)的69.15%,79.38%,70.05%,62.01%;能量(89.02%)和锌(86.53%)的摄入离RNI也有一定差距;三餐能量分配不合理,早餐能量摄入偏低(23.12%),晚餐能量摄入稍高(31.43%).结论 临床医科大学生膳食营养知识欠缺,膳食结构不合理.需要加强学校营养宣教,改进膳食结构,提高学生整体素质.     

福建省5岁以下儿童维生素A膳食摄入状况调查

目的:了解福建省5岁以下儿童维生素A膳食摄入状况。方法:采取整群分层抽样的方法对福州、厦门等9个县市儿童膳食和血清维生素A进行调查。结果:全省5岁以下儿童维生素A(视黄醇当量)平均摄入量为365.09μgRE,摄入量达到中国居民膳食蛋白质推荐摄入量(RNI)的87.02%。9个不同县市5岁以下儿童膳食中维生素A摄入情况各不相同,最高为厦门,占RNI标准的258.57%;山区儿童膳食中维生素A摄入情况占RNI标准最高,为126.88%;城市居中(80.81%);沿海最低(44.96%);各个年龄组维生素A摄入情况以0岁组最低,占RNI标准的63.19%,其次为1岁组(79.3%),2~5岁后基本相近(116.17%)。结论:婴儿早期开始服用鱼肝油,增加与多食胡萝卜、肝脏等维生素A含量高的食物是预防和治疗维生素A缺乏的最有效、最迅速、经济的手段。     

青岛市农村老年人群膳食营养摄入状况调查

目的 了解山东省青岛市农村老年人群的膳食营养状况.方法 采用24h膳食回顾法调查农村500名老年人的食物消费、营养素摄入和膳食构成的情况.结果 男、女老年人平均每人日摄入能量分别为推荐摄入量(RNI)的91.8%和85.2%.蛋白质摄入量达到RNI的91.4%和87.1%,维生素A的摄入量为RNI的64.0%和583%.维生素C的摄入量为RNI的63.9%和56.2%,维生素E的摄入量为适宜摄入量(AI)的60.7%和53.9%;老年人膳食能量的60%以上来自植物性食品,其中谷类食品占56.5%;蛋白质的食物来源中,谷类食品占39.7%,动物性食物占38.7%;男、女老年人膳食中碳水化合物提供的能量分别占总能量的66.2%和69.0%,脂肪占17.5%和15.8%,蛋白质占16.3%和15.2%.结论 老年人膳食中蛋类和水产品的摄入充足;水果、蔬菜、谷类的摄入量较低;摄入的能量基本能够满足机体的需要,蛋白质的食物来源较好;维生素E、C和A等抗氧化维生素摄入不足;三大营养素的供能比中脂肪提供的能量偏低.     

344例正常体型的糖代谢异常孕妇膳食结构和营养状况分析

目的调查分析正常体型妊娠期糖代谢异常患者诊断前的膳食结构和营养摄入状况,为实施膳食干预措施和营养教育提供依据。方法采用简化的半定量食物频率法对344例正常体型孕期糖代谢异常孕妇进行调查,并以中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(dietary reference intakes,DRIs)和孕中晚期妇女平衡膳食宝塔为标准,评价膳食能量、各营养素摄入情况及膳食构成。结果糖代谢异常孕妇每日摄入总能量为(2 342.7±194.3)Kcal;各营养素中超过80%推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intake,RNI)的糖代谢异常孕妇人数所占比例依次为脂肪91.0%,蛋白质87.5%,热能86.9%;各营养素中低于80% RNI的糖代谢异常孕妇人数所占比例依次为锌45.0%,维生素B134.9%和维生素B232.3%;调查对象中43.0%孕妇的热能、31.4%孕妇的脂肪摄入量超过RNI;调查对象水果和烹调油的摄入量超高,白肉类和奶制品类摄入量偏低,蔬菜的摄入量不到RNI的一半。结论糖代谢异常孕妇的总能量满足孕期需要,但膳食结构不合理,应给予及时纠正。临床应重视糖代谢异常孕妇的膳食管理,强化营养指导,促使孕...     

344例正常体型的糖代谢异常孕妇膳食结构和营养状况分析

目的调查分析正常体型妊娠期糖代谢异常患者诊断前的膳食结构和营养摄入状况,为实施膳食干预措施和营养教育提供依据。方法采用简化的半定量食物频率法对344例正常体型孕期糖代谢异常孕妇进行调查,并以中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量(dietary reference intakes,DRIs)和孕中晚期妇女平衡膳食宝塔为标准,评价膳食能量、各营养素摄入情况及膳食构成。结果糖代谢异常孕妇每日摄入总能量为(2 342.7±194.3)Kcal;各营养素中超过80%推荐摄入量(recommended nutrient intake,RNI)的糖代谢异常孕妇人数所占比例依次为脂肪91.0%,蛋白质87.5%,热能86.9%;各营养素中低于80% RNI的糖代谢异常孕妇人数所占比例依次为锌45.0%,维生素B134.9%和维生素B232.3%;调查对象中43.0%孕妇的热能、31.4%孕妇的脂肪摄入量超过RNI;调查对象水果和烹调油的摄入量超高,白肉类和奶制品类摄入量偏低,蔬菜的摄入量不到RNI的一半。结论糖代谢异常孕妇的总能量满足孕期需要,但膳食结构不合理,应给予及时纠正。临床应重视糖代谢异常孕妇的膳食管...     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.     

Assessing occupational and environmental exposure

Exposure assessment is a poorly understood component of the science of epidemiology. The relationship between exposure to chemicals and ill-health outcomes is often calculated using crude exposure measures such as ever/never exposed or duration. When investigating subtle effects, exposures need to be characterized much more fully in terms of intensity, frequency, duration and route. While occupational exposures tend to be much greater than those experienced from the wider environment there is a need to remember that, for many chemicals, exposure can occur occupationally, environmentally and through consumer use of products containing the material of interest. Inhalation exposure has generally been the traditional focus for most epidemiological investigations but there is now growing awareness of the importance of the dermal and ingested routes of contact and internalization. Quantification of the exposure also needs to be related to a biological mechanism of action and exposure metrics need to be selected accordingly. Occupational exposures can generally be measured using simple well-validated techniques. Environmental exposures require much more sensitive instruments and are more difficult to assess. Exposure modelling, particularly for the environmental fate of chemicals has undergone many recent developments and Monte Carlo techniques can be used to characterize model uncertainty and variability. This approach to exposure assessment can now be used in the setting of the wider environment and will enable a far better understanding of the relationship between exposure and disease.     

Mercury toxicity due to the smelting of placer gold recovered by mercury amalgam

A 19-year-old man developed tremor in both hands and fatigue after starting work at a placer gold mine where he was exposed to mercury-gold amalgam. Examination revealed an intention tremor, dysdiadochokinesis and mild rigidity. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration reached a peak of 715 nmol/l (143 ug/l) shortly before the clinical examination, after which he was removed from working in the gold room [Mercury No. Adverse Effect Level: 250 nmol/l (50 ug/l)]. On review 7 weeks later his tremor had almost resolved and the dysdiadochokinesis and rigidity had gone. The 24-h urinary mercury concentration had fallen to 160 nmol/l (32 ug/l). The principal exposure to mercury was considered to be the smelting of retorted gold with previously unrecognized residual mercury in it. The peak air concentration of mercury vapour during gold smelting was 0.533 mg/m3 (Mercury Vapour ACGIH TLV: 0.05 mg/m3 TWA). Several engineering and procedural controls were instituted. This episode occurred at another mine site, unrelated to Mount Isa Mines Limited.     

How Adults with Acquired Brain Damage Perceive Computer Training as a Rehabilitation Tool: A Focus-group Study

The aim of this study was to explore and describe how adult outpatients with acquired brain damage and referred to occupational therapy perceive computer training with the RehaCom programs, in order to evaluate the method of treatment as a tool in the rehabilitation of persons with cognitive disorders. By using focus-group discussions as a qualitative method of research when analysing the result, five themes with corresponding categories emerged, describing a development of understanding and learning about capacities. Themes describing how the participants could apply strategies to overcome shortcomings in daily occupations and the therapeutic role of the occupational therapist were identified as well. The result shows that a computer training program such as RehaCom can be used as an educational tool, for example, to guide a person who is trying to adopt compensatory strategies to avoid overload by taking pauses. It was found that anything the participants learned was also applicable to occupational performance in daily life.