金属内支架置入联合三维适形放射治疗肝癌合并门静脉癌栓

目的 研究金属内支架置入联合三维适形放射治疗对原发性肝癌合并门静脉癌栓的治疗效果. 方法回顾性分析22例肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者,其中门静脉支架置入联合适型放射治疗组(A组)10例,门静脉支架置入和经动脉化疗柃塞组(B组)12例.比较两组患者治疗后的不良反应发生情况及治疗前后肝功能变化情况,随访4、6、12个月的支架通畅率和3、6、12个月的生存率.肝功能比较采用Wilcoxon符号秩检验,支架通畅率曲线和生存率曲线的比较采用Log rank检验. 结果两组患者均成功建成门静脉通路,并通过经皮肝穿刺门静脉分支路径成功置放支架,门静脉狭窄均得到开通.患者均未发生腹腔出血,但术后均有不同程度的腹痛、发热、恶心、呕吐、肠胀气等症状,通过对症处理均在l周内缓解.A组患者均完成治疗,Ⅰ～Ⅱ度胃肠反应3例,Ⅰ～Ⅱ度骨髓抑制2例,对症处理后完全缓解.A组患者的4、6、12个月支架通畅率分别为90%,70%、30%,B组分别为50%,25%.16.7%,两组的通畅率曲线差异有统计学意义(χ<'2>=4.33,P<0.05).A组患者的3、6、12个月生存率分别为100%、80%、30%,B组分别为91.7%、41.7%,16.7%,对两组的生存率曲线差异有统计学意义(χ<'2>=4.05,P<0.05). 结论采用支架置入并联合三维适形放射治疗对肝癌伴门静脉癌栓有较好的疗效,且对肝脏的损害相对较小.     

重组人血管内皮抑制素联合肝动脉介入治疗对中晚期肝癌无疾病进展生存期的影响

目的观察重组人血管内皮抑制素(恩度)联合肝动脉介入治疗对中晚期肝癌无疾病进展生存期的影响。方法选取2011年3月-2015年5月福建省肿瘤医院收治的86例中晚期肝癌患者,按照配对设计分为治疗组和对照组。治疗组(n=43)采用恩度联合肝动脉介入治疗;对照组(n=43)采用肝动脉介入治疗联合口服中药肝复乐。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验,计量资料组间比较采用t检验。Kaplan-Meier法进行生存分析,单因素分析采用Log-rank法,多因素回归分析采用Cox比例风险模型。结果治疗组和对照组的中位无疾病进展生存期分别为154 d[95%可信区间(95%CI):94~214 d]、70 d(95%CI:39~101 d),两组比较差异具有统计学意义(χ2=10.741,P=0.001)。单因素分析显示,肝硬化严重程度、肿瘤个数、门静脉主干癌栓/下腔静脉癌栓是中晚期肝癌患者预后的影响因素(χ2值分别为8.182、9.150、6.565,P值分别为0.004、0.027、0.038);多因素分析显示,肝硬化严重程度、门静脉主干癌栓/下腔静脉癌栓是恩度联合肝动脉介入治疗影响中晚期肝癌无疾病进展生存期的独立预后因素(P值分别为0.028、0.013)。结论恩度可延长中晚期肝癌介入治疗后的无疾病进展生存期,但对严重肝硬化、门静脉主干癌栓/下腔静脉癌栓患者优势不明显。     

19例原发性肝癌心脏转移患者超声特征表现和预后分析

目的 总结肝细胞癌(HCC)心脏转移的超声表现特征,并分析其预后。方法 2013年1月～2019年5月我院收治的19例HCC心脏转移患者,回顾分析患者心脏超声表现,总结其特征,并随访其预后。结果 16例(84%)在肝癌相邻的肝静脉内可见实性回声,并延续至下腔静脉和右心房,3例(16%)肝癌相邻下腔静脉内可见实性回声,并延续至右心房;13例(68%)为混合回声,6例(32%)为低回声;15例(79%)边界清晰,16例(84%)形态不规则;19例(100%)右心房癌栓内未见血流信号;12例(63%)右心房癌栓随心动周期活动,活动规律与心动周期无关,7例(37%)右心房癌栓随心动周期活动不明显;3例(16%)累及右室流入道;本组患者发现右心房肿瘤转移后生存时间为25～412天,其中2例患者出现急性肺栓塞。结论 肝静脉-下腔静脉-右心房或下腔静脉-右心房连续性癌栓是本病最重要的超声表现,本病患者生存时间短,可并发急性肺栓塞而死亡。     

丙型肝炎相关性肝癌合并右心房癌栓经肝动脉化疗栓塞术后行索磷布韦联合利巴韦林抗病毒治疗1例报告

正原发性肝癌(以下简称肝癌)是最常见的恶性肿瘤之一,在我国其死亡率在恶性肿瘤中居第2位。HCV慢性感染者发生肝癌的风险是普通人群的15~20倍,HCV慢性持续感染30年后,发生肝癌的概率为1%~3%。肝癌常侵犯肝静脉、门静脉、下腔静脉形成癌栓,而累及右心房形成癌栓者较罕见。现将收治的丙型肝炎相关肝癌合并右心房癌栓,经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(TACE)后给予索磷布韦联合利巴韦林抗病毒治疗患者1     

门静脉支架及经动脉药物治疗栓塞联合或未联合血管内植入碘-125粒子条治疗肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓的比较

目的 比较门静脉支架及经动脉药物治疗栓塞(TACE)联合或未联合血管内植入碘-125(125I)粒子条治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉主干癌栓的疗效.方法 对106例(男94例,女12例,平均年龄53.23岁)在我院接受TACE治疗的原发性肝癌合并门静脉主干癌栓患者的资料进行回顾性分析,其中56例(A组)在门静脉内植入支架及125I粒子条,余50例(B组)仅在门静脉内植入支架.分别对两组患者的生存期、支架通畅率及相关不良事件进行分析.对治疗前后各测量值的改变采用配对样本t检验,计数资料采用x2检验,用Kaplan-Meier法分析生存时间及支架通畅期.结果 门静脉内植入支架及125I粒子条的技术成功率为100％,无严重相关不良事件发生.两组患者中位生存期分别为335 d(A组)及146 d(B组),P=0.001(P＜0.05)及HR=2.244;两组患者支架的中位通畅期分别为400d (A组)及190d(B组),P=0.005(P＜0.05)及HR=2.479.结论 门静脉支架及TACE联合血管内植入125I粒子条能显著延长原发性肝癌伴门静脉主干癌栓患者的生存期.     

腔内植入125Ⅰ粒子条联合经肝动脉化疗栓塞术治疗肝癌合并广泛性门静脉栓的效观察

目前,原发性肝癌(HCC)患者的5年生存率尚不到10％.HCC易侵犯门静脉形成癌栓,几率高达30.0％～60.2％[1].门静脉癌栓(portal vein tumor thrombus,PVTT)形成被认为是影响HCC预后的独立因素[2].我科自2008年采用腔内植入125Ⅰ粒子条及支架联合经肝动脉化疗栓塞术(transcatheter arterial chemoembolization,TACE)治疗HCC合并门静脉主干癌栓取得了良好的疗效[3].但该疗法要求患者的门静脉二级分支血流必须通畅,部分晚期原发性肝癌患者往往出现广泛性PVTT,因门静脉二级分支血管闭塞,或癌栓超过肠系膜上静脉或脾静脉,无法放置内支架.故我们采用B超引导下经皮门静脉腔内125Ⅰ粒子条联合TACE治疗HCC合并PVTT.     

食管支架置入联合局部化疗药物注射治疗晚期食管癌的疗效观察

目的探讨食管支架置入联合局部化疗药物注射治疗晚期食管癌的疗效。方法随机将62例食管癌晚期患者分成治疗组和对照组。治疗组32例患者采用食管支架置入联合局部化疗药物注射,对照组30例患者采用单纯的食管支架置入术。结果两组患者均成功置入食管支架,有效解除进食梗阻。治疗后1个月至半年内进行胃镜复查,了解梗阻解除情况,治疗组疗效明显优于对照组。结论食管支架置入联合局部化疗药物注射治疗晚期食管癌病人的疗效好,延长了患者寿命,改善了生存期生活质量。     

肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术治疗晚期肝癌的多中心Ⅱ期临床研究

正门静脉癌栓是肝癌重要并发症。来自日本的Nagamatsu H等作了一项前瞻性多中心试验,评估了将顺铂联合5-氟尿嘧啶悬浮在碘油中的肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术治疗肝癌患者门静脉癌栓的疗效。共纳入52例肝癌门静脉癌栓患者,均接受将顺铂联合5-氟尿嘧啶悬浮在碘油中的肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞术。主要有效终点为无进展生存期,次要终点为总体生存期、肿瘤应答率、安全性和耐受性,并对生存的独立因素进行了评价。研究结果显示,中位无进展生存期和总生存期分别为8.6和27.0个月。10例患     

放射加血管内支架治疗癌性上腔静脉压迫综合征临床观察

采用血管内支架置入加化疗治疗癌性上腔静脉压迫综合征患者18例,与16例单用化疗者比较,其总有效率高,患者治疗后1、3a存活率高。     

经皮穿刺内支架置入联合区域性动脉化疗栓塞治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的 观察经皮肝穿刺胆管内支架置入联合区域性动脉化疗的方法进行栓塞治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效.方法 梗阻性黄疸患者68例,采用经皮肝穿刺支架置入术(PTCD)联合肝动脉灌注化疗栓塞(TACE)观察治疗成功率、并发症及临床效果.结果 PTCD成功率100%,Ⅰ期支架置入成功率78.6%(44/56),Ⅱ期支架置入成功率100%(12/12).术后并发PTCD引流管脱落2例,腹腔出血2例.随访62例(6个月～3 a),平均生存时间为18.2个月.结论 采用PTCD联合TACE治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸,成功率高,并发症少,可延长患者生存期.     

Surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium: report of a successful resection without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass

Hepatocellular carcinomas, of which the tumor thrombus extends into the right atrium via the inferior vena cava, may soon cause fatal complications. Only surgery can be an effective treatment. This procedure usually needs the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass. We recently experienced a successful surgery to remove thrombus combined with hepatectomy. Reporting the detailed technique, both associated diagnosis and intraoperative management are discussed herein. We were able to perform hepatectomy of tumor thrombus in the right atrium without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass or veno-venous bypass. The tumor thrombus was removed from the right atrium into the suprahepatic inferior vena cava by reducing the liver on the tail side. And after total hepatic vascular exclusion was achieved, the intracaval tumor thrombus and the right lobe of the liver were removed en bloc. The operation took 545 minutes and the total hepatic vascular exclusion period was 32 minutes. The postoperative course was uneventful. There are some key points for this procedure. Preoperative or intraoperative US is essential in judging whether tumor thrombus can be removed from the right atrium into the inferior vena cava by reducing the liver or not. Test clamping of the inferior vena cava prior to total hepatic vascular exclusion will enable us to judge whether veno-venous bypass during total hepatic vascular exclusion is needed or not. Surgery without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass is safe and can be minimally invasive when it is performed with a reliable diagnosis and technique.     

Inferior vena caval tumor thrombus extending into the right atrium in a patient with pancreatic cancer

Venous thromboembolism is a common complication in patients with cancer and an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Idiopathic thrombosis, migratory or recurrent thrombophlebitis may be the first manifestation of an occult malignancy. While deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are the most common thrombotic conditions in patients with malignant disease, tumor thrombus may be seen in inferior vena cava, mainly in patients with renal cell carcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, testicular tumors or adrenal carcinoma. Although pancreatic cancer is one of the cancers that are most strongly associated with thrombotic complications along with cancers of ovary and brain, there has been no report about presence of thrombus in the inferior vena cava in pancreatic cancer. We report a female patient with pancreatic cancer associated with tumor thrombus extending from the inferior vena cava to the right atrium     

Small hepatocellular carcinoma with intravascular tumor growth into the right atrium

A 66-year-old man with ascites and marked edema in the lower extremities was suspected of having secondary Budd-Chiari syndrome due to primary liver cancer, based on imaging diagnosis, i.e., ultrasonography, computed tomography, and inferior venacavogram. At autopsy, an encapsulated small liver cancer was found to have extended into the inferior vena cava and right atrium. There have been few reports of small hepatocellular carcinoma with intravascular tumor growth into the right atrium.     

Growth of hepatocellular carcinoma into the right atrium. Report of five cases

Five patients had hepatocellular carcinoma growing into the right atrium. Clinically, all patients had edema in the legs, venous dilatation in the abdominal wall, ascites, and dyspnea. Paroxysmal aggravation of dyspnea and its alleviation by a left decubitus position were noted in three patients. Three patients developed shock after a change in posture. A gallop rhythm in the cardiac murmur was detected in two. Pathologically, all livers had hepatocellular carcinoma and macronodular cirrhosis. At autopsy, a tumor thrombus was found that completely occluded the right hepatic vein and extended into the inferior vena cava and right atrium, partially occluding the inferior vena cava. Antemortem diagnosis of right atrial tumor thrombi in patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma is difficult, but the condition should be suspected when dyspnea, abnormal cardiac sounds, and shock develop.     

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the liver

We report on a 43-year-old man with a primary sarcoma of the liver. The patient was admitted to the hospital for evaluation of dyspnea, abdominal pain in the right upper quadrant, diarrhea, and fever. Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly. Increased laboratory values were found for gamma-GT, LDH, CA 125, and NSE, but not for aspartate and alanine aminotransferase. Computed tomography presented a tumor in the right lobe of the liver. Venous cavography revealed a caval tumor thrombus reaching up to the right atrium. Major liver resection combined with replacement of the vena cava inferior was proposed, but before operation the patient complained about shortness of breath. Spontaneous fragmentation of the tumor thrombus with consecutive embolization of the lungs was suspected. Despite lysis therapy the patient died because of right ventricular failure. Autopsy revealed a tumor measuring 8 cm in diameter, which was located in the right lobe of the liver and invaded the inferior vena cava. Because of multiple tumor aggregates seen in the left and right main pulmonary arteries acute tumor embolization of the lungs was regarded as cause of death. Histologically the tumor was composed of bizarre giant cells surrounded by irregular spindle cells. The positive immunoreactivity pattern of the tumor cells for vimentin, lysozym, and CD68 justified the diagnosis of a malignant fibrous histocytoma (MFH) of the liver.     

Metastatic Wilms' tumor causing acute hepatic-vein occlusion (Budd-Chiari syndrome)

We describe a case of Wilms' tumor in a 6-yr-old girl which extended from the right kidney and completely obstructed the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins to the level of the right atrium, producing an acute Budd-Chiari syndrome. After an initial course of chemotherapy, the primary tumor was excised and, using cardiopulmonary bypass, the tumor thrombus was removed from the inferior vena cava and hepatic veins. The Budd-Chiari syndrome resolved and after triple-drug chemotherapy and radiotherapy under the National Wilms' Tumor Study-2 protocol the child has remained disease-free for 5 yr.     

Surgery of hepatoma with intracavitary cardiac extension

Summary A case of primary liver carcinoma with intracavitary cardiac extension is presented. A 36-year-old female was admitted to our surgical clinic with dyspnea and generalized edema. Echocardiography and superior vena cavography demonstrated a large filling defect in the right atrium. After a diagnosis of acute cardiac failure due to an intracardiac tumor, the patient was operated upon immediately. A right atriotomy exposed a large yellow mass within the right atrium, which was not adherent to the atrial wall. The mass was in continuity with similar material in the inferior vena cava and right hepatic vein. With a suspicion of hepatic malignancy, the atrial tumor was removed, and debulking of the mass in the inferior vena cava and right hepatic vein was performed. A postoperative histological examination of the tumor showed hepatocellular carcinoma. Her postoperative course was uneventful, and she was discharged from the hospital.Intracardiac extension of hepatoma is rarely encountered. In this clinical setting, long-term survival cannot be anticipated from any surgery, but palliative clearing of the atrium and inferior vena cava may be of value in preventing cardiac arrest causing sudden death.     

Inferior Vena Caval and Right Atrial Thrombosis Complicating an Amebic Hepatic Abscess

We describe a 50-yr-old black laborer who presented with right lower chest pain, weight loss, and pedal edema. Ultrasonography and computed tomograms showed a large abscess cavity in the right lobe of the liver which extended very close to the inferior vena cava. The lumen of the adjacent inferior vena cava was partially occluded by thrombus, which could be traced up into the cavity of the right atrium. The hepatic veins were normally patent. Sterile blood-stained pus was aspirated from the abscess. Antibodies against Entamoeba histolytica were present in high titer in the patient's serum. Although propagation of hepatocellular carcinoma into the inferior vena cava and even up into the right atrium is well recognized, inferior vena caval thrombosis extending up into the right atrium has not hitherto been reported as a complication of amebic hepatic abscess.     

An approach to intrapericardial inferior vena cava through the abdominal cavity, without median sternotomy, for total hepatic vascular exclusion.

In surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma with tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava and other malignancies involving the retrohepatic inferior vena cava, the usefulness of total hepatic vascular exclusion has been reported by several authors. Total hepatic vascular exclusion usually consists of clamping at three points; at the infrahepatic inferior vena cava, at the suprahepatic inferior vena cava, and in Pringles' maneuver. Tumor thrombus extending into the inferior vena cava at the intrapericardial level below the right atrium can be resected without the use of cardio-pulmonary bypass. The inferior vena cava at the intrapericardial level has been reported to be usually approached by median sternotomy such as Chevron incision. We herein demonstrate an approach to the intrapericardial inferior vena cava through the abdominal cavity without median sternotomy.