383例食管癌患者淋巴结转移临床分析

目的了解食管癌淋巴结转移情况方法食管癌病例383例,男273例,女110例;颈段6例,胸上段58例,胸中段267例,胸下段52例。均行根治术,常规病理检查,统计其淋巴结转移情况及治疗情况。结果383例患者中148例显示淋巴结阳性,淋巴结转移率38．6%;共清扫淋巴结3317枚,阳性淋巴结349枚,淋巴结转移频度10．5%。按肿瘤对食管壁的浸润程度,不同的原发灶T分期间淋巴结转移频度差异有显著意义(P＜0．05)。按病变位置,食管中下段间淋巴结转移频度差异有显著意义(P=0．00);按病理分级,Ⅱ、Ⅲ级间淋巴结转移频度差异有显著意义(P=0．02);按X线显示的病变长度＜3 cm、3～5 cm、＞5 cm组的淋巴结转移频度,前两者间差异无显著意义(P=0．145),后两者间差异有显著意义(P=0．00)。结论食管癌淋巴结转移频度与肿瘤在食管壁浸润深度及病变长度呈正相关,根椐术后淋巴结转移情况,术后放疗的价值和方法应重新研究。     

胸段食管癌的淋巴结转移规律及其对确定术后放射治疗靶区范围的价值

目的 分析胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的规律及其影响因素,探讨食管癌术后放疗的靶区范围.方法 收集763例接受根治性切除的胸段食管癌患者的临床病理资料,分析淋巴结转移规律及影响因素.结果 763例胸段食管癌患者共清除淋巴结5846枚,病理证实转移711枚,转移度为12.2%;出现淋巴结转移者297例,转移率为38.9%.胸上段癌淋巴结转移率为28.5%,明显低于胸中段癌(38.8%)和胸下段癌(43.4%).胸上段癌以锁骨上和气管旁淋巴结的转移度和转移率最高.胸中段癌的上行和下行转移均存在,上行主要转移至锁骨上、气管旁和食管旁,下行主要转移至贲门和胃左动脉旁.胸下段癌则主要向食管旁、贲门和胃左动脉旁转移,其中胃左动脉旁的转移度和转移率均显著高于胸上段癌和胸中段癌(均P<0.01).采取左胸单切口的592例患者中,胸上、中、下段癌的淋巴结转移率分别为37.0%、37.9%和41.4%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.715).多因素Logistic回归分析表明,病变长度、浸润深度、脉管瘤栓和远处转移是影响胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的主要因素(均P<0.05).结论 临床上可以根据食管癌的病变长度、浸润深度、脉管瘤栓和远处转移选择需行术后预防照射的患者,根据不同病变部位、不同手术方式及TNM分期,确定术后预防照射的靶区范围.     

根据胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律探讨术后预防性照射范围和适应证

目的 研究胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律,探讨术后预防性照射范围和适应证.方法 选择行根治性切除、胸腹2个野淋巴结清扫术的胸段食管癌229例,分析不同病变部位淋巴结转移主要方式和转移规律,探讨不同病变长度和病理学分期对淋巴结转移度的影响,为胸段食管癌术后预防性照射范围和适应证选择提供参考.结果 胸上段食管癌局部转移达57.1%;胸中段食管癌局部转移、跳跃转移、上行转移、下行转移和双向转移分别为39.0%、19.5%、5.2%、28.6%和7.8%;胸下段食管癌下行转移占72.2%.上纵隔、中纵隔、下纵隔和腹部淋巴结转移度胸上段食管癌分别为19.0%、6.7%、9.8%和14.3%(x2:2.75,P=0.433),胸中段食管癌分别为26.1%、7.4%、11.8%和11.9%(x2=17.98,P=0.000),胸下段食管癌分别为0%、1.6%、5.3%和10.0%(x2=5.96,P=0.051).食管癌标本病变长度≤3、>3～5、>5 cm组淋巴结转移度分别为9.1%、11.6%、11.7%(x2=3.93,P=0.140).Ⅲ期食管癌淋巴结转移度为19.3%,明显高于0～Ⅱ期的4.8%(x2=131.06,P=0.000).结论 胸段食管癌淋巴结转移情况极为复杂且较为广泛,胸上和胸中段食管癌大野照射有一定理论依据,上纵隔应为重点照射区域;而胸下段食管癌似乎可适当缩小照射范围.Ⅲ期患者淋巴结转移度较高,是术后预防性照射的主要适应证.     

1 146例胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的相关因素

目的探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的相关因素和淋巴结转移数的临床意义.方法以1 146例胸段食管鳞状细胞癌单纯手术切除的临床病理资料,应用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线和Spearnam相关分析进行研究.结果全组1 146例食管癌中淋巴结转移380例(转移率33.2%);共清除淋巴结4 270个,其中转移807个(转移度18.9%).肿瘤侵及深度为Tis、T1、T2、T3和T4的淋巴结转移率分别为0、20.0%、25.7%、37.3%和50.0%(P＜0.001).肿瘤长度为＜3.0、3～5.0、5.1～7.0 cm和＞7.0cm的淋巴结转移率分别为12.8%、29.6%、37.3%和46.8%(P＜0.001).细胞分化程度为高中分化和低分化的淋巴结转移率分别为32.4%和48.2%(P=0.014).以上3种因素对淋巴结转移的影响均有统计学差异.性别、年龄、肿瘤部位和病理形态分型对淋巴结转移的影响没有统计学意义.淋巴结转移数为0、1和≥2的5年生存率分别为59.79%、33.38%和9.35%;三组间的的生存率差别具有显著性(P＜0.01).结论淋巴结转移的主要影响因素是肿瘤侵及深度、肿瘤长度和肿瘤细胞分化程度,淋巴结转移数能够反映食管癌切除术患者的预后.     

383例食管癌患者淋巴结转移临床分析

目的了解食管癌淋巴结转移情况方法食管癌病例383例，男273例，女110例；颈段6例，胸上段58例，胸中段267例，胸下段52例。均行根治术，常规病理检查，统计其淋巴结转移情况及治疗情况。结果383例患者中148例显示淋巴结阳性，淋巴结转移率38．6％；共清扫淋巴结3317枚，阳性淋巴结349枚，淋巴结转移频度10．5％。按肿瘤对食管壁的浸润程度，不同的原发灶T分期间淋巴结转移频度差异有显著意义（P〈0．05）。按病变位置，食管中下段间淋巴结转移频度差异有显著意义（P=0．00）；按病理分级，Ⅱ、Ⅲ级间淋巴结转移频度差异有显著意义（P=0．02）；按X线显示的病变长度〈3cm、3～5cm、〉5cm组的淋巴结转移频度，前两者间差异无显著意义（P=0．145），后两者间差异有显著意义（P=0．00）。结论食管癌淋巴结转移频度与肿瘤在食管壁浸润深度及病变长度呈正相关，根椐术后淋巴结转移情况，术后放疗的价值和方法应重新研究。     

食管、贲门（050861～050895）

自体肿瘤细胞疫苗在食管及贲门癌术后的主动免疫研究；慢性食管炎和食管癌旁牯膜上皮癌基因蛋白表达的比较；gp96多肽复合物介导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞对食管腺癌细胞的免疫杀伤作用；全胸段食管切除术纵隔淋巴结转移度的临床研究；甘氨双唑钠(CMNa)对食管癌放射治疗增敏作用的研究；食管癌切除术后纵隔及双锁骨上下区照射的远期生存；     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律与术后放疗范围的探讨

目的 分析胸段食管痛淋巴结转移规律、失败部位,为术后放疗范围提供依据.方法 549例食管癌根治术后患者随机进入单纯手术组(275例)和术后放疗组(274例).术后放疗组术后3～4周开始双锁骨上淋巴引流Ⅸ和全纵隔放疗50～60 Cy分25～30次5～6 周完成.结果 全组1、2个解剖1)(域淋巴结转移者5年生存率分别为31.5%、13.9%(P=0.013),单纯手术组淋巴结转移个数≥2个(82例)的分别为24.8%、4.9%(P=0.046).上、中、下段食管癌淋巴结切除均数分别为13、17、20个,上、中、下段食管癌淋巴结转移率分别为26.1%、49.6%、64.9%(χ2=15.51,P<0.01).胸段食管痛食管旁、纵隔、胃周围(贲门左、贲门右、胃小弯)淋巴结转移率分别为33.2%、12.4%、30.4%(χ2=79.93,P<0.01),在上、中、下段食管痛中食管旁淋巴结阳性率相似(61.5%、65.6%、64.9%,χ2=0.16,P>0.05).在单纯手术组,纵隔淋巴结转移和锁骨上淋巴结转移失败率上、中段分别为26.7%、29.8%和16.7%、14.3%.上段食管癌吻合口的复发率16.7%明显的高于中、下段(3.1%、7.7%,χ2=9.02,P=0.011).结论 食管癌术后生存率受淋巴结转移区域多少的影响.上段食管癌淋巴结转移率低可能与淋巴结清扣个数少有关,发牛在食管旁淋巴结转移率最高,且不受病变部位的影响.上、中段食管癌除纵隔、锁骨上区域的复发率高外,上段食管癌的吻合口也很高,这些部位应是术后放疗的重点.     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素*

目的:探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。方法:选择行根治性手术切除、胸腹二野淋巴结清扫术的229 例胸段食管癌进行研究,手术共清扫淋巴结2 458 枚。分析食管癌不同病变部位淋巴结转移度分布情况以及肿瘤浸润深度、病变长度、大体病理形态、肿瘤分化程度等因素对淋巴结转移的影响。结果:1）102 例食管癌发生淋巴结转移,淋巴结转移率为44.5%（102/229）。 258 枚淋巴结发生转移,淋巴结转移度为10.5%（258/2 458）。2）胸上段食管癌上纵隔、中纵隔、下纵隔和腹腔淋巴结转移度分别为19.0% 、6.7% 、9.8% 和14.2% ;胸中段食管癌分别为26.1% 、7.4% 、11.8% 和11.9% ;胸下段食管癌分别为0、1.6% 、5.3% 和10.0% 。3）Tis期无淋巴结转移。T1、T2、T3、T4 期淋巴结转移率分别为28.6% 、42.9% 、48.3% 和31.3% ;淋巴结转移度分别为7.9% 、10.8% 、10.7% 和10.8% ;T1~T4 期淋巴结转移率和转移度组间比较均无显著性差异（χ2=2.733,P=0.435 和χ2=0.686,P=0.876）。 4）病变长度≤3cm组、
3～5cm组和>5cm组淋巴结转移率分别为45.2% 、43.4% 和46.2% ,淋巴结转移度分别为9.1% 、11.6% 和11.7% ,组间比较差异均不显著（χ2=0.094,P=0.954 和χ2=3.933,P=0.140）。 5）髓质型、溃疡型、蕈伞型和缩窄型食管癌淋巴结转移度分别为14.0% 、9.6% 、4.3% 和18.3%（χ2=19.292,P=0.000）,蕈伞型食管癌淋巴结转移度较低。6）鳞癌、低分化鳞癌淋巴结转移率为42.5% 和75.0%（χ2=4.852,P=0.028）;淋巴结转移度为9.5% 和18.6%（χ2=11.323,P=0.001）。 低分化者易发生淋巴结转移。结论:胸段食管癌淋巴结转移涉及部位多,播散广泛,且食管癌病变早期即可发生癌转移。大体病理形态及肿瘤分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的主要因素。      

胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移强度和淋巴结清扫手术方式分析

背景与目的:淋巴结转移强度包括淋巴结转移数量和淋巴结转移度。淋巴结转移度即术后病理证实的淋巴结转移数和切除淋巴结数的比值。这两个指标是评估食管癌分期和预后的重要指标。本研究探讨胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结转移强度以及影响淋巴结转移强度的因素,进而探讨淋巴结清扫术式。方法:在中山大学附属第二医院手术切除的120例食管鳞癌患者,术中按美国胸科协会(AST)Casson修订淋巴结分组清扫淋巴结。结果:120例胸段食管鳞癌清扫淋巴结2631个,平均每例22个。胸上段食管鳞癌向颈部转移的淋巴结转移度(20.9%)大于胸中段(12.9%)和胸下段食管癌(6.8%)(P<0.05)。胸下段淋巴结向腹部胃周转移淋巴结转移度(37.5%)大于胸中段(17.5%)和胸上段食管癌(7.1%)(P<0.05)。隆突淋巴结转移以中段多见。食管癌浸润深度、食管癌分化、食管环壁生长程度与淋巴结转移强度显著相关(P<0.05),食管癌病变长度与转移强度不相关(P>0.05)。经右胸三野淋巴结清扫术后生存时间优于经左胸二野淋巴结清扫术(P<0.05)。结论:食管癌术中应注意淋巴结转移强度高的区域淋巴结清扫。食管癌浸润深度、食管癌分化、食管环壁生长程度是影响淋巴结转移强度的重要因素。在胸段食管癌淋巴清扫手术中,经右胸三野淋巴结清扫明显优于经左胸二野淋巴结清扫术。     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移率及转移方向

 目的 探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移率及转移方向与各种病理学相关因素之间的联系。方法 回顾性分析了149例伴有淋巴结转移的食管癌根治性手术患者的临床和病理资料。结果 共检出765枚淋巴结，发生转移者336枚，总转移率为43．9％，各组淋巴结的转移率依次为：锁骨上〉纵隔〉胃左动脉区〉食管旁，其中肿瘤浸润深度和分化程度与淋巴结转移率之间的差异有显著性（P=0．003，P=0．049），而肿瘤部位、病变长度与转移率之间的差异无显著性。结论 食管癌垂直转移率远大于横向转移，食管旁淋巴结不能作为食管癌的前哨淋巴结对待，应行颈胸腹三区广泛淋巴结清扫，以减少转移淋巴结的遗留，改善患者的预后。     

Oncogénétique et psycho-oncologie, une collaboration recommandée...

Résumé: La possibilité depuis 1994, de connaître la probabilité individuelle de développer certains cancers a permis de proposer de nouvelles modalités de prévention, de traitements et contribué au développement actuel de loncogénétique. Une meilleure connaissance des répercussions psychologiques tant pour les patients que pour les apparentés est désormais possible et limplication des psycho-oncologues dans ce cadre de la réalisation des tests prédictifs, recommandée. La mission de «messager» qui incombe au «cas-index» doit faire lobjet dune attention particulière. La complexité de linformation et la dimension paradoxale que peut avoir parfois la communication à propos des choix, rend difficile lévaluation de la qualité du consentement. La situation particulièrement délicate dune aide à la décision à légard de la chirurgie prophylactique, exige une collaboration étroite des généticiens et des psycho-oncologues.Les soins de support en oncologie     

The role of papillomaviruses in human cancers

This review comprehensively evaluates the influence of gene-gene, gene-environment and multiple interactions on the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods of studying these interactions and their limitations have been discussed herein. There is a need to develop biomarkers of exposure and of risk that are sensitive, specific, present in the pathway of the disease, and that have been clinically tested for routine use. The influence of inherited variation (polymorphism) in several genes has been discussed in this review; however, due to study limitations and confounders, it is difficult to conclude which ones are associated with the highest risk (either individually or in combination with environmental factors) to CRC. The majority of the sporadic cancer is believed to be due to modification of mutation risk by other genetic and/or environmental factors. Micronutrient deficiency may explain the association between low consumption of fruit/vegetables and CRC in human studies. Mitochondrial modulation by dietary factors influences the balance between cell renewal and death critical in colon mucosal homeostasis. Both genetic and epigenetic interactions are intricately dependent on each other, and collectively influence the process of colorectal tumorigenesis. The genetic and environmental interactions present a good prospect and a challenge for prevention strategies for CRC because they support the view that this highly prevalent cancer is preventable.     

Antifungal combination therapy in localized candidosis

A mouse model of localized candidosis in air-filled subcutaneous cysts imitating thrush has been developed. We have now tested various antifungal combinations in this animal model. Flucytosine (5-FC) + amphotericin B (Amph B) showed the highest efficacy, a clear additive or even synergistic effect was seen. The combination of 5-FC + imidazole or triazole derivative was less efficacious, an additive effect was rare. The combination of 5-FC + Amph B was also tested against Candida albicans strains showing various degrees of 5-FC-resistance. A significant reduction in 5-FC-resistant mutants was seen after the treatment with the combination.     

Les génériques en cancérologie: à molécule identique, médicaments identiques? Les biosimilaires, des super-génériques?

Résumé: Les biosimilaires vont bientôt voir leur apparition en Europe. Comment un laboratoire peut-il aborder le développement de son dossier dAMM? Quelles sont les bases légales et les recommandations officielles? Comment la similarité et/ou le caractère générique peuvent-ils être démontrés? Les règles sont-elles identiques à celles des produits chimiques conventionnels pour lesquels, notamment en cancérologie, il existe des médicaments génériques? Comment faire pour que la sécurité et lefficacité des médicaments biosimilaires soient assurées pour les patients?     

Cancer immunotherapy

Unprecedented progress has seen made in the last decade in the field of cancer immunotherapy. The recent approval of nivolumab （Opdivo）, the first anti-programmed cell death-1 （PD-1） antibody, for metastatic melanoma in Japan, marked a milestone in the rapidly advancing field of cancer immunotherapy. Nivolumab together with ipilimumab （Yervoy）, the anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 （CTLA-4） antibody, are the first 2 drugs in the class of ＂immune checkpoint inhibitors＂ that have delivered impressive responses in patients with metastatic melanoma and renal cell cancer （RCC） as well as a variety of solid tumors.     

Effect of tumor therapeutic irradiation on the mechanical properties of teeth tissue

Tumor irradiation of the head-neck area is accompanied by the development of a so-called radiation caries in the treated patients. In spite of conservative therapeutic measures, the process results in tooth destruction. The present study investigated the effects of irradiation on the demineralization and remineralization of the dental tissue. For this purpose, retained third molars were prepared and assigned either to a test group, which was exposed to fractional irradiation up to 60 Gy, or to a non-irradiated control group. Irradiated and non-irradiated teeth were then demineralized using acidic hydroxyl-cellulose gel; afterwards the teeth were remineralized using either Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee. The nanoindentation technique was used to measure the mechanical properties, hardness and elasticity, of the teeth in each of the conditions. The values were compared to the non-irradiated control group. Irradiation decreased dramatically the mechanical parameters of enamel and dentine. In nonirradiated teeth, demineralization had nearly the same effects of irradiation on the mechanical properties. In irradiated teeth, the effects of demineralization were negligible in comparison to non-irradiated teeth. Remineralization with Bifluorid12 or elmex gelee led to a partial improvement of the mechanical properties of the teeth. The enamel was more positively affected by remineralization than the dentine.     

Consultation multidisciplinaire pour les patients atteints d’une pathologie tumorale (carcinome infiltrant ou lésion précancéreuse) liée à HPV : la consultation multidisciplinaire papillomavirus

Given the recent increase in the number of human papillomavirus (HPV)-induced cancers in other locations than gynaecological, the number of patients with two cancers at distinct sites, and because of the lack of exhaustive data, we decided to create a multidisciplinary network around an HPV consultation at the Georges-Pompidou European Hospital (HEGP). This network aims to set up the best tools for detecting HPV-associated “multisite” precancerous lesions in order to determine the possible impact of dedicated care for this at-risk population. This monthly consultation was created at the HEGP in June 2014. It is currently organized around five consultations: gynaecological, ENT, urological, digestive and immunological. Every patient who has been diagnosed with HPV-related cancer and whose care is provided at the HEGP is offered this particular follow-up: systematically, once the initial lesion has been treated, the patient is convened annually for a day during which it benefits from the consultations mentioned above. A consultation with a psychologist is systematically proposed. Local samples are taken at each site: a cytological examination, the analysis of known predictive and prognostic virological markers are carried out. This study fits more broadly in a theme of clinical and fundamental research around cancers related to HPV.     

Differentiation state and invasiveness of human breast cancer cell lines

Summary Eighteen breast cancer cell lines were examined for expression of markers of epithelial and fibroblastic differentiation: E-cadherin, desmoplakins, ZO-1, vimentin, keratin and ₁ and ₄ integrins. The cell lines were distributed along a spectrum of differentiation from epithelial to fibroblastic phenotypes. The most well-differentiated, epithelioid cell lines contained proteins characteristic of desmosomal, adherens and tight junctions, were adherent to one another on plastic and in the basement membrane matrix Matrigel and were keratin-positive and vimentin-negative. These cell lines were all weakly invasive in anin vitro chemoinvasion assay. The most poorly-differentiated, fibroblastic cell lines were E-cadherin-, desmoplakin- and ZO-1-negative and formed branching structures in Matrigel. They were vimentin-positive, contained only low levels of keratins and were highly invasive in thein vitro chemoinvasion assay. Of all of the markers analyzed, vimentin expression correlated best within vitro invasive ability and fibroblastic differentiation. In a cell line with unstable expression of vimentin, T47D_CO, the cells that were invasive were of the fibroblastic type. The differentiation markers described here may be useful for analysis of clinical specimens and could potentially provide a more precise measure of differentiation grade yielding more power for predicting prognosis.