内脏小神经的解剖学观察

目的为内脏小神经研究提供形态学基础。方法对64侧内脏小神经进行解剖,观察其起止、行程;测量其长度、直径,测量内脏小神经在主动脉裂孔处距主动脉侧缘的距离和与内脏大神经之间的距离。结果89.1%的内脏小神经由穿T9~11交感神经节的节前纤维组成,96.9%内脏小神起自1~2个胸交感神经节,65.6%的内脏小神经穿膈中间脚与内侧脚之间进入腹腔,18.8%的内脏小神经穿膈中间脚与外侧脚之间进入腹腔。内脏小神经的长度为60.29±20.11mm,直径为1.38±0.92mm,在主动脉裂孔处左内脏小神经距主动脉左缘9.43±4.94mm;右内脏小神经距主动脉右缘16.46±4.4mm;内脏小神经与内脏大神经之间的距离为5.23±4.29mm。结论在进行内脏大神经切断术时,同时进行内脏小神经切断术是可行的,术后效果会更好。     

上胸段交感干切断术的微创外科解剖学

目的:探索胸交感干及其周围的显微解剖,为交感干切断术提供解剖学依据。方法:28例成人胸腔标本,在放大5×25倍手术显微镜下,对交感干及其周围组织进行逐层显微解剖、观察及测量。结果:星状神经节(颈胸神经节)及T2￣T5神经节的长径依次是(21.5±3.2)、(10.6±2.8)、(8.5±3.1)、(8.2±2.7)和(7.1±1.8)mm。T2￣T5神经节出现在相应肋间水平的发生率依次是92.7%、85.5%、40.0%、36.4%。旁路纤维只在T1或T2及T2或T3之间发现,出现率分别是69.1%、49.1%。结论:针对手汗症、头面多汗症治疗以及复合性局部疼痛综合症的交感干切断手术,只需切断节间束纤维及其旁路上传纤维即可,其余交感干的相关结构应尽量保护。     

胸内侧神经和肌皮神经解剖学观察及临床意义

目的为临床手术冶疗臂丛神经C5-6根或主干撕脱性损伤,寻找神经供体移位吻接肌皮神经重建屈肘功能,提供解剖学基础。方法解剖观察和测量肌皮神经主干长度、粗细、行程与喙肱肌的关系;胸内侧神经主干长度、粗细、第一分支能游离的长度、行程与锁骨中线的关系。结果肌皮神经主干长(101.56±13.16)mm,第一分支处神经干厚(2.61±1.13)mm、宽(2.82±1.25)mm、穿喙肱肌者占89.29%;胸内侧神经主干长(50.43±14.14)mm、第一分支处神经干厚(0.51±0.21)mm、宽(0.56±0.18)mm、第一胸大肌支能游离长度为45.66mm、主干行走在锁骨中线外侧者占82.15%。结论胸内侧神经与肌皮神经邻近,神经主干和第一分支能游离的长度,可满足与肌皮神经吻接手术的要求,而且神经主干在体表定位准确,是肌皮神经吻接的较好神经供体。     

猫内脏大神经一级传入纤维在脊髓灰质和薄束核中的分布

本文共用猫14只,取1～1.5mg HRP溶于7～10μl蒸馏水中,注入一侧的腹腔神经节或内脏大神经中,采用TMB成色法,观察跨神经节传递的一级内脏传人纤维在中枢神经系的分布。标记的一级内脏感觉纤维经后根进入脊髓后,绝大多数先行于背外侧束(或Lissauer束)中,少数进入后索上行。自背外侧束间断地发出内、外侧投射纤维,包绕着后角的内、外侧缘。外侧投射纤维在数量上比内侧的多,止于Ⅰ、Ⅴ、Ⅶ层和中央管周围。进入中间外侧核的纤维,再沿颅尾方向分开纵行,与交感节前细胞的纵向树突紧密平行排列。内侧投射纤维主要止于中央管周围区域。行于后索的纤维,止于闩平面以下薄束核的腹外侧部。     

腹腔干、肠系膜上动脉共干变异一例

腹腔干通常在主动脉裂孔的稍下方起自腹主动脉的前壁,而肠系膜上动脉在腹腔干的稍下方起自腹主动脉的前壁.在对1具成年男尸腹部解剖的过程中,发现腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉共干,并且存在多处腹主动脉的其他脏支变异,此类变异实属罕见,现具体描述如下. 该例标本腹腔干与肠系膜上动脉共干起于腹主动脉的前壁,起始处距膈主动脉裂孔 21.9 mm,血管(动脉)外径为15.6 mm.在共干29.6 mm后,发出腹腔干,此处腹腔干的外径为11.0mm,腹腔干向右前走行15.0 mm后,相继发出脾动脉和肝总动脉.而正常情况下腹腔干的分支 胃左动脉从腹主动脉发出,起始处位于膈主动脉裂孔的下缘,腹主动脉的右前壁,外径为3.6mm.正常情况下腹主动脉的分支 膈下动脉起于胃左动脉,膈下动脉的起始处距胃左动脉的起点处为12.2 mm,外径为2.6 mm.脾动脉在胃的后方,沿胰的上缘向左走行到达脾门,在脾门附近发出胃网膜左动脉、胃短动脉和胃后动脉.肝总动脉在肝门静脉的左前方行向肝门,在肝门附近,肝总动脉直接发出肝左动脉和肝右动脉,然后移行为胃十二指肠动脉,正常情况下肝固有动脉的分支 胃右动脉由肝右动脉发出.     

耳大及腓浅神经移植的应用解剖

目的　为自体耳大及腓浅神经移植提供解剖学基础。方法　 15具成人尸体 ,其中男性 12具 ,女性 3具共 30侧头颈及下肢 ,经颈总动脉、锁骨下动脉及股动脉灌注氨水稀释的红色乳胶后 ,进行大体解剖和观测。结果　耳大神经横经 2 47± 0 5 0mm、长度 45 77± 11 84mm、距体表深度 5 30± 1 36mm、其分支有三条 ;腓浅神经横经 2 6 0± 0 5 8mm、长度 88 30± 2 7 46mm、距体表深度 5 2 0± 1 93mm ,其主要分支有两条 ,腓浅神经小动脉丰富 ,但管径细小 ;寻找每条神经 ,都有两个可靠的手术部位。结论　耳大及腓浅神经位置表浅 ,横径粗是理想的神经移植供体 ,腓浅神经又粗又长 ,小血管丰富 ,作为供体的条件更具优势。二者均可从最佳位置获取之     

双侧双肾动脉一例报告

<正>肾副动脉的出现率为24.17±2.7%,但双侧双肾动脉的出现较为少见.在解剖一具成年女性尸体标本时,见腹主动脉发至肾门的肾动脉每侧为上下两支.现报道如下:右肾动脉上支长50.80mm,起始处距主动脉裂孔52.48mm,始端外径为4.44mm,离肾门处36.07mm,分为两支入肾门,两分支入肾门处间距为2.96mmm.右肾动脉下支长52.32mm,起始处距主动脉裂孔72.18mm,始端外径为3.74mm.上下两支肾动在肾门外间距为13.82mm.     

腋神经的显微外科解剖

本文在25具(男13,女12)专供研究用成人尸体上,应用显微外科解剖技术,对50侧腋神经的臂丛来源,分支及其分支部位,长度,宽、厚度和神经束等进行观察测量。腋神经主干的长度平均为44.56±1.20mm,是臂丛五大分支中最短的神经干之一,其起始处、中点处和分支处的宽、厚度分别为3.45±0.11、1.97±0.05mm,3.80±0.11、1.90±0.05mm,5.43±0.13、1.93±0.06mm。前述三处的神经束分别有:2.88±0.19、 3.88±0.23和5.62±0.24个。此外还观察了腋神经各分支的神经束,讨论了有关临床应用注意点。     

胸内、外侧神经与肌皮神经吻接的应用解剖

在专供研究用的18具(男9,女9)成人尸体上解剖,观察了36侧胸内、外侧神经和肌皮神经。胸内、外侧神经主干长度分别为42.81±4.18mm和40、55±3.12mm,主干入肌处的宽度分别为1.29±0.09mm和1.57±0.09mm,厚度分别为0.63±0.04mm和0.68±0.05mm。胸内侧神经中有28侧(77.8%)发出1-3支分支入肌,其上支长度为30.69±2.61mm;胸外侧神经中有26侧(72.2%)发出1-3支分支入肌,其上支长度为35.97±3.22mm。肌皮神经的自然长度为43.87±3.41mm,无损伤分离出的长度为22.94±2.17mm,起始处的宽、厚度分别为2.90±0.11mm和1.76±0.07mm。肌皮神经起点与胸内、外侧神经起点之间的距离分别为43.14±3.81mm和50.57±3.71mm。     

臀上皮神经的显微外科解剖

观察了25具(50侧)成人尸体的臀上皮神经,神经数目平均为2.64±0.13支。多支者中,其最粗、较长者为主要臀上皮神经。主要臀上皮神经长度为45.24±1.87mm;在穿竖脊肌处和分支处的宽度分别为2.14±0.09mm和2.18±0.09mm,厚度分别为0.84±0.04mm和0.79±0.03mm。主要臀上皮神经穿深筋膜处的位置多在髂嵴下方,占54.00±7.05%。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.