社区获得性肺炎病原菌构成及耐药分析

目的研究社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的常见病原菌分布及其耐药性。方法对220例CAP患者同时通过痰培养和血清学检测进行病原菌检测,并用琼脂稀释法检测其最低抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果肺炎链球菌(12.3%)是最常见的病原菌,其后依次为嗜肺军团菌(9.1%)、流感嗜血杆菌(8.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(6.8%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(4.1%)。其中肺炎链球菌呈高度多重耐药,对克林霉素、阿奇霉素、四环素等药物的耐药率高达75%以上;流感嗜血杆菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林、氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢呋辛等耐药率较高;肺炎克雷伯菌对左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星、环丙沙星、阿莫西林/克拉维酸、亚胺培南及哌拉西林/他唑巴坦等的敏感性较高。结论肺炎链球菌仍为CAP的重要病原体,多重耐药肺炎链球菌耐药形势严峻。喹诺酮类药物在肺炎链球菌所致CAP治疗中占有重要位置。     

北京部分地区成年患者社区获得性肺炎的病原学及耐药性分析

目的调查研究北京部分地区成年患者社区获得性肺炎的病原学分布及耐药性情况。方法收集389例成年社区获得性肺炎患者的痰液及385例血液标本。痰细菌培养阳性及肺炎支原体和衣原体的血清学试验阳性结果作为感染指征;细菌药敏试验采用纸片扩散法。结果 389例痰液标本中共培养分离出171株细菌,其中最主要的是肺炎链球菌（34/171）,其次是肺炎克雷伯菌（29/171）及金黄色葡萄球菌（22/171）。对385例患者进行非典型病原菌的血清学检测,分别检出104例肺炎支原体和32例肺炎衣原体。分离的肺炎链球菌对红霉素及青霉素的耐药率分别为70.6%和41.2%。结论成年CAP患者中感染率居前3位的细菌为肺炎链球菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌。同样,也存在着大量的非典型病原菌感染及混合感染。除了肺炎链球菌对大环内酯类的耐药率较高外,主要致病性细菌的耐药率普遍较低。     

唐山市区社区获得性肺炎患儿病原体分布及其耐药性分析

目的对唐山市区社区获得性肺炎(CAP)患儿病原体分布及其耐药性情况进行分析,为临床治疗提供依据。方法选择2015年6月至2016年9月在唐山市3所市区医院住院及门诊治疗的300例CAP患儿作为研究对象,对其临床资料、病原体检测结果及耐药性情况进行分析。结果 300例CAP患儿中269例病原体检测结果为阳性,占89.7%,其中单纯性细菌、病毒、支原体、衣原体感染患儿所占构成比分别为30.9%、21.2%、19.7%、1.1%,73例为混合感染,占27.1%。83例细菌感染患儿中,构成比居前4位的分别是肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌。药敏试验结果显示,肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌对青霉素、红霉素具有较高的耐药性,但对万古霉素均能保持良好的敏感性。肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌对青霉素类及第1、2代头孢菌素具有较高的耐药性,但对亚胺培南等碳青霉烯类抗菌药物仍保持良好的敏感性。结论唐山市区儿童CAP的致病因素主要为细菌感染,其次为病毒、支原体,细菌感染中以肺炎链球菌、大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及金黄色葡萄球菌4种为主。     

良乡地区成人住院社区获得性肺炎的病原体分布及其耐药性分析

目的：调查良乡地区成人住院社区获得性肺炎（CAP）的病原菌分布状况,了解细菌的耐药情况,为CAP的经验性治疗提供依据。方法：2008年7月—2010年7月在良乡院住院的CAP患者共182例,分别留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌学培养和血非典型病原体的检测。结果：在182例CAP患者80例（44.0%）痰细菌学检查阳性,主要病原菌为肺炎链球菌25例（13.7%）、流感嗜血杆菌15例（8.2%）。在行血清学检测的CAP患者中非典型病原体感染29例（15.9%）。肺炎链球菌对青霉素耐药率为44.0%,;流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄青霉素的耐药率为40.0%。结论：肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌和肺炎支原体是良乡地区成人CAP住院患者的主要致病菌,肺炎链球菌、流感嗜血杆菌对青霉素及大环内酯类耐药率较高。     

社区获得性肺炎病原体MIC结果分析与抗菌治疗

目的 掌握我省引起社区获得性肺炎(CAP)的病原谱和细菌药敏谱,为CAP的抗菌治疗提供依据.方法 细菌的分离与鉴定采用常规法和仪器法,最小抑菌浓度(MIC)的检测采用琼脂稀释法,非典型病原体中的肺炎支原体采用微量颗粒凝集(MAG)法,肺炎衣原体采用微量免疫荧光(MIF)法,军团菌采用间接荧光免疫(IFA)法和酶免疫测定(EIA)法检测.结果 肺炎支原体和肺炎链球菌明显占第一、第二位,然后是嗜血杆菌和肺炎克雷伯菌.细菌的MIC是随着病原体和药物的不同而不同.结论 细菌引起的CAP可先行经验治疗,待病原学和药敏报告后视情况进行调整;非典型病原体引起的CAP主要靠经验治疗,但药物的选择应安全、有效并能覆盖所有非典型病原体和常见菌.     

医师问答

1．氟喹诺酮类与第三代头孢菌素联合阿奇霉素治疗需住院的社区获得性肺炎（CAP）患者。孰劣孰优？CAP最常见的病原菌为肺炎链球菌，其次为流感嗜血杆菌、卡他莫拉菌和金葡菌，也可为不典型病原体如军团菌、支原体、衣原体。左氧氟沙星、加替沙星、莫西沙星、吉米沙星等氟喹诺酮类新品种对肺炎链球菌等呼吸道感染常见病原菌的抗菌作用强，同时对肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、军团菌等不典型病原体也具有良好抗微生物活性。大环内酯类则因对支原体属、衣原体属及军团菌属等不典型病原体具良好抗微生物活性，     

江油地区儿童社区获得性肺炎病原学分析

目的了解江油地区社区获得性肺炎病原体分布情况,为经验治疗提供依据。方法对1 995例大于或等于2岁的社区获得性肺炎患儿留取呼吸道分泌物进行细菌培养,同时采用聚合酶链反应检测非典型病原体。结果 1 995例患儿病原学检测阳性426例(21.35%),其中常见细菌阳性324例(16.24%),病原菌中以肺炎链球菌为主,其次为阴沟肠杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌及肺炎克雷伯菌。非典型病原体102例(5.11%),包括肺炎支原体、细菌合并肺炎支原体感染及肺炎衣原体等。结论肺炎链球菌是江油地区社区获得性肺炎的主要致病菌。     

琼脂稀释法测定氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮、克林霉素对社区获得性肺炎致病菌的体外抗菌活性

目的:了解引起社区获得性肺炎的部分常见病原菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮、克林霉素的耐药性,为临床合理应用抗菌药物提供依据。方法:选取2006.1.-2006.9.由呼吸道分离的引起社区获得性肺炎的常见病原菌共71株,其中肺炎链球菌23株、流感嗜血杆菌20株、卡它莫拉菌12株,金黄色葡萄球菌16株(MR-SA11株、MSSA5株)。用琼脂稀释法测定氨苄西林/舒巴坦、头孢哌酮对该71株细菌,克林霉素对金黄色葡萄球菌与肺炎链球菌(共39株)的最小抑菌浓度(MIC),以SPSS15.0软件对结果进行统计分析。结果:卡它莫拉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌敏感株及流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦的敏感率分别为100%、100%和90%,肺炎链球菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦的敏感率为48%;肺炎链球菌和耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对克林霉素的耐药率分别为83%和73%,甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌(MSSA)对克林霉素的敏感率为60%,而对头孢哌酮100%敏感;头孢哌酮对流感嗜血杆菌的MIC90为0.125μg/mL,对卡它莫拉菌为1μg/mL,对肺炎链球菌为4μg/mL。结论:卡它莫拉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌敏感株及流感嗜血杆菌对氨苄西林/舒巴坦敏感...     

社区获得性肺炎的诊治进展

社区获得性肺炎(community-acquired pneumonia,CAP)是指在医院外罹患的肺实质(包括肺间质)的感染性炎症,包括具有明确潜伏期的病原体感染而在入院后平均潜伏期内发病的肺炎[1].估计我国每年CAP患者＞3 000万例.以下就近几年CAP的诊治进展作一综述.1病原体的变迁CAP的病原学诊断对其治疗至关重要,20世纪50年代以前,肺炎链球菌约占CAP病原的90％以上.现在,肺炎链球菌依然是CAP中最主要病原体,但其比例有所减少,而流感嗜血杆菌、肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体、呼吸道病毒等其他微生物引起的CAP的比例则趋于增加.Ngeow等[2]报道肺炎支原体、肺炎衣原体和嗜肺军团菌在亚洲地区CAP病原中分别占12.2％、4.7％和6.6％.刘又宁等[3]对我国665例成年人CAP的病原体监测显示,肺炎支原体是最常见的病原体(20.7％),其次是肺炎链球菌(10.3％)、流感嗜血杆菌(9.2％)和肺炎衣原体(6.6％),近年来,金黄色葡萄球菌、军团菌、革兰阴性杆菌等感染概率也显著增加.     

深圳地区社区获得性肺炎病原学分布前瞻性研究

目的：了解深圳地区成人社区获得性肺炎病原的分布情况，为经验治疗提供依据。方法：采用前瞻性方法对40例成人社区获得性肺炎患者留取痰标本进行细菌培养，采用血清学方法检测非典型病原体。结果：40例患者病原学检测阳性32例（80％），其中常见细菌阳性23例（57．5％），病原菌中肺炎链球菌为主；其次为流感嗜血杆菌、副流感嗜血杆菌及铜绿假单胞菌。非典型病原体9例（25％），包括肺炎支原体、细菌合并肺炎支原体感染及肺炎衣原体等。结论：肺炎链球菌是深圳地区社区获得性肺炎的主要致病菌。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.