From Adult Bone Marrow Cells to Other Cell Lineages:Transdifferentiation or Cells Fusion

Recent studies have demonstrated that intravenous transplantation or local injection of bone marrow cells can induce unexpected changes of their fate. The results of these experiments showed that after transplantation or injecton, some of tissue specific somatic cells such as hepatocytes, skeleton, cardiac muscle cells and brain cells expressed the donor cell-specific genes, such as Y chromosome. There are two hypotheses that can explain this phenomenon. One is bone marrow stem cell transdifferentiation and the other is spontaneous cell fusion.     

自体骨髓干细胞治疗肝硬化基础研究与临床应用现状

背景：活体肝移植仍面临很多问题：如供体的匮乏、移植后的免疫排异反应及其高额的费用等,因此使其在临床上的开展受到限制。 目的：说明自体骨髓干细胞移植可以分化成熟肝细胞而替代受损的肝脏组织发挥功能,从而改善患者症状,提高患者生活质量。 方法：利用计算机在PubMed、CNKI、万方数据库和维普数据库中检索2000-01/2010-12关于自体骨髓干细胞移植相关文章,在标题和摘要中用“骨髓干细胞;自体骨髓干细胞移植;肝硬化”或“Bone marrow stem cell,autologous bone marrow stem cell,hepatic cirrhosis”为检索词进行检索。选择与骨髓干细胞移植相关的文章内容,同一领域文献选择近期发表或发表在权威杂志文章。初检得到235篇文献,根据纳入标准选择20篇文章进行综述。 结果与结论：通过对自体骨髓干细胞移植从基础研究及临床研究方面的最新进展的了解,说明自体骨髓干细胞移植在对肝硬化的治疗方面前景广阔。     

Mesenchymal Bone Marrow Stem Cells More Effectively Stimulate Regeneration of Deep Burn Wounds than Embryonic Fibroblasts

Regeneration of deep burn wounds after transplantation of allogenic and autogenic fibroblast-like bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and embryonic fibroblasts on burn surface was studied in 40 Wistar rats. Transplantation of allogenic and autogenic fibroblast-like bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and transplantation of embryonic fibroblasts decreased cell infiltration of the wound and accelerated the formation of new vessels and granulation tissue in the wound in comparison with the control (burn wounds without cell transplantation). Regeneration processes were most active after transplantation of fibroblast-like bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, in particular, autogenic cells, which was confirmed by more rapid decrease in burn surface area. Wound healing after transplantation of fibroblast-like bone marrow mesenchymal cells and embryonic fibroblasts was associated with long functioning of transplanted cells (as was shown by staining for -galactosidase, the cells were transfected with an adenovirus vector carrying the marker gene). It is hypothesized that more rapid regeneration of burn wounds after transplantation of fibroblast-like bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells was due to low differentiation of these cells in comparison with embryonic fibroblasts.     

Isolation and tracking of a rare lymphoid progenitor cell which facilitates bone marrow transplantation in mice

Bone marrow cells are composed of pluripotent stem cells to terminally differentiated cells, with a wide variety of abundance of each cell type. In the past, many of the cell types within this heterogeneous population have been characterized either by expression of specific proteins or using functional markers. In spite of promising results obtained with the latter method, various cell types within bone marrow have not been well characterized due to the low abundance of a specific cell type. Considering the demand for a reliable technique to enrich cell types, a wide variety of approaches, ranging from simple nylon wool columns to high-speed cell sorting, have evolved. Only limited success has been obtained with approaches ranging from the detection of MHC antigen to positron emission tomography to track the ontogeny of specific bone marrow-derived cells in studies of syngeneic or allogeneic transplantation. The present study describes a relatively simple method to enrich and track a rare bone marrow cell (facilitating cell, FC), which can facilitate allogeneic bone marrow stem cell transplantation in mice. The isolation technique is comprised of enrichment of FC by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS) system followed by purification through high-speed cell sorter. An initial inoculation of 30,000 FC obtained from male mice was detected in the thymus, spleen, and bone marrow of allogeneic female recipients, by using 32P-labeled dCTP in a specific PCR for Y-chromosome. This technique may improve the efficiency of isolation of other rare cells from the bone marrow.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足过程中血管内皮生长因子的表达

背景：目前已有研究证明骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足能够获得良好的效果。 目的：评价骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足溃疡的效果以及血管内皮生长因子的表达情况。 方法：应用文献检索的方法获取骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足及血管内皮生长因子表达的相关研究文献,对符合研究标准的文献进行深入的数据分析,文章选取骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的实验研究和临床应用进行分析,实验研究中,建立大鼠糖尿病足溃疡模型,给予骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗,观察创面溃疡的愈合情况,并分析血管内皮生长因子的表达情况。临床应用研究中,对应用骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足的患者进行观察随访,观察创面溃疡的愈合情况以及不良反应发生情况。 结果与结论：实验研究显示骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗糖尿病足创面溃疡的愈合快于常规治疗,但是与正常足溃疡愈合相比仍较慢,且移植治疗后血管内皮生长因子的表达升高,但是低于正常足溃疡对照的水平。临床应用研究显示糖尿病足溃疡患者经骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗后,创面溃疡基本均可完全愈合,且无心、脑血管疾病、肝肾功能损伤以及出凝血时间改变等不良反应发生。     

同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞的研究现状

背景：自体骨髓间充质干细胞移植是近年来在治疗关节软骨缺损较新的方法,但在临床上,急性骨软骨缺损很难在短时间内应用自体骨髓间充质干细胞修复,而同种异体的骨髓间充质干细胞可以提前制备,以备应用。 目的：系统分析同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞的免疫调节及抑制研究。 方法：以“Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells,immunomodulation activity,immunosuppression;同种异体骨髓基质干细胞,免疫调节活性,免疫抑制”为关键词,由第一作者检索1990/2009 PubMed及万方数据库有关同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞免疫调节及抑制研究方面的文献。 结果与结论：虽然移植同种异体细胞有可能被受体体内的免疫系统攻击,但骨髓间充质干细胞是例外,因为它是免疫调节细胞,具有抑制免疫反应的作用。骨髓间充质干细胞对T细胞、B细胞、自然杀伤细胞和抗原提呈细胞均具有抑制作用。骨髓间充质干细胞是从骨髓中分离出来的组织工程细胞群,它携有免疫抑制相关标志,并在体外抑制同种异体T细胞增殖,因此骨髓间充质干细胞可用于同种异体细胞治疗。骨髓间充质干细胞为临床上同种异体骨髓间充质干细胞修复于关节软骨缺损提供了一种崭新的方法。     

Suppression of graft versus host reaction by depositing a magnet-controlled adriamycin dosage form in bone marrow allotransplantation in animal experiments

The main causes of failures during allogenous bone marrow transplantation is the development of graft versus host reactions. The methods of its prevention and treatment are the use of large doses of human toxic cytostatics and immunosuppressants aimed against donor immunocompetent cells. A way of preventing the adverse effects of cytostatics are targeted transport of long-acting cytostatic dosage forms to an organ or target cell through carriers, such as liposomes, microcapsules, microspheres and their conjugates with monoclonal antibodies. For this purpose, the study used gelatin and gum arabic microspheres containing the immunosuppressive cytostatic adriamycin. To enhance the efficiency of cytostatic depositing at the site of transplantation, the procedure of intraosseous transplantation of allogenous bone marrow transplantation with long-acting adriamycin depositing was developed. With this approach, the authors could not only deposit the agent, but could substantially increase the proportion of donor cells kept at the site of grafting as compared to the intravenous and intraosseous infusion of donor cells. The main advantage of the new technique of allogenous bone marrow transplantation in combination with a long-acting cytostatic dosage form is that acute and chronic graft versus host reactions can be inhibited long by using adriamycin in subtherapeutic dosages.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植治疗失神经肌萎缩

背景:外科显微镜手术和一些辅助治疗方法均无法通过修复损伤的神经细胞来有效延缓或治疗失神经肌萎缩。研究发现骨髓间充质干细胞具有定向分化潜能,并且在一定环境因素下能对损伤的组织进行修复,由此推测其可以对失神经萎缩肌肉起到一定的修复作用。目的:探讨移植骨髓间充质干细胞是否能够减轻和延缓失神经肌肉组织萎缩。方法:分离培养SD大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞,取第3代骨髓间充质干细胞经BrdU标记后用于移植治疗。将30只SD大鼠分为3组,每组10只,对每只大鼠左后肢进行手术。假手术组只暴露坐骨神经主干,不钳夹神经,移植治疗组、模型对照组钳夹坐骨神经主干后,向其支配的腓肠肌注射骨髓间充质干细胞悬液和不含胎牛血清的DMEM培养液。骨髓间充质干细胞移植后1,2周,采用BBB评分评价各组大鼠左后肢运动功能;骨髓间充质干细胞移植后14 d,取腓肠肌组织进行苏木精-伊红染色和BrdU免疫组化染色。结果与结论:第3代骨髓间充质干细胞BrdU标记为阳性;标记的骨髓间充质干细胞能在移植治疗组失神经损伤的肌肉组织中存活并起修复作用;相对于模型对照组,移植治疗组失神经肌纤维由相互融合重新恢复规整。结果表明移植骨髓间充质干细胞能够减轻和延缓失神经肌肉组织萎缩。     

The Proliferation of Plasma Cells from Mouse Bone Marrow in Vitro III. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses Associated with Thymic RNA

In vitro primary and secondary immune responses involving the proliferation of IgG-forming plasma cells from cultures of normal or antigen-primed mouse bone marrow cells have been investigated in order to clarify the relationships between the bone marrow cells and thymic RNA derived from each animal. By an administration of soluble and insoluble antigens with thymic RNA to bone marrow cultures, 54 ± 13% of IgG-forming plasma cells were found to produce specific immunoglobulin following stimulation with antigen. Thymus independent antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) induced the proliferation of anti-PVP specific antibody forming cells in the abcence of thymic RNA, although more of these cells were generated when PVP-primed thymic RNA was administered with PVP to normal bone marrow cultures. Other antigens such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), flagellar antigen of Salmonella, apofferitin and SRBC were investigated using the same bone marrow culture system. These antigens induced various numbers of antibody forming cells from the cultures. Antigen-primed thymic RNA derived from mice inoculated with antigen caused secondary immune response-patterns of plasma cell proliferation from normal bone marrow cultures. Bone marrow cells, however, derived from antigen primed animals proliferated with patterns of primary immune response when cultured with normal thymic RNA and the same antigen. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that anamnestic immune memory is mainly associated with thymic RNA and not with immunoblasts in bone marrow.     

干细胞移植治疗肝硬化

背景：干细胞是具有自我更新和分化能力的细胞,可分化为肝系细胞。研究表明,干细胞移植治疗肝硬化患者有显示良好疗效的一些报告。 目的：对脐血干细胞移植、骨髓干细胞移植、外周血干细胞移植治疗肝硬化的研究予以分析,为肝硬化治疗提供新的手段。 方法：CNKI数据库中2002/2011检索有关干细胞移植与肝硬化的治疗文献,检索词为“肝硬化(liver/hepatic cirrhosis);失代偿性肝硬化(decompensated cirrhosis);外周静脉(peripheral vein);干细胞(stem cell);移植(transplantation);脐血干细胞(umbilical cord blood stem cell, UCBSC);骨髓干细胞(bone marrow stem cell, BMSCS);自体骨髓干细胞(autologous bone marrow stem cell);外周血干细胞(peripheral blood stem cell)”,共检索文献130篇。 结果与结论：干细胞作为一类具有自我更新扩增和多向分化潜能的细胞,在一定的条件下可分化为多种功能细胞。目前临床上治疗肝硬化所使用的干细胞主要有3种：脐血干细胞、骨髓干细胞、外周血干细胞。干细胞移植治疗肝硬化的临床应用虽刚刚起步,但有取得良好疗效的多篇报告。多数患者接受治疗后临床症状好转,肝功能改善,并且此方法操作简单易行,价格低廉,避免了免疫排斥又不涉及伦理道德等问题,具有可创性前景。     

The Proliferation of Plasma Cells from Mouse Bone Marrow in Vitro III. Primary and Secondary Immune Responses Associated with Thymic RNA

In vitro primary and secondary immune responses involving the proliferation of IgG-forming plasma cells from cultures of normal or antigen-primed mouse bone marrow cells have been investigated in order to clarify the relationships between the bone marrow cells and thymic RNA derived from each animal. By an administration of soluble and insoluble antigens with thymic RNA to bone marrow cultures, 54 ± 13% of IgG-forming plasma cells were found to produce specific immunoglobulin following stimulation with antigen. Thymus independent antigen polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) induced the proliferation of anti-PVP specific antibody forming cells in the abcence of thymic RNA, although more of these cells were generated when PVP-primed thymic RNA was administered with PVP to normal bone marrow cultures. Other antigens such as keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), flagellar antigen of Salmonella, apofferitin and SRBC were investigated using the same bone marrow culture system. These antigens induced various numbers of antibody forming cells from the cultures. Antigen-primed thymic RNA derived from mice inoculated with antigen caused secondary immune response-patterns of plasma cell proliferation from normal bone marrow cultures. Bone marrow cells, however, derived from antigen primed animals proliferated with patterns of primary immune response when cultured with normal thymic RNA and the same antigen. On the basis of these observations, it is concluded that anamnestic immune memory is mainly associated with thymic RNA and not with immunoblasts in bone marrow.     

心肌及冠状动脉内移植骨髓单个核细胞对猪缺血心肌侧支血管的生成

背景：目前有研究表明,心肌内直接注射骨髓单个核细胞可以使心肌梗死瘢痕区血管新生,改善缺血心肌血供。 目的：观察心肌内及冠状动脉内移植自体骨髓单个核细胞对猪急性心肌梗死后缺血心肌侧支血管生成的作用。 方法：22只小型猪制备急性心肌梗死模型后分为4组：心肌内移植组造模后即刻在缺血心肌内注射自体骨髓单个核细胞悬液;心肌内对照组同样方法即刻心肌内注射Hank’s平衡盐溶液;冠状动脉内移植组在造模后1周,左冠状动脉内注射自体骨髓单个核细胞悬液;冠状动脉对照组在造模后1周,同样方法左冠状动脉内注射Hank’s平衡盐溶液。 结果与结论：心肌内及冠状动脉内移植骨髓单个核细胞后1周,血清碱性成纤维细胞生长因子及血管内皮细胞生长因子水平差异无显著性意义,但明显高于各自对照组(P < 0.01);移植后4周,心肌内移植组与冠状动脉内移植组小血管密度差异无显著性意义,但明显高于各自对照组(P < 0.01);左室舒张末压差异无显著性意义,但明显低于各组对照组(P < 0.01)。提示心肌内及冠状动脉内移植骨髓单个核细胞均有助于促进猪缺血心肌血管新生及侧支循环形成。     

骨髓基质干细胞向肌细胞分化及移植的治疗作用

背景：骨髓基质干细胞属多能干细胞,在适当的条件下可转分化为各种肌肉细胞,在移植后可改善心脏或骨骼肌的整体功能。如何优化诱导分化方法,改善移植途径以及移植后改善组织功能的机制成为现今研究的热点。 目的：就近年来骨髓基质干细胞诱导分化为肌细胞,以及其用作细胞移植治疗心肌梗死、肌肉萎缩等肌细胞坏死性疾病的研究进行综述。 方法：应用计算机以bone marrow cell, muscle cell检索词,检索Pubmed数据库(2005/2010);以“骨髓基质干细胞、肌细胞”为检索词,检索中国期刊网全文数据库(2007/2010);以“骨髓基质干细胞、肌细胞、分化、心脏”为检索词,检索万方数据库(2007/2010)。共收集220篇关于外周血干细胞方面的文献,中文61篇,英文159篇,排除发表时间较早、重复及类似研究,纳入21篇符合标准的文献。 结果与结论：骨髓基质干细胞可以在体外扩增,但其表面特异性标记尚无定论,因此要分离得到完全纯化的骨髓基质干细胞还有一定的困难,当前只有STRO-1抗原是较为肯定的间质干细胞表面抗原,可用于鉴定分离骨髓中的间质干细胞。大量研究表明,通过体外诱导剂或体内移植可促使骨髓基质干细胞转化成各种组织细胞,包括心肌细胞和骨骼肌细胞,并且在移植后可观察到肌组织功能得到明显改善,但其机制目前尚无充分了解。此外,尽管各种诱导方法诱导骨髓基质干细胞分化的结果是肯定的,以及体内移植也表现出改善坏死肌组织功能的潜能,但目前体外诱导程度仍然较低,且体内功能改善也有局限性,因此,如何改善诱导方法,提高移植效率及功能改善有待进一步研究。     

Dissociation between onset of natural killer E-rosette forming cells and of T3-positive cells following HLA-mismatched T cell depleted bone marrow transplantation.

We have studied immunological reconstitution following partially HLA-incompatible T cell depleted bone marrow transplantation, compared with reconstitution following HLA identical T cell depleted and HLA identical untreated bone marrow transplantation. We often observed an early emergence of E-rosette forming cells that were T3 negative and displayed strong natural killer activity in the first group of patients. This activity was shown with fresh leucocytes as well as interleukin 2 grown cells. The appearance of T3+ cells was delayed in this situation compared to that observed in HLA identical bone marrow transplantation. The delay in T3+ cell differentiation and in cellular immune function development probably explains why NK rosette forming cells are early detected within 3-4 months following HLA mismatched bone marrow transplantation. This NK subset is likely to be present at an early stage in all types of bone marrow transplantation, but is most commonly observed simultaneously with the T3+ cells in HLA identical untreated bone marrow transplantation. The respective role of T cell depletion and HLA incompatibility in this phenomenon are discussed while patients' conditioning, cyclosporine A and graft-versus-host disease have been shown to be irrelevant for the dissociation between NK E-rosette forming cells and T3+ subset onsets.     

Transplantation of Human Embryonic Myoblasts and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells into Skeletal Muscle of C57BL/10J-mdx Mice

We studied expression of dystrophin in skeletal muscles of C57BL/10J-mdx mice after transplantation of human embryonic and fetal myoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells. Dystrophin-positive areas corresponding to the location of transplanted cell were detected in muscles of all recipient mice after transplantation of different cell cultures, but the distribution of dystrophin characteristic of normal muscle fibers was detected only after transplantation of embryonic myoblasts. Dystrophin distribution in muscle fibers after transplantation of fetal myoblasts and bone marrow stromal cells was atypical.     

Effect of Transplantation of Bone Marrow Cells on Morphology of Rat Myocardium after Cryodestruction

We studied the effects of bone marrow cell transplantation on myocardium of the prenecrotic zone in Wistar rats. Intramyocardial cell transplantation reduced the severity of hypertrophy of myocardium and the degree of its cicatricial degeneration on day 40 after cryodestruction. The morphology of the myocardium in the prenecrotic zone depended on the type of transplanted cells. The course of inflammation was swifter; vascularization of the myocardium was more intensive. The best effect, evaluated by the number of new vessels, was observed after MSC transplantation. Hence, the positive effect of bone marrow cell transplantation is realized at the expense of more rapid structural organization of the damaged site and stimulation of myocardial vascularization.     

Human mesenchymal stem cells: insights from a surrogate in vivo assay system

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are multipotent cells that have been isolated from the bone marrow of multiple species that can be induced to differentiate into at least bone, cartilage, and adipose tissue in vitro. Using a model of in utero cellular transplantation in which human MSC are transplanted into fetal lambs, we have shown that MSC can engraft in multiple tissues and persist for over one year. Furthermore, these cells can differentiate into cardiac and skeletal myocytes, bone marrow stromal cells, adipocytes, thymic epithelial cells, and chondrocytes. These observations lend support to the potential utility of MSC for cellular and/or gene therapy in the treatment of a variety of congenital or acquired diseases such as osteogenesis imperfecta, muscular dystrophy, lysosomal storage diseases, and for enhancement of bone marrow transplantation.     

Ex vivo culture of human cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells adversely influences their distribution to other bone marrow compartments after intra-bone marrow transplantation

Intra-bone marrow injection is a novel strategy for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Here, we investigated whether ex vivo culture of cord blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells influences their reconstitution in bone marrow after intra-bone marrow transplantation. Freshly isolated AC133(+) cells or cells derived from AC133(+) cells cultured with cytokines (stem cell factor, flt-3 ligand, and thrombopoietin) for 5 days were injected into the bone marrow of the left tibia in irradiated NOD/SCID mice. In the bone marrow of the injected left tibia, the engraftment levels of human CD45(+) cells at 6 weeks after transplantation did not differ considerably between transplantation of noncultured and cytokine-cultured cells. However, the migration and distribution of transplanted cells to the bone marrow of other, noninjected bones were extremely reduced for cytokine-treated cells compared with noncultured cells. Similar findings were observed for engraftment of CD34(+) cells. Administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor to mice after transplantation induced the migration of cytokine-cultured cells to the bone marrow of previously aspirated bone but not to other intact bones. These data suggest that ex vivo manipulation of hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells significantly affects their migration properties to other bone marrow compartments after intra-bone marrow transplantation. Our data raise a caution for future clinical applications of the intra-bone marrow transplantation method using ex vivo-manipulated hematopoietic stem cells.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植改善心肌功能机制的研究与进展

背景：骨髓间充质干细胞移植可以通过影响心肌细胞形成和心肌血管再生,改善心脏结构的重构和心功能。 目的：通过对骨髓间充质干细胞移植改善心肌功能机制的研究来初步阐述骨髓间充质干细胞移植临床治疗缺血性心脏病理论依据。 方法：电子检索中国生物医学文献数据库和计算机Medline数据库1994年至2011年收录的关于干细胞在缺血性心脏疾病中应用的相关综述和论文报告,并分析其研究进展。 结果与结论：共纳入相关文献37篇。骨髓干细胞移植自体应用时无免疫排斥反应,可在体外大量扩增,避免伦理争论。骨髓干细胞治疗心肌梗死的研究仍处于初期阶段,随着研究深入,如果找到临床应用有效、安全的剂量,其必将为防治缺血性心脏病提供全新的治疗手段。     

血管内皮细胞对骨髓基质细胞促成骨作用的研究

在骨组织工程研究中 ,因营养血管长入材料非常缓慢而影响材料深部的成骨作用一直是困扰科研人员的难题之一。骨髓基质细胞能分泌血管内皮生长因子 (VEGF) ,内皮细胞可以产生骨形态发生蛋白 (BMP) ,因此我们设想将骨髓基质细胞和内皮细胞联合种植在生物材料上构建组织工程化骨 ,则可能在促进成骨的同时 ,又促进局部血管生成 ,满足成骨过程的营养需要。在本实验中我们比较了内皮细胞培养液作用下的骨髓基质细胞、经诱导的骨髓基质细胞和未处理的骨髓基质细胞之间碱性磷酸酶 (AL P)活性和骨钙素 (OCN)分泌量的差别 ,结果表明内皮细胞培养液作用下的骨髓基质细胞和经诱导的骨髓基质细胞之间碱性磷酸酶活性和骨钙素分泌量无统计学差异 ,但均明显高于未处理的骨髓基质细胞 (P<0 .0 1) ,说明内皮细胞培养液中的分泌因子对骨髓基质细胞具有促成骨作用 ,可以达到和成骨诱导液相同的效果。