新诊2型糖尿病患者血小板反应蛋白-1水平变化及其与发病机制的关系

目的 探讨新诊断2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者血清血小板反应蛋白-1(TSP-1)水平变化及其与胰岛素抵抗的关系.方法 选取2016年6-9月于该院就诊的新发T2DM患者51例(A组),以及同期门诊体检健康者49例(B组).监测并比较两组血清TSP-1、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血压、体质量指数(BMI)等指标,计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛β细胞功能指数(HO-MA-β),分析T2DM患者血清TSP-1水平与其他各项指标的相关性.结果 A组患者血清TSP-1水平高于B组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01).相关分析显示,TSP-1与FPG、FINs、HbA1c、HOMA-IR、LDL-C、FIB呈正相关(r=0.691,P=0.000;r=0.233,P=0.020;r=0.771,P=0.000;r=0.605,P=0.000;r=0.293,P=0.017;r=0.412,P=0.000),与HOMA-β呈负相关(r=-0.748,P=0.000).Logistics多元线性逐步回归分析显示,HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-β、FIB、FPG是血清TSP-1的独立影响因素(回归系数分别为0.614、0.211、-0.461、0.200、-0.317,P＜0.01或P＜0.05).结论 新诊断T2DM患者血清TSP-1水平明显升高,且TSP-1水平与胰岛素抵抗有关.     

妊娠期糖尿病患者血清miR-149水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系

【摘要】 目的 探讨妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）患者血清miR-149水平与胰岛素抵抗的关系。 方法 选取2017年1月~2018年8月陕西省人民医院收治的63例妊娠期糖尿病患者设为观察组,选择本院同期产检健康妊娠产妇63例设为对照组,用自动糖化血红蛋白检测仪测定糖化血红蛋白（HbA1c）,用生化分析仪检测受试者餐前空腹血糖(FPG),用免疫测定分析仪检测血清空腹胰岛素（FINS）,计算胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA IR）=FPG×FINS/22.5。采用实时荧光定量PCR（qRT-PCR）法检测所有研究对象血清miR-149表达水平。用Pearson分析miR-149与血糖、胰岛素等指标的相关性。对影响胰岛素抵抗的相关因素进行Logistic回归分析。 结果 与对照组相比,观察组孕妇HOMA-IR、FPG、FINS、HbA1C水平、miR-149水平较高（P＜0.05）;Pearson法分析显示观察组孕妇血清miR-149水平与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR呈正相关（P＜0.05）,与HbA1C无相关性（P＞0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析显示血清miR-149水平升高是影响胰岛素抵抗的危险因素。 结论 妊娠期糖尿病患者血清miR-149水平上调,可能与妊娠期糖尿病孕妇胰岛素抵抗有关。     

血清铁、锌和铁蛋白在孕中期妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的水平变化及其与糖代谢指标的关系分析

目的探讨血清铁、锌和铁蛋白在孕中期妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中的水平变化及其与糖代谢指标的关系。方法回顾性分析2019年6月至2021年6月郑州市第三人民医院收治的200例孕中期妊娠期糖尿病孕妇的临床资料作为观察组,并选取同期孕中期妊娠期血糖正常孕妇200例的产检资料作为对照组。比较两组孕妇血糖代谢指标,血清铁、锌、铁蛋白水平及血清铁、锌、铁蛋白水平与血糖代谢指标的相关性。结果观察组孕妇血清空腹血糖(FPG)、1 h血糖(1hPG)、2 h血糖(2hPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)水平高于对照组;观察组孕妇血清铁、铁蛋白水平高于对照组,而血清锌水平低于对照组(均P<0.05);血清铁水平与血清FPG、1 h PG、2 h PG、FINS、HbA1c、HOMA-IR水平呈正相关关系(r=0.370,0.296,0.326,0.281,0.325,0.342,P<0.05),血清锌水平与血清FPG、1 h PG、2 h PG、FINS、HbA1c、HOMA-IR水平呈负相关关系(r=-0.345,-0.352,-0.527,-0.488,-0.422,-0.341,P<0.05),血清铁蛋白水平与血清FPG、1 h PG、2 h PG、FINS、HbA1c、HOMA-IR水平呈正相关关系(r=0.524,0.624,0.522,0.684,0.528,0.544,P<0.05)。结论血清铁、铁蛋白、糖代谢指标水平在孕中期妊娠期糖尿病孕妇中水平异常升高,而血清锌水平降低,同时血清铁、铁蛋白水平与糖代谢指标水平呈正相关关系,血清锌水平与糖代谢指标水平呈负相关关系。     

2型糖尿病患者体液免疫、细胞免疫变化与胰岛素敏感性的相关性分析

目的 探讨2型糖尿病患者体液免疫、细胞免疫变化与胰岛素敏感性的相关性.方法 回顾性选取2014年1月-2015年12月中南大学湘雅医院附属海口医院内分泌科收治的250例2型糖尿病患者作为2型糖尿病组,另选250例同期健康人群作为对照组.比较2组体液免疫、细胞免疫及糖代谢指标水平;并采用Pearson相关系数分析血清IgA、IgM、全血Th17、Treg水平与胰岛素敏感性的相关性.结果 2型糖尿病组血清IgA、全血Th17、FPG、HbA1c及HOMA-IR水平均高于对照组(P<0.05);血清IgM、全血Treg水平均低于对照组(P<0.05).血清IgA与FPG、FINS、HbA1c、HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.350;0.319;0.347;0.339,P<0.05);血清IgM与FPG、FINS、HbA1c、HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.275,-0.303,-0.317,-0.323,P<0.05);全血Th17与HbA1c、HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.430;0.442,P<0.05);全血Treg与HOMA-IR呈负相关(r=-0.041,P<0.05).结论 相对于健康人群,2型糖尿病患者体液免疫、细胞免疫相对失调,这与FPG、FINS、HbA1c水平升高及胰岛素抵抗密切相关,检测体液免疫、细胞免疫指标水平有助于评估2型糖尿病患者免疫功能及胰岛素敏感性.     

钠-葡萄糖共同转运体2抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性及血清GPC-4的影响

目的:探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者胰岛素敏感性及血清磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖--4(glypican-4,GPC-4)的影响.方法:80例T2DM患者采用达格列净治疗12周,观察血糖、血脂、胰岛素敏感性及血清GPC-4水平的变化.以40例健康人作为正常对照.结果:T2DM组(5.05±0.98)的血清GPC-4水平低于正常对照组(6.42±0.51)(P=0.000),T2DM组经达格列净治疗后血糖(P=0.000)、HbA1c(P=0.000)和HOMA-IR(P=0.000)均降低,而GPC-4水平升高(P=0.000).在T2DM组,HbA1c(β=-0.608,P=0.000)和1/HOMA-IR(β=-2.566,P=0.003)均是血清GPC-4的独立影响因子,但治疗前后GPC-4的升高程度与HbA1c降低程度正相关(r=0.397,P=0.002),与HOMA-IR的变化无关(r=-0.062,P=0.539).结论:达格列净具有降糖、改善胰岛素敏感性和升高循环GPC-4水平的作用,但其对血清GPC-4的影响可能与降糖有关,与其改善胰岛素敏感性的作用无关.     

血清内脂素水平与糖尿病肾病的关系研究分析

目的:研究空腹血清内脂素(Visfatin)水平,及与空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素水平(FINS)等生化指标间的相关性,发现其在糖尿病肾病发生发展中的作用。方法:采用酶联免疫吸附法测定对照组(30例)、初发糖尿病组(45例)、糖尿病肾病组(68例)患者血清Visfatin水平及相关生化指标,应用稳态模型计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。结果:1初发糖尿病组、糖尿病肾病组的空腹血清内脂素水平显著高于对照组水平(P<0.01);糖尿病肾病组空腹血清内脂素水平高于初发糖尿病组水平(P<0.01);2血清内脂素与FPG、FINS、HOMA-IR、HbA1c水平呈正相关(r=0.353、0.503、0.540、0.403,P<0.05);3以血清内脂素为应变量,进行多元线性回归分析,糖化血红蛋白(β=0.197,P=0.002)、胰岛素抵抗指数(β=0.239,P=0.001)进入方程。结论:糖尿病肾病组空腹血清内脂素水平明显高于正常对照组和初发糖尿病组;糖化血红蛋白、胰岛素抵抗指数均是影响血清内脂素含量的关键因素;血清内脂素可能预测2型糖尿病的血糖控制程度,血清内脂素与糖尿病肾病的发生发展可能存在有密切关系。     

血清钙与妊娠糖尿病胰岛素抵抗相关性的研究

目的:探讨血清钙水平与妊娠糖尿病(GDM)患者胰岛素抵抗的相关性。方法:选取100例GDM患者作为观察组,选取100例健康孕妇作为对照组,对所有研究对象的血清钙水平、糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平、胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)进行观察和比较。结果:观察组患者的HOMA-IR均高于对照组,随着HbA1c水平的上升,患者的HOMA-IR出现了显著上升,当HbA1c水平>10%时,患者的血清钙水平出现了显著下降,差异均有统计学意义(q=3.205~3.747,P<0.05);多元线性回归分析结果显示,GDM患者的HOMA-IR与血清钙水平(标化回归系数=-0.513,P<0.05)呈负相关关系,与HbA1c水平呈正相关关系(标化回归系数=0.322,P<0.05)。结论:随着GDM病情的进展,患者表现为血清钙水平的下降和胰岛素抵抗程度的上升,两者具有良好的相关性,血清钙水平可作为反映GDM患者胰岛素抵抗程度的辅助指标。     

2型糖尿病患者抑郁情绪对血糖控制的影响

目的 探讨2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者抑郁情绪对血糖控制的影响.方法 应用Zung抑郁自评量表(SDS)评估抑郁情况,276例T2DM患者分为SDS≥53分(A组)、SDS＜53分(B组).比较两组糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)、空腹血糖(FPG)及胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)等,分析T2DM患者血糖控制的影响因素.结果 T2DM患者SDS标准分与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.26,P＜0.05).多元回归分析显示T2DM患者SDS标准分与HbA1c仍相关(β=0.30,t=5.1,P＜0.05).A组HbA1c水平高于B组(t=3.685,P＜0.05);当校正性别、年龄、受教育程度等因素后,A组HbA1c仍高于B组(F=47.8,P＜0.05).结论 抑郁情绪不利于T2DM患者血糖控制.     

钠-葡萄糖共同转运体2抑制剂对2型糖尿病患者胰岛素敏感性及血清GPC-4的影响

目的:探讨达格列净对2型糖尿病(type 2 diabetes mellitus,T2DM)患者胰岛素敏感性及血清磷脂酰肌醇蛋白聚糖--4(glypican-4,GPC-4)的影响.方法:80例T2DM患者采用达格列净治疗12周,观察血糖、血脂、胰岛素敏感性及血清GPC-4水平的变化.以40例健康人作为正常对照.结果:T2DM组(5.05±0.98)的血清GPC-4水平低于正常对照组(6.42±0.51)(P=0.000),T2DM组经达格列净治疗后血糖(P=0.000)、HbA1c(P=0.000)和HOMA-IR(P=0.000)均降低,而GPC-4水平升高(P=0.000).在T2DM组,HbA1c(β=-0.608,P=0.000)和1/HOMA-IR(β=-2.566,P=0.003)均是血清GPC-4的独立影响因子,但治疗前后GPC-4的升高程度与HbA1c降低程度正相关(r=0.397,P=0.002),与HOMA-IR的变化无关(r=-0.062,P=0.539).结论:达格列净具有降糖、改善胰岛素敏感性和升高循环GPC-4水平的作用,但其对血清GPC-4的影响可能与降糖有关,与其改善胰岛素敏感性的作用无关.     

血清铁蛋白检测在2型糖尿病患者中的应用价值

目的 探讨血清铁蛋白(SF)检测在2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者中的应用价值。 方法 选取2013年2月—2015年10月在海口市人民医院内分泌科就诊治疗的T2DM患者(T2DM组)120例,根据糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)水平分为:疗效良好组(A组)53例和疗效差组(B组)67例,同时选取正常健康人员(NC组)60例,测定血清铁(SI)、血清铁蛋白(SF)、转铁蛋白(TRF)、HbA1c、空腹血糖(FPG)、空腹胰岛素(FINS)并计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)与胰岛β细胞功能(HOMA β-cell),比较T2DM组与NC组、A组与B组上述指标的变化,并分析其相关性。 结果 与NC组比较,T2DM组FPG、HbA1c、FINS、HOMA-IR、SF均升高(P＜0.05),而HOMA β-cell降低(P＜0.05);与A组比较,B组SF及HOMA-IR均升高(P＜0.05),而HOMA β-cell降低(P＜0.05);T2DM患者SF与HbA1c呈正相关(r=0.584,P＜0.05)、与HOMA-IR呈正相关(r=0.451,P＜0.05)、与HOMA β-cell呈负相关(r=-0.468,P＜0.05)。 结论 T2DM患者体内铁代谢紊乱,铁超载可能加重胰岛素抵抗及β细胞的损坏;SF可能是影响其疗效的重要因素,SF高者血糖难控制。      

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.