Differentiating full thickness macular holes from impending macular holes and macular pseudoholes

AIMS—The reliability of scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO) microperimetry in differentiating full thickness macular holes from macular pseudoholes and impending macular holes was evaluated.
METHODS—106 eyes with the clinical diagnosis of full thickness macular holes, macular pseudoholes, and impending (stage 1) macular holes were examined for the presence of deep or relative scotoma using SLO microperimetry. The relation between these scotomas and the clinical diagnosis was studied.
RESULTS—Deep and relative scotomas were detected in all 57 eyes with clinically defined full thickness macular holes. In contrast, among 49 eyes diagnosed with macular pseudoholes or impending macular holes, no deep and only one relative scotoma was observed. The sensitivity of the presence of a deep scotoma as an indicator of the clinical diagnosis of a full thickness macular hole was 100% (57 of 57), and the specificity was 100% (49 of 49). The sensitivity of the presence of a relative scotoma was 100% (57 of 57) and the specificity was 98.0% (48 of 49).
CONCLUSION—With SLO microperimetry, full thickness macular holes can be precisely and objectively distinguished from other conditions that mimic macular holes.

     

Best's macular dystrophy with a macular hole

The occurrence of a macular hole with Best's dystrophy is an extremely rare finding with only one reported case in the literature. We wish to report two cases with typical Best's dystrophy in one eye and a macular hole in the contralateral eye. In one case the Pattern Reversal VER (PVER) was also recorded and graphed as an amplitude-check size function curve. The PVER changes in this case were grossly subnormal in both the eyes, suggesting a significant degree of bilateral macular impairment. This implies that a significant amount of functional impairment occurs at the vitelliform stage itself, though how this stage progresses to a macular hole is unclear.     

黄斑囊样水肿患者白发荧光与黄斑色素密度的关系

目的探讨黄斑囊样水肿（CME）眼底自发荧光与黄斑色素密度的相关性,以提供对其预后有临床价值的技术参数。设计回顾性病例系列。研究对象2009年8月至2010年7月于北京同仁医院确诊CME的视网膜中央静脉阻塞、视网膜分支静脉阻塞及糖尿病视网膜病变的患者18例（24眼）。24只正常眼选自年龄及性别相匹配者。方法对所有患眼及正常对照眼行彩色眼底照相、荧光素眼底血管造影（FFA）及相干光断层扫描（OCT）确诊CME。采用海德堡公司HRA一2共焦激光扫描系统的IR（infrared）及FA（不注入荧光素钠）模式进行眼底自发荧光及黄斑色素密度的检测。黄斑色素密度按Zhang等分期法分为完整的黄斑色素、部分黄斑色素及黄斑色素缺失三级。采用MonteCarlo精确检验说明不同分级的黄斑色素密度与自发荧光的相关性,线性相关卡方检验分析两个变量之间的变化趋势。主要指标眼底自发荧光的分布及形态、黄斑色素的分布及密度。结果24只CME眼自发荧光均为阳性（100％）,并在黄斑区呈花瓣样表现,而正常对照眼的黄斑自发荧光均为阴性。CME眼中黄斑色素缺失22眼（91．7％）,部分黄斑色素2眼（8．3％）;正常对照眼黄斑色素密度均为完整的黄斑色素（100％）。黄斑色素密度与自发荧光的出现在本次研究中呈现负相关（x2=45．123,P=0．0001）。结论CME患者中黄斑色素密度大小与黄斑区自发荧光呈负相关,黄斑区自发荧光可做为其随诊的临床评价指标。     

Spontaneous macular hole closure in bilateral macular holes

The natural course of full thickness macular hole is progression in size and stage. There have been reports of spontaneous closure of unilateral idiopathic full thickness macular holes, but we report the first case of spontaneous closure of a full thickness macular hole in one eye in a patient with bilateral idiopathic full thickness macular holes. After macular hole surgery in the left eye of the patient, spontaneous closure of the macular hole in the right eye was observed during the follow-up period.     

Serous macular detachment in diabetic cystoid macular oedema

PURPOSE: To define serous macular detachment in patients with diabetic cystoid macular oedema (CME). METHODS: This study involved 78 eyes of 58 patients with diabetic CME. The patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Eyes with epiretinal membrane or vitreo-macular traction were not included in the study. Optical coherence tomography-3 was used in all patients and fundi were scanned on the horizontal, vertical and four oblique planes through the centre of the fovea. RESULTS: In all cases the increased thickness of the retina was related primarily to the hyporeflective intraretinal cavities. With OCT, 24 of 78 eyes (31%) had serous macular detachment as shown by retinal elevation over a non-reflective cavity with minimal shadowing of the underlying tissues. Fluorescein angiography did not show serous macular detachment in any patient. CONCLUSIONS: Our data showed that the incidence of serous macular detachment in diabetic CME was much higher than previously reported. Optical coherence tomography-3 allows an in vivo cross-sectional observation of very subtle serous macular detachment that is difficult to diagnose at the slit-lamp or by fluorescein angiography in patients with diabetic CME.     

渗出型老年性黄斑变性患者继发黄斑囊样水肿分析

目的 探讨渗出型老年性黄斑变性（AMD）患者继发黄斑囊样水肿（CME）的原因 。 方法 回顾性分析临床确诊的渗出型AMD患者140例171只眼的光相干断层扫描（OCT）检查结果，对其脉络膜新生血管(CNV)进行分类，并分析其与CME发生的关系。 结果 171只AMD患 眼中，89只眼存在CME，占52.0%；82只眼无CME，占48.0%。有CME的患眼中，76只眼存在活动性CNV病变，占85.4%；13只眼已有盘状瘢痕形成，占14.6%。无CME的患眼中， 69只眼存在活动性CNV病变，占84.1%；13只眼有盘状瘢痕形成，占15.9%。有CME且同时存在活动性CNV病变的76只患眼中，结合型CNV 61只眼，占80.3%；Gass 2型CNV 14只眼，占18.4%； Gass 1型CNV 1只眼，占1.3%。视网膜下CNV（结合型+Gass 2型）占98.7%。无CME但有活动性CNV的69只患眼中，57 只眼CNV是位于视网膜色素上皮（RPE）下的Gass 1型，占82.6%；12只眼为视网膜下CNV，占 17.4%。有无CME两组之间视网膜下CNV的发生率比较，其差异有显著性的意义（χ2=99.5838，P=0.0000）。 结论 CME发生与CNV侵入视网膜感觉层下生长密切相关，视网膜下CNV很可能是渗出型AMD继发CME的直接原因。 （中华眼底病杂志，2004，20：299-302）     

Multimodal evaluation of macular function in age-related macular degeneration

Objective

To evaluate macular function using multimodality in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) at various stages.

Methods

Macular function in 20 control eyes (20 subjects), 17 eyes (17 patients) with large drusen, 18 eyes (18 patients) with drusenoid pigment epithelial detachment (PED), and 19 eyes (19 patients) with neovascular AMD was examined using a Landolt chart for visual acuity; retinal sensitivity was measured by microperimetry; and focal macular electroretinography (fmERG) was performed. In all of these eyes, retinal morphology was examined using optical coherence tomography.

Results

Eyes with neovascular AMD showed morphologic changes in the neurosensory retina as well as marked deterioration of macular function in all parameters measured with a Landolt chart, fmERG, and microperimetry. Eyes with large drusen showed only minimal morphologic changes in the neurosensory retina. In this large drusen group, although retinal sensitivity at the central point was significantly decreased (P = 0.0063), the other parameters of macular function were well preserved. In eyes with drusenoid PED, the structure of the neurosensory retina was well preserved, while the foveal thickness was significantly increased (P = 0.013). The macular function of these eyes was significantly deteriorated, with the VA, amplitude of the a-wave and b-wave, and retinal sensitivity being markedly decreased. In addition, the area of PED correlated with the latency of the a-wave and b-wave and with the retinal sensitivity within the central 4° or 8° region.

Conclusion

Multimodal evaluation demonstrated a significant decrease in macular function in drusenoid PED and in neovascular AMD.     

老年性黄斑变性的黄斑部光敏感度检测

目的　探讨老年性黄斑变性早期患者黄斑暗视敏感度的变化。方法　用Octopus10 1型视野计 ,对早期老年性黄斑变性组 2 0例 30眼 ,对照组正常人 2 1例 2 6眼进行暗视和明视敏感度检测 ,应用tM2 测试程序 ,将中心 30°视野内视网膜暗视和明视敏感度进行比较和分析。结果　老年性黄斑变性组暗视和明视敏感度较正常组均降低 ,且暗视敏感度降低值大于明视敏感度降低值 ,差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论黄斑暗视敏感度检测可作为老年性黄斑变性早期诊断和检测指标。     

Scleral buckling with macular plombe for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without macular hole

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of scleral buckling with a macular plombe in eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without a macular hole. DESIGN: A prospective, consecutive interventional case series. METHODS: Setting: Clinical practice at university hospitals. Patient Population: Six eyes of five consecutive patients with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without a macular hole. Intervention Procedure: Scleral buckling with a macular plombe. Main Outcome Measures: The best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), ophthalmoscopic appearance of fundus, and optical coherence tomographic images were recorded preoperatively, and at two weeks, at one, three, and six months, and then every three months thereafter. RESULTS: The mean retinal thickness was reduced significantly by the macular plombe (P < .05). The BCVA was improved by 2 lines or more in four eyes (66%), and remained within 2 lines of the preoperative BCVA in two eyes (34%). The complications were subretinal hemorrhage without choroidal neovascularization in one eye, and a progression of choroidal neovascularization with subretinal hemorrhage, which caused a transient visual impairment in one eye. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend that macular scleral buckling with a macular plombe be considered for eyes with myopic macular retinoschisis and retinal detachment without a macular hole.     

特发性黄斑裂孔患者玻璃体术后黄斑结构和中央凹视网膜厚度变化

目的：分析特发性黄斑裂孔患者接受23G玻璃体手术治疗后黄斑结构的修复情况,以及视力和黄斑中央凹视网膜厚度的变化。

方法：将2016-06/2017-12在我院进行择期手术的单眼特发性黄斑裂孔患者85例85眼纳入研究,其中男37例,女48例,平均年龄64.7±10.1岁。所有患者均接受23G玻璃体切割术,应用OCT观察术后黄斑裂孔闭合情况; 应用OCT观察术前和术后1、3、6mo黄斑中央凹视网膜厚度的变化; 观察术前和术后1、3、6mo患者最佳矫正视力的变化。

结果：术后所有患者获得良好的黄斑裂孔闭合。术后3、6mo时所有患者平均最佳矫正视力显著高于术前和术后1mo(P<0.05); 术后6mo平均最佳矫正视力显著高于术后3mo,差异有统计学意义(t=7.983,P=0.037)。术后1mo黄斑中央凹视网膜厚度显著高于术前和术后3、6mo(P<0.05); 术后3、6mo的黄斑中央凹视网膜厚度显著低于术前(P<0.05)。

结论：应用23G玻璃体切除术治疗特发性黄斑裂孔具有较高的裂孔成功闭合率,患者的视力明显提高。     

黄斑色素密度与老年性黄斑变性的关系

黄斑色素主要包括叶黄素和玉米黄素,分布在整个视网膜上,以黄斑中心凹密度最高.现认为黄斑色素的功能减退与老年性黄斑变性(AMD)的病理生理改变一致,提高黄斑色素水平可降低AMD发生和发展的危险性.叶黄素和玉米黄素的补充治疗可能对AMD的防治有一定的作用.但其确切作用机制与临床应用价值亟待进一步探索.本文就黄斑色素的组成结构、分布、来源以及功能特点、检测方法及其与AMD的关系作一综述.