肌电图监测在听神经瘤手术中的应用

目的 探讨肌电图监测在听神经瘤手术中的应用。方法 收集2016年1月至2017年12月收治的听神经瘤患者术中记录的口轮匝肌和眼轮匝肌的针状电极肌电图（electromyography,EMG）资料,分析术中A trains等自发肌电反应（spontaneous muscle activity,SMA）对术后面神经功能状态的预测作用。结果 61例患者进行了面神经SMA监测,面神经均得到解剖保留。其中53例监测到SMA,33例患者的SMA中出现了A trains,20例患者出现其他形式的SMA。两组患者术后1周面神经功能损伤分别为21例和7例,短期面神经功能损伤差异有统计学意义（P=0.043<0.05）,术后1年面神经功能损伤患者分别为16例和5例,长期面神经功能损伤差异没有统计学意义（P=0.090>0.05）。结论 术中SMA能够帮助术者定位面神经及减少其医源性损伤;A trains较其他SMA类型在评估术后短期（1周）面神经功能损伤方面具有意义,评估术后长期（1年）面神经功能损伤无意义。     

肌电图监测在听神经瘤手术中的应用

目的探讨肌电图监测在听神经瘤手术中的应用。方法收集2016年1月至2017年12月收治的听神经瘤患者术中记录的口轮匝肌和眼轮匝肌的针状电极肌电图(electromyography,EMG)资料,分析术中A trains等自发肌电反应(spontaneous muscle activity,SMA)对术后面神经功能状态的预测作用。结果 61例患者进行了面神经SMA监测,面神经均得到解剖保留。其中53例监测到SMA,33例患者的SMA中出现了A trains,20例患者出现其他形式的SMA。两组患者术后1周面神经功能损伤分别为21例和7例,短期面神经功能损伤差异有统计学意义(P=0. 043 0. 05),术后1年面神经功能损伤患者分别为16例和5例,长期面神经功能损伤差异没有统计学意义(P=0. 090 0. 05)。结论术中SMA能够帮助术者定位面神经及减少其医源性损伤; A trains较其他SMA类型在评估术后短期(1周)面神经功能损伤方面具有意义,评估术后长期(1年)面神经功能损伤无意义。     

Effect of different optic nerve lesions on retinal ganglion cell death in the frog Rana pipiens

Following optic nerve crush in various species of frog, a proportion of the retinal ganglion cells re-establishes functional contact with the optic tectum. However, as much as 50% of the retinal ganglion cells die during this process. The determinants of an individual ganglion cell's fate have not been established. In this study of Rana pipiens, cell survival after optic nerve crush was compared with that after nerve cut followed by stump separation, a procedure that considerably delayed entry of optic axons to the brain. It was also ascertained, in the case of delayed ingrowth, whether application of nerve growth factor immediately after lesion influenced the cell death process. This study confirmed that retinal ganglion cell death is a relatively late event in regeneration, because in several animals where anterograde HRP labeling demonstrated regenerating axons within the tectum, no cell death had occurred. There was no statistically significant difference in cell death at 75 days after lesion between animals receiving nerve crush and those receiving nerve cut with stump separation, even though most crush animals had regenerated a complete visual projection, whereas most nerve cut animals had not. The application of NGF did not influence the level of cell death at 75 days after lesion. These results suggest that contact of optic axons with the optic tract or tectum is not necessary for retinal ganglion cell death to occur. However, this does not necessarily mean that contact with the brain is not involved with cell death during regeneration following nerve crush because it is possible that the mechanisms of cell death are different when axons are prevented from regenerating. Further investigations are therefore required to establish the reasons for this cell death.     

The diagnostic significance of long-latency reflexes in multiple sclerosis

Reflexes of thenar muscles after median or radial superficial nerve stimulation have been investigated in both hands of 47 patients with probable or definite multiple sclerosis (MS) and compared with somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) to median nerve stimulation. A delay or absence of long-latency reflexes (LLRs) was found as pathological patterns. The results after median or radial superficial nerve stimulation were usually both pathologic or both normal except in cases with latencies at the upper limit of normal values. Pathological results of reflex testing were obtained in 61% of the patients with probable MS and in 79% of those with definite MS. Abnormal SEPs were found in 44% of the patients with probable MS compared to 62% with definite MS. All cases which had pathologic SEPs also had pathologic LLR. Hence, LLR testing detected more abnormalities than the routine median nerve SEP testing that has been used.     

Optic nerve sheath decompression for the treatment of visual failure in chronic raised intracranial pressure.

The records of all patients undergoing optic nerve sheath decompression for visual failure in chronic raised intracranial pressure performed over a 15 year period have been reviewed. The aim was to study the visual outcome and relation to any shunting procedures. Fourteen patients (20 eyes) were identified in whom follow up information of at least one year was available. Eleven patients had benign intracranial hypertension (idiopathic intracranial hypertension) and three had dural venous sinus occlusive disease. Eight patients had unilateral surgery and six had bilateral surgery. Visual acuity and fields either improved or stabilised in 17 out of 20 eyes and three deteriorated. Of the eight patients undergoing unilateral surgery, the other eye remained stable in seven and deteriorated in one. Four patients required optic nerve sheath decompression despite previous shunting or subtemporal decompression. Five patients required shunts or subtemporal decompression after optic nerve sheath decompression because of persistent headache in three cases and for uncontrolled visual failure in two cases. No patients lost vision as a direct consequence of surgery. It is concluded that optic nerve sheath decompression is a safe and important therapeutic option in the management of chronic raised intracranial pressure complicated by visual loss. Vision can be saved after shunt failure, and in other cases may be maintained without the need for a shunt. Shunts may still be required, however, after optic nerve sheath decompression, especially for persistent headache.     

Implications of the failure of nerve resection and graft to cure chronic pain produced by nerve lesions.

Seven patients had developed pain and abnormal sensitivity in the area supplied by a single nerve which had been injured. They were treated unsuccessfully for periods ranging from 3 to 108 months by conservative methods including neurolysis, local anaesthesia, sympathetic blocks, guanethidine, transcutaneous stimulation and analgesics. All then had the damaged nerve resected and in five cases a sural nerve graft was inserted to bridge the resected gap. The patients were then examined 20 to 72 months after the operation. In all seven cases pain and abnormal sensitivity of some intensity recurred in the same area and with the same qualitative characteristic as experienced before the operation. This operation should not be done in patients with this condition. Reasons are given to suggest that peripheral nerve damage induces changes in the central nervous system which are not reversed by treatment directed at the area of the original injury.     

Summation of rapid tactile stimuli in parietal lobe disease.

The perception threshold for trains of rapid tactile pulses, applied to the index finger, has been measured in patients with parietal lobe lesions and in patients with median nerve lesions. The former patients had increased perception thresholds for single tactile pulses on the abnormal side. With successively prolonged pulse trains, the threshold decreased exponentially to reach a stable level after 150-400 ms. In contrast, the median nerve patients had increased perception thresholds for tactile pulses irrespective of pulse train duration.     

枕下远外侧入路手术切除颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤

目的 探讨枕下远外侧入路在颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤切除术中的应用效果。方法 回顾性分析2012年12月至2017年12月采用枕下远外侧入路手术治疗的17例颅颈交界区（腹侧3例,腹外侧14例）肿瘤的临床资料。结果 17例术中均暴露良好、充分。14例肿瘤全切（9例脑膜瘤、5例神经鞘瘤）,2例脊索瘤及1例骨源性肿瘤次全切除。术后7例出现原有后组神经功能障碍加重,3例出现新的后组神经功能障碍,术后6个月内恢复8例,2例残留永久性神经功能障碍。术后发生脑脊液漏3例、颅内感染2例,均经积极治疗后好转,无术后颅内血肿、脑积水及临床死亡病例。术后随访0.5~31个月,1例脊索瘤复发。结论 枕下远外侧入路手术是切除颅颈交界区腹侧及腹外侧肿瘤的安全、有效的方法,可依据病灶情况采取个体化的术式。     

听神经瘤术后面神经功能损伤危险因素分析

目的分析影响听神经瘤患者术后短期及长期面神经功能的危险因素。 方法回顾性分析厦门大学附属第一医院神经外科自2015年1月至2018年6月收治的62例听神经瘤患者的临床资料。于术后7 d及术后6个月对所有患者的面神经功能进行评估。收集可能与患者术后早期及长期面神经功能障碍存在相关性的因素,采用Logistic单因素与多因素回归对相关因素与患者术后短期及长期面神经功能的关系进行分析。 结果术后7 d,21例（33.9%）患者面神经功能正常,41例（66.1%）患者出现面神经功能损伤;术后6个月,49例（79.0%）患者面神经功能为正常,13例（21.0%）患者面神经功能损伤。Logistic单因素回归分析结果显示：肿瘤最大直径越大、肿瘤与面神经黏连越紧密,患者术后7 d发生面神经功能损伤的可能性越大（P=0.002、0.002）;术前临床症状持续时间为患者术后6个月面神经功能障碍的危险因素（P=0.035）。Logistic多因素回归分析结果显示：肿瘤与面神经的黏连程度、肿瘤最大直径为患者术后7 d面神经功能障碍的独立危险因素（P=0.003、0.014）;术前临床症状持续时间、肿瘤最大直径为患者术后6个月面神经功能障碍的独立危险因素（P=0.010、0.030）。 结论肿瘤与面神经的黏连越紧密、肿瘤最大直径越大,患者术后7 d发生面神经功能损伤的可能性越大。患者术前临床症状持续时间越长、肿瘤最大直径越大,术后6个月发生面神经功能损伤的可能性越大。     

Gel Matrix Vehicles for Growth Factor Application in Nerve Gap Injuries Repaired with Tubes: A Comparison of Biomatrix, Collagen, and Methylcellulose

The repair of nerve gap injuries with tubular nerve guides has been used extensively as anin vivotest model in identifying substances which may enhance nerve regeneration. The model has also been used clinical nerve repair. The objective of this study was to compare three different gel matrix-forming materials as potential vehicles for growth factors in this system. The vehicles included a laminin containing extracellular matrix preparation (Biomatrix), collagen, and a 2% methylcellulose gel. The growth factor test substance consisted of a combination of platelet-derived growth factor BB (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I). An 8-mm gap in rat sciatic nerve was repaired with a silicone tube containing each of the vehicles alone or with a combination of each vehicle plus PDGF-BB and IGF-I. At 4 weeks after injury, the application of the growth factor combination significantly stimulated axonal regeneration when applied in methylcellulose or collagen, but not in Biomatrix. A similar trend was present between the vehicle control groups. By 8 weeks after injury, nerves repaired with methylcellulose as a vehicle had significantly greater conduction velocity than either collagen or Biomatrix. It was concluded that a 2% methylcellulose gel was the best of the three matrices tested, both in its effects on nerve regeneration and flexibility of formulation.     

Etanercept reduces hyperalgesia in experimental painful neuropathy

Etanercept, a recombinant tumor necrosis factor receptor (p75)-Fc fusion protein competitively inhibits tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Etanercept has been successfully used in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, where it reduces pain and inflammation. Because locally produced proinflammatory cytokines play a role in pain after nerve injury, we investigated whether etanercept can reduce pain and hyperalgesia in an animal model of painful neuropathy, the chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. C57BL/6 mice received etanercept or sham treatment by local near-nerve injection to the injured nerve or by systemic application. Treatment with etanercept reduced thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia significantly in both modes of application. The effect of etanercept was present in animals that were treated from the time of surgery and in those that were treated from day 6, when hyperalgesia was already present. These results suggest the potential of etanercept as a treatment option for patients with neuropathic pain.     

Painful oculomotor nerve palsy - A presenting sign of internal carotid artery stenosis

We report a 72-year-old patient presenting acute painful partial left IIIrd nerve palsy with pupillary involvement. Due to the patient's age and mild hyperlipidemia a microangiopathic ischemic origin was assumed after a compressive or inflammatory cause had been excluded by magnetic resonance imaging, blood and cerebrospinal fluid analyses. Carotid ultrasound examination disclosed a high-grade stenosis of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery (ICA). In the absence of diabetes mellitus, other significant vascular risk factors and leukoencephalopathy indicative of advanced arteriosclerotic disease, we suggest a pathogenetic role of the ICA stenosis in ischemic IIIrd nerve palsy. The frequency of a IIIrd nerve palsy as the presenting symptom in patients with ICA stenosis as well as the frequency of an ICA stenosis being the cause in patients with isolated IIIrd nerve palsy is not well documented in the literature. Both seem to be rare but may be underestimated. We advocate cervicocerebral ultrasound examination in patients presenting IIIrd nerve palsy with no obvious or a presumed ischemic cause.     

Contralateral reinnervation of midline muscles in nonidiopathic facial palsy.

The purpose of this study was to analyze contralateral reinnervation of the facial nerve in eight patients with complete facial palsy after surgery or trauma and seven healthy volunteers. All patients had contralateral reinnervation of facial muscles as demonstrated by electrical nerve stimulation versus none of the control subjects. Four patients had facial muscle movements at the site of the damaged nerve. In one patient this was entirely the result of contralateral reinnervation, whereas the other three patients had innervation both ipsilaterally and contralaterally. This implies that renewed facial muscle activity should be examined considering the origin of the reinnervation, either contralateral or ipsilateral. Contralateral reinnervation is a common phenomenon after total facial palsy and can occur alongside ipsilateral reinnervation. It can be mistaken for adequate reinnervation of the damaged nerve, causing postponement of dynamic reconstruction therapy.     

Management iatrogener N.-accessorius-Läsionen

Lesions of the spinal accessory nerve are usually iatrogenic, especially after lymph node extirpation on the neck. Between 1994 and 2003, 31 patients were operated on in the Neurosurgical Department of the University of Ulm for iatrogenic lesions of the XIth cranial nerve. Of 31 patients, 22 had undergone a previous lymph node extirpation, 2 had been injured during a selective peripheral denervation for spasmodic torticollis, and the other 7 patients by different causes. The neurosurgical intervention was performed 0-19 months after trauma (mean 7.2 months). All patients showed paresis/atrophy of the trapezius muscle, and the abduction of the shoulder was markedly reduced. Additional neck and/or shoulder pain was present in 29 of 31 cases. In seven cases, the nerve was compressed by scar tissue and subsequently treated by external neurolysis. Ten patients underwent an end-to-end anastomosis; autologous sural nerve grafting was necessary in 13 cases. After a mean follow-up of 12.6 months, 7of 31 patients completely recovered. Of 31 patients, 19 experienced partial relief of pain and weakness. Only five patients remained unchanged. The clinical findings after autologous nerve grafting, end-to-end reconstruction, or external neurolysis did not show any significant differences. Microsurgical reconstruction of iatrogenic injury of the spinal accessory nerve is very promising if the interval between trauma and surgical revision is less than 6 months. Up to 12 months, partial recovery can be achieved. Outcome after longer delay is unsatisfactory.     

A novel human volunteer pain model using contact heat evoked potentials (CHEP) following topical skin application of transient receptor potential agonists capsaicin, menthol and cinnamaldehyde

The discovery of transient receptor potential (TRP) receptors has advanced understanding of temperature sensation, and pre-clinical studies have identified TRP as major novel analgesic targets in inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. We systematically investigated the sensory effects and interactions of TRP agonists capsaicin (TRPV1), menthol (TRPM8) and cinnamaldehyde (TRPA1) applied topically to the skin in 14 healthy human participants. Capsaicin lowered heat pain thresholds while warm detection thresholds were unchanged, suggesting an effect purely on nociceptor nerve fibres. The amplitude of contact heat-evoked potentials (CHEP) and evoked pain ratings were negatively correlated after capsaicin, whereas CHEP had been correlated positively without capsaicin in a previous volunteer study. Menthol caused cold hypersensitivity and cinnamaldehyde caused heat hypersensitivity, but neither had an effect on evoked potentials. The CHEP after application of capsaicin show features observed in some patients with painful neuropathy, and could provide a model for development of novel analgesics, particularly TRPV1 antagonists.     

Liquorpheresis eliminates blocking factors from cerebrospinal fluid in polyradiculoneuritis (Guillain-Barré syndrome)

Summary Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) derived from six patients with polyradiculoneuritis (Guillain-Barré syndrome, GBS) treated by liquorpheresis was injected into rat sciatic nerve. By measuring spinal evoked potentials after stimulation of the tibial nerve, we observed slowing or dispersion of nerve conduction in those cases where the CSF had been taken before liquorpheresis. CSF of the same patient, sampled after liquorpheresis, showed minor effects only. Impairment of nerve conduction was seen between 5 and 20 min after injection, normal function being restored on the third day. These results suggest that liquorpheresis eliminates blocking factors from the CSF of patients with GBS. We postulate this as the effect by which liquorpheresis improves neurological symptoms in Guillain-Barré syndrome.Parts of this paper were presented at the symposion of the German Neurological Society, Bad Nauheim, 1989     

神经肌电图监测在选择性脊神经后根切除术中的应用

目的:探讨神经肌电图监测在选择性脊神经后根切除术(SPR)中的应用价值。方法:对5例行SPR患者进行术中电刺激阈值及行为反应观察,对阈值较低、有反应扩散现象的神经小束予以切除。结果:5例行SPR患者,术后4例痉挛性脑性瘫痪患儿术后肌张力明显下降,痉挛获得不同程度解除,1例颈脊髓外伤后痉挛性瘫痪患者肌张力下降,痉挛减轻。5例均无感觉功能障碍、肌张力过低等并发症。结论:根据神经肌电图监测方法来施行SPR简单、可靠。它对如何确定选切比例与范围、最小化手术并发症、最大化肢体痉挛缓解起到重要作用。     

Peripheral neuropathy in primary sjogren syndrome: a population-based study

BACKGROUND: Neurological manifestations appear to be frequently involved in patients with primary Sj?gren syndrome (PSS). OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement of the peripheral nervous system, including small-diameter nerve fibers, in an unselected cohort of patients who fulfilled the new international criteria for PSS. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Stavanger University Hospital. Patients Sixty-two patients with PSS (mean +/- SD age, 57.1 +/- 14.6 years). INTERVENTIONS: Clinical neurologic examinations, conventional nerve conduction studies, and skin punch biopsies. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Signs of large-diameter and small-diameter peripheral nerve fiber neuropathy as determined by clinical examination, nerve conduction studies, and densities of intraepidermal nerve fibers in skin punch biopsy specimens. RESULTS: Seventeen patients (27%) were diagnosed as having neuropathy after clinical examination. The results of nerve conduction studies were abnormal in 34 patients (55%): 19 patients (31%) had motor neuropathy, 8 (13%) had sensory neuropathy, and 7 (11%) had sensorimotor neuropathy. Two patients had intraepidermal nerve fiber densities less than 3.4 fibers per millimeter, fitting the morphologic criteria for small-diameter nerve fiber neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Peripheral neuropathy occurs in a large proportion of patients with PSS, in most cases as a subclinical demyelinating neuropathy. Small-diameter nerve fiber neuropathy is not a frequent finding in these patients.     

A 2-year follow-up survey of 523 cases with peripheral nerve injuries caused by the earthquake in Wenchuan,China

We performed a 2-year follow-up survey of 523 patients with peripheral nerve injuries caused by the earthquake in Wenchuan, Sichuan Province, China. Nerve injuries were classified into three types: type I injuries were nerve transection injuries, type II injuries were nerve compression injuries, and type III injuries displayed no direct neurological dysfunction due to trauma. In this study, 31 patients had type I injuries involving 41 nerves, 419 had type II injuries involving 823 nerves, and 73 had type III injuries involving 150 nerves. Twenty-two patients had open transection nerve injury. The restoration of peripheral nerve function after different treatments was evaluated. Surgical decompression favorably affected nerve recovery. Physiotherapy was effective for type I and type II nerve injuries, but not substantially for type III nerve injury. Pharmacotherapy had little effect on type II or type III nerve injuries. Targeted decompression surgery and physiotherapy contributed to the effective treatment of nerve transection and compression injuries. The Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center score for nerve injury severity declined with increasing duration of being trapped. In the first year after treatment, the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center score for grades 3 to 5 nerve injury increased by 28.2% to 81.8%. If scores were still poor(0 or 1) after a 1-year period of treatment, further treatment was not effective.     

Hormone replacement therapy in hypothyroidism and nerve conduction study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the electrodiagnostic evidence of peripheral nerve dysfunction in patients with hypothyroidism before and after hormone replacement treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty patients aged above 18 years diagnosed with hypothyroidism were included in our study. Patients with FT4 levels below 11.6 pmol/l and TSH levels above 4.2 IU/ml were accepted as hypothyroidic. Electrodiagnostic evaluation was performed at the onset of the study and after 3 months. Electrodiagnostic evaluation included motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, and F wave. RESULTS: The differences between pre- and post-treatment FT4, FT3 and TSH values were found to be statistically significant. At the onset, electrophysiological evaluation revealed carpal tunnel syndrome in 15 patients and polyneuropathy in seven patients; whereas 18 patients were found normal in these respects. After treatment, the electrodiagnostic evaluation revealed that 35 patients were normal, while only two patients had carpal tunnel syndrome and three patients had polyneuropathy. The differences between before and after treatment values of median motor distal latency and amplitude, median sensorial nerve conduction velocity, tibial motor nerve conduction velocity and sural sensory nerve conduction velocity were found to be statistically significant. CONCLUSION: The results of the control evaluation after treatment demonstrated that the findings related to entrapment neuropathy and polyneuropathy in hypothyroid patients can be reversible in a period of 3 months if appropriate hormone replacement treatment can be obtained. Especially in the treatment of entrapment neuropathy in hypothyroidism, the chance of medical treatment must be given to patients before considering surgical treatment.