中药仙鹤复方复配物对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22的抑瘤作用

目的观察中药仙鹤复方复配物对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22的抑瘤作用,探讨该中药复方提取物复配物在肿瘤治疗中的减毒增效作用。方法昆明种小鼠,接种H22后随机分为对照组、顺铂组及中药仙鹤复方复配物高、低剂量组。观察药物对肿瘤的抑制作用及对动物体重、免疫器官重量的影响。结果与对照组相比较,顺铂的抑瘤率达到84.7%(P<0.01),同时小鼠增重减慢,胸腺、脾也受到显著抑制;高、低剂量给药组的抑瘤率分别为47.2%(P<0.01)和64.2%(P<0.01),且两剂量组小鼠体重及免疫器官重量均未见明显改变。结论中药仙鹤复方醇提物和多糖复配后对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22有抗肿瘤的减毒增效作用。     

中药仙鹤复方水提取物对S180肉瘤和H22肝癌细胞在小鼠体内的抗肿瘤作用研究

目的观察中药仙鹤复方水提取物对移植型鼠源S180肉瘤和H22肝癌细胞在荷瘤动物体内抗肿瘤作用。方法昆明种受试小鼠,接种S180肉瘤和H22肝癌细胞后随机分为空白对照组、阳性对照组及中药仙鹤复方水提取物高、中、低3个剂量组。观察中药仙鹤复方水提取物对肿瘤的抑制作用及动物体质量、免疫器官重量的影响。结果中药仙鹤复方水提取物对鼠源移植型S180肉瘤细胞和H22肝癌细胞在荷瘤小鼠体内的增殖均有明显的抑制作用;且对两种荷瘤小鼠的免疫器官脾脏及胸腺均有显著性的保护作用影响。结论中药仙鹤复方水提取物在动物体内具有较好的抑瘤作用,且对荷瘤小鼠免疫器官有保护作用,具备减毒的功效。     

康爱胶囊抗肿瘤作用实验研究

目的研究康爱胶囊急性毒性及对小鼠实体型移植性恶性肿瘤宫颈癌(U14)和腹水型移植性恶性肿瘤肝癌(H22)的抗肿瘤活性。方法测定小鼠灌胃给药LD50,建立实体瘤宫颈癌(U14)和腹水型肝癌(H22)的小鼠模型〔1〕,观察其抗肿瘤作用。结果测得康爱胶囊对小鼠灌胃给药的最大耐受量(MTD)为35.2g·kg-1;1.3g·kg-1,2.5g·kg-1连续灌胃10天对实体瘤宫颈癌(U14)小鼠抑瘤率分别达92.2%(P<0.05),99.3%(P<0.01):2.5g·kg-1,10.0g·kg-1连续灌胃7天对腹水型肝癌(H22)小鼠生命延长率分别达30.7%(P>0.5)、34.6%(P>0.5)。结论康爱胶囊对实体型肿瘤宫颈癌(U14)有明显的抑制作用,且毒性较小。     

细辛不同提取物对小鼠急性毒性实验的比较研究

目的 探讨细辛不同提取物对小鼠急性毒性的影响.方法 制备细辛挥发油提取物组、超临界提取物组、水提取物组,采用经典的急性毒性实验方法进行细辛不同组分小鼠急性毒性比较研究.结果 小鼠的主要急性毒性症状:抽搐、精神不振、呼吸急促等,死亡多集中在用药后12h之内;用药后24h未死亡小鼠的精神、食欲都逐渐恢复,继续观察14d个别小鼠死亡.细辛挥发油提取物、超临界提取物LD50以及95％的可信区间分别为86.9g·kg-1·d-1(62.2 ～120.8g·kg-1·d-1)、7.4g·kg-1·d-1(6.3～8.7g·kg-1·d-1);细辛水提取物未测出LD50,其最大灌胃量(MLD)为30g·kg-1·d-1,相当于临床70kg的成人每公斤体重日用量的76.92倍.结论 细辛不同组分对小鼠急性毒性强度为:细辛超临界组＞细辛挥发油组＞细辛水提取物组,细辛水提取物给予较大剂量,仍没有发现明显的毒性反应,具有较高的安全性,为今后临床上煎剂中使用大剂量的细辛提供了一定的实验支持.     

女贞子提取物的体内抗肿瘤作用

目的：观察女贞子中含有熊果酸和齐墩果酸粗提物的抗肿瘤作用。方法：采用小鼠移植性肿瘤模型，观察了女贞子提取物（Extract of Nu Zhen Zi,ENZZ）对H22肝癌、S180肉瘤荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用，对S180荷瘤小鼠的生命延长作用。结果：女贞子提取物对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22有抑制，ENZZ250mg/kg，500mg/kg，1000mg/kg组平均抑瘤率分别为41.49%、48.32%、45.45%，对S180肉瘤实体型有抑制作用，上述三个剂量的抑瘤率分别为37.50%、44.23%、46.15%；女贞子提取物对S180肉瘤腹水型，H22肝癌腹水型无生命延长作用。结论：女贞子提取物对移植性肿瘤H22肝癌、S180肉瘤有抑制作用。     

中药CHH复方对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑制作用

目的:探讨中药CHH复方对S180肉瘤荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,为实验研究提供数据参考.方法:以环磷酰胺作为对照组,分析5 mg·kg-1,10 mg·kg-1,20 mg·kg-1剂量的中药CHH复方皮下注射,观察对小鼠S180肉瘤的抑瘤率.结果:5 mg·kg-1剂量的抑瘤率27.4%、10 mg·kg-1剂量的抑瘤率41.6%、20 mg·kg-1剂量的抑瘤率66.0%.结论:试验结果提示CHH复方对小鼠肉瘤S180有明显的抑制作用.     

川陈皮素对肝癌细胞的抑制作用

目的 研究川陈皮素对肝癌细胞的抑制作用.方法 不同浓度的川陈皮素作用于人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721细胞,用MTF法、细胞生长曲线实验研究其对SMMC-7721细胞的生长抑制作用,Giemsa染色观察细胞形态变化,初步研究其体外抑瘤作用;建立小鼠H22肝癌移植性实体瘤模型,研究川陈皮素对肝癌的体内抑制作用.结果 MTT法提示川陈皮素为2～128mg·L-1时,对SMMC-7721的48 h抑制率为3%～80%,IC50为26.2 mg·L-1;生长曲线提示,川陈皮素对SMMC-7721细胞的抑制作用呈明显时效和量效关系;Giemsa染色后细胞、细胞核出现明显的凋亡形态学变化;体内实验表明,川陈皮素500 mg·kg-1,ig给药10 d,对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22抑制率为48.35%(P＜0.01),并呈剂量依赖性.结论 川陈皮素对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721具有明显体外抗增殖作用,对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22有一定的抑制作用.     

马钱子 天南星对小鼠移植性肿瘤H_(22)的抑瘤作用

目的观察马钱子、天南星水提取液对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22的抑瘤作用,探讨这两种中药在肿瘤临床应用的合理性。方法昆明种小鼠,接种H22后随机分为对照组、环磷酰胺组及给药高、低剂量组,观察药物对肿瘤的抑制作用及对动物体重、免疫器官重量的影响。结果与对照组相比较,环磷酰胺的抑瘤率达到56.6%(P<0.01),同时小鼠增重减慢,胸腺、脾也受到显著抑制;高剂量给药组的抑瘤率为38.9%(P<0.05),低剂量组作用不明显。但两剂量组小鼠体重及免疫器官重量均未见明显改变。结论马钱子、天南星水提取液在一定剂量下对小鼠移植性肿瘤H22的生长有明显的抑制作用,且对小鼠的免疫器官无明显损害,其在肿瘤临床中的应用具有一定的合理性。     

灵芝孢子多糖抗移植性肿瘤实验研究

目的研究灵芝孢子多糖的抗癌作用。方法采用小鼠抗移植性肿瘤实验方法。结果灵芝孢子多糖分别以150 mg.kg-13、00 mg.kg-1和600 mg.kg-1剂量连续12天灌胃给药,对小鼠移植性肝癌Heps的抑瘤率为53.77%~65.25%;连续8天灌胃给药,对小鼠移植性肉瘤S180的抑瘤率为50.39%~55.04%,皆呈良好的抑瘤作用。灵芝孢子多糖可分别提高Heps和S180荷瘤小鼠的脾指数和胸腺指数。结论灵芝孢子多糖有良好的抑瘤作用,并可增强Heps和S180荷瘤小鼠的非特异性免疫功能。     

参莪汤有效组分体内抗肿瘤作用量-效关系研究

目的探讨参莪汤有效组分对肝癌H22肿瘤小鼠体内抗肿瘤的“量-效”关系,为新药开发提供客观实验依据。方法采用H22腹水瘤细胞接种的方法,建立H22肿瘤小鼠动物模型,给予不同剂量的参莪汤有效组分,连续灌胃给药9天,末次给药后24h,取瘤块、胸腺、脾脏,计算抑瘤率和脏体比值。观察药物对H22荷瘤小鼠的抑瘤作用,碳粒廓清检测对小鼠单核巨噬细胞吞噬功能的影响。结果通过对各组小鼠抗肿瘤作用分析,参莪汤有效组分在8．31-70．72g·kg-1剂量范围内能抑制肝癌H22小鼠肿瘤生长,增加小鼠脾指数和胸腺指数,增强小鼠单核巨噬细胞的吞噬功能。结论参莪汤有效组分在8．31～34．65g·kg-1剂量范围内具有抗肿瘤作用,呈现一定“量-效”关系,其抗肿瘤作用的最佳剂量为34．65g·kg-1,最小有效量为8．31g·kg-1,在一定剂量范围内,随剂量增加,抑制作用增强,呈现一定的剂量依赖关系,达到最高效应时,抗肿瘤作用不再随剂量增加而增强。参莪汤有效组分通过免疫调节提高小鼠免疫功能达到抑制肿瘤作用。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.