血糖调节异常者血脂代谢的初步研究

目的初步评价血糖调节受损患者血脂代谢异常情况。方法检测糖耐量正常(NGT)、单纯空腹血糖异常(IFG)、单纯糖耐量异常(IGT)、空腹血糖异常合并糖耐量异常(IFG IGT)和糖尿病(DM)患者空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖及空腹血清总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、载脂蛋白A-I(apo A-I)和载脂蛋白B(apo B)水平,计算非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(non-HDL-C)和血浆致动脉硬化指数(AIP),比较各组间血清脂质成分的差异。结果IFG组血清TC、LDL-C、non-HDL-C和apo B水平较NGT组明显升高(P<0.01),而TG、HDL-C、AIP差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IGT组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、non-HDL-C、apo A-I、apo B和AIP水平较NGT组显著升高(P<0.01),前6项指标与IFG IGT组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。IFG IGT组与NGT组比较,各指标差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01);HDL-C、non-HDL-C和AIP水平与IFG组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。DM组表现出典型的DM性脂代谢紊乱伴AIP水平显著异常。non-HDL-C和apo B间存在良好的相关性(P<0.01)。结论血糖调节受损者不同程度的存在血脂代谢异常,主要表现为TC、TG、LDL-C、non-HDL-C和apo B水平的升高和HDL-C、apo A-I的降低,伴不同程度AIP水平的改变。     

血糖调节异常者血脂代谢的初步研究

目的初步评价血糖调节受损患者血脂代谢异常情况。方法检测糖耐量正常（NGT）、单纯空腹血糖异常（IFG）、单纯糖耐量异常（IGT）、空腹血糖异常合并糖耐量异常（IFG＋IGT）和糖尿病（DM）患者空腹血糖和餐后2 h血糖及空腹血清总胆固醇（TC）、三酰甘油（TG）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）、载脂蛋白A-I（apo A-I）和载脂蛋白B（apo B）水平,计算非高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（non-HDL-C）和血浆致动脉硬化指数（AIP）,比较各组间血清脂质成分的差异。结果IFG组血清TC、LDL-C、non-HDL-C和apo B水平较NGT组明显升高（P〈0.01）,而TG、HDL-C、AIP差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。IGT组血清TC、TG、LDL-C、non-HDL-C、apo A-I、apo B和AIP水平较NGT组显著升高（P〈0.01）,前6项指标与IFG＋IGT组差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。IFG＋IGT组与NGT组比较,各指标差异均有统计学意义（P〈0.01）;HDL-C、non-HDL-C和AIP水平与IFG组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。DM组表现出典型的DM性脂代谢紊乱伴AIP水平显著异常。non-HDL-C和apo B间存在良好的相关性（P〈0.01）。结论血糖调节受损者不同程度的存在血脂代谢异常,主要表现为TC、TG、LDL-C、non-HDL-C和apo B水平的升高和HDL-C、apo A-I的降低,伴不同程度AIP水平的改变。     

糖耐量减低者胰岛素抵抗、胰岛B细胞功能及相关代谢指标分析

目的分析糖耐量减低者的胰岛素抵抗、胰岛B细胞功能及相关代谢指标。方法根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT),将243例入选者分为糖耐量减低组(IGT组,108例)及糖耐量正常组(NGT组,135例),测定空腹及服糖后2小时胰岛素(2 hINS)、空腹甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、游离脂肪酸(FFA),计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)、胰岛素分泌指数(HOMA-β)及葡萄糖处置指数(DI)。结果①IGT组HOMA-IR水平显著高于NGT组(0.56±0.25 vs 0.40±0.20,P<0.01);②IGT组DI水平显著低于NGT组(1.66±0.16 vs 2.66±0.21,P<0.01);③IGT组TG、FFA、FINS2、hINS显著高于NGT组(P<0.01),HDL-C显著低于NGT组(P<0.01);两组间TC、LDL-C、HOMA-β差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论糖耐量减低者以胰岛素抵抗及高胰岛素血症为主,脂毒性在这一过程中起重要作用。     

不同葡萄糖代谢异常患者血脂特点的研究

目的 了解不同葡萄糖代谢(糖代谢)异常状态患者血脂异常的特点,为不同糖代谢异常状态下血脂监测项目的 选择及干预治疗侧重点提供循证检验医学的证据.方法 选取254名受试者(其中男性149人,女性105人)进行OGTT试验和TC,TG,HDL-C,LDL-C,ApoA1和ApoB等血脂指标的检测.根据OGTT结果 分为正常糖耐量(NGT)、单纯空腹血糖受损(I-IFG)、单纯糖耐量受损(I-IGT)、IFG并发IGT(IFG/IGT)和糖尿病(DM)5组,比较各组血脂指标值及其异常丰,对所有糖代谢异常的各血脂指标与空腹血糖(FPG)和OGTT 2 h血糖(2 hPG)进行Spearman线性相关分析.结果 ①TG,LDL-C水平在DM组、IFG/lGT组和IGT组明显高于NGT组(P＜0.01)和IFG组(P＜0.05),DM组、IGT/IFG组、I-IGT组和IFG组TC水平和高TC血症检出丰相近(P＞0.05),且均明显高于NGT组(P＜0.05),HDL-C水平DM组明显低于NGT组(P＜0.05),但各组低HDL-C血症检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),各组间ApoA1和ApoB水平及其异常检出率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②TG与2 h PG(r=0.201,P＜0.01),FPC,(r=0.119,P＜0.05)存在明显的正相关,LDL-C与2 h PC,存在着明显的正相关(r=0.132,P＜0.05).结论 低HDL-C血症、低ApoA1血症和高ApoB血症可能不是糖代谢异常最典型的血脂异常特点之一,高TG,TC,LDL-C血症是DM和IGT,IGT/IFG血脂异常的特点,IFG血脂异常的特点是高TC血症.     

不同糖耐量人群胰岛素抵抗指数及血管内皮功能变化的意义

目的探讨空腹血糖调节受损(IFG)、糖耐量减低(IGT)、糖尿病(DM)等高血糖人群的胰岛素抵抗指数(IR)及血管内皮功能变化的意义。方法选择不同糖耐量且不伴心血管及其他疾病的183例,按糖耐量分为IFG组47例、IGT组52例、DM组41例、糖耐量正常组(NGT)43例,分别检测血糖、胰岛素、血脂,计算IR,并应用高分辨率血管外超声监测肱动脉血管内皮功能,比较各组空腹血糖、餐后2 h血糖、IR及血管内皮功能。结果IFG组、IGT组、DM组空腹胰岛素及餐后胰岛素均高于NGT组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);DM组空腹胰岛素高于IGT组,而DM组餐后胰岛素高于IFG组及IGT组,IGT组餐后胰岛素高于IFG组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);IFG组、IGT组、DM组的IR高于NGT组;反应性充血时肱动脉血管内径变化在NGT组、IFG组、IGT组、DM组依次降低,两两比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论IGT人群表现出IR增高,发展到DM阶段更为严重,在血糖升高的同时往往合并脂代谢紊乱;IGT期血管内皮功能开始下降,至DM期更为明显。     

糖代谢异常患者血清胰岛素及脂质代谢状况分析

目的研究糖代谢异常患者血清胰岛素(INS)及脂质代谢状况和彼此间关系,探讨INS抵抗对血脂的影响。方法选取符合糖代谢异常标准的患者184例,分成空腹血糖异常(IFG)组和糖耐量异常(IGT)组,分别检测胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和空腹INS,计算INS抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)和血浆致动脉粥样硬化指数(AIP),并分析相互关系。结果糖代谢异常患者血脂和HOMA-IR均高于正常对照,IFG组和IGT组INS、TG、HOMA-IR以及AIP差异有统计学意义。HOMA-IR与TG呈正相关(r2=0.6422),与HDL-C呈负相关(r2=0.5850),HOMA-IR与AIP呈正相关(r2=0.7782)。结论糖代谢异常患者伴有血脂代谢异常,TG升高的程度与INS抵抗有关。     

空腹血糖受损患者血脂改变情况分析

目的探讨空腹血糖受损(impaired fasting glucose,IFG)患者血脂成分的改变情况。方法收集23例正常糖耐量(NGT)者和新诊断的44例IFG患者的临床资料,分别测定血脂谱。结果IFG患者血清甘油三酯(TG)水平显著高于NGT组(P<0.05),高密度脂蛋白—胆固醇(HDL-C)值明显低于NGT组(P<0.01)。结论新诊断的IFG患者已经存在血脂代谢异常。     

血糖调节异常者胰岛素抵抗及胰岛β细胞功能研究

目的研究胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能与中国人血糖调节异常(IGR)的关系。方法根据口服葡萄糖耐量试验(OGTT)将209例受试者分为正常糖耐量(NGT)组、空腹血糖受损(IFG)组、糖耐量减退(IGT)组、IFG/IGT组和糖尿病(DM)患者组,用胰岛素敏感指数(ISI-COM)评价胰岛素抵抗(IR),用调整β细胞功能指数(modifiedβcell function index,MBCI)评价β细胞功能,并用早期胰岛分泌指数(△I30/△G30)评价急性期胰岛分泌功能,OGTT胰岛素曲线下面积评价二相期胰岛素分泌功能。结果IGR各组与DM组ISI-COM较NGT组有显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),而IGR各组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。IFG组和IGT组β细胞功能较NGT组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),而IFG/IGT组与DM组间差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。各病例组早期胰岛分泌功能亦较NGT组有显著性降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.01),IGT组与IFG组间差异也有统计学意义(P0.01)。结论IGR各阶段均存在不同程度的IR和β细胞功能异常,其中IFG和IGT有不同的发病机制和过程,提示对于不同糖代谢异常的患者需要不同的治疗方式,以延缓血糖代谢异常的进展。     

老年人不同糖耐量状态胰岛素抵抗和胰岛β细胞功能的研究

目的观察老年人群中空腹血糖受损(IFG)、糖耐量受损(IGT)和糖调节受损(IFG/IGT)三种不同糖耐量状态下的胰岛素抵抗(IR)和胰岛β细胞功能的变化,了解其发病机制。方法筛选60~75岁的IFG40例,IGT60例,IGT/IFG40例,正常糖耐量(NGT)70例。HOMA-IR评价胰岛素抵抗,HBC I和I30/G30分别评价基础及糖负荷后早期胰岛β细胞功能。结果(1)HOMA-IR:IFG、IFG/IGT和IGT组明显高于NGT组,P<0.01,IFG/IGT组高于IFG和IGT组,P<0.01;(2)HBC I:IFG组和IFG/IGT组明显低于NGT和IGT组,P<0.01;(3)I30/G30:IGT组和IFG/IGT组明显低于NGT组及IFG组,P<0.01。结论老年人群IFG主要表现基础状态下β细胞功能受损伴有胰岛素抵抗,IGT主要表现为早期胰岛素分泌缺陷,IFG/IGT胰岛β细胞早期胰岛素分泌功能受损更明显,胰岛素抵抗更严重。     

糖调节受损合并良性前列腺增生症患者血清瘦素和胰岛素抵抗与前列腺体积的相关性研究

目的研究糖调节受损(IGR)合并良性前列腺增生症(BPH)患者血清瘦素(Lep)和胰岛素抵抗(IR)与前列腺体积(PV)的相关性。方法选取IGR且无BPH者100例,其中空腹血糖受损(IFG)组50例(IFG+non-BPH组),糖耐量异常(IGT)组50例(IGT+non-BPH组);IGR合并BPH者100例,其中IFG+BPH组50例,IGT+BPH组50例;健康对照组50例(NC组)。测量各组人群的身高、体重、腰围、臀围,测量空腹血糖、胰岛素、Lep、血脂、血清前列腺特异抗原(PSA),超声检测前列腺大小并计算体积,采用稳态模型评估法计算胰岛素抵抗指数(HOMA-IR)。探讨IGR合并BPH时Lep、IR及相关参数即体重指数(BMI)、腰臀比(WHR)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、甘油三酯(TG)与PV的相关性。结果 IGR组BMI、WHR、TG、LDL-C、FPG、Lep、HOMA-IR显著高于NC组(P<0.05)。IGT+BPH组Lep、HOMA-IR、TG、LDL-C水平高于IFG+BPH组(P<0.05)和IGT+non-BPH组(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示PV与Lep、HOMA-IR、TG呈正相关,与HDL-C呈负相关。结论高血清Lep和IR共同参与了IGR合并BPH患者前列腺增生的发生和发展,糖脂代谢紊乱是PV增大的危险因素。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.