Evaluation of Hepatobiliary Excretion and Enterobiliary Reflux in Rats with Biliary Obstruction Submitted to Bilioduodenal or Biliojejunal Anastomosis

Bilioduodenal and biliojejunal anastomoses are effective for the treatment of biliary obstruction. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of these anastomoses on hepatobiliary excretion and enterobiliary reflux. Enterobiliary reflux and biliary excretion were evaluated respectively after oral administration of technetium (^99mTc) in combination with sodium phytate and intravenous infusion of ^99mTc with diisopropyl-iminodiacetic acid. Enterobiliary reflux occurred to an equal degree in the bilioduodenal and biliojejunal groups. Maximum hepatic activity time (T_max) and radiotracer clearance half-time (T^1/2) were similar in both groups. However, when compared with that found for the sham-operated group, T_max, and T^1/2 were higher in the biliojejunal group (P = 0.02 and P = 0.01, respectively). Histopathological analysis showed marked reduction in ductal proliferation in both groups. These data undermine the theoretical advantages attributed to biliojejunal anastomosis and further the understanding of the pathophysiology of cholangitis that occurs even with patent anastomosis.     

Partially covered self-expandable metal stents versus polyethylene stents for malignant biliary obstruction: A cost-effectiveness analysis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE:

Partially covered self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) and polyethylene stents (PES) are both commonly used in the palliation of malignant biliary obstruction. Although SEMS are significantly more expensive, they are more efficacious than PES. Accordingly, a cost-effectiveness analysis was performed.

METHODS:

A cost-effectiveness analysis compared the approach of initial placement of PES versus SEMS for the study population. Patients with malignant biliary obstruction underwent an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to insert the initial stent. If the insertion failed, a percutaneous transhepatic cholangiogram was performed. If stent occlusion occurred, a PES was inserted at repeat endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, either in an outpatient setting or after admission to hospital if cholangitis was present. A third-party payer perspective was adopted. Effectiveness was expressed as the likelihood of no occlusion over the one-year adopted time horizon. Probabilities were based on a contemporary randomized clinical trial, and costs were issued from national references. Deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed.

RESULTS:

A PES-first strategy was both more expensive and less efficacious than an SEMS-first approach. The mean per-patient costs were US$6,701 for initial SEMS and US$20,671 for initial PES, which were associated with effectiveness probabilities of 65.6% and 13.9%, respectively. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these results.

CONCLUSION:

At the time of initial endoscopic drainage for patients with malignant biliary obstruction undergoing palliative stenting, an initial SEMS insertion approach was both more effective and less costly than a PES-first strategy.     

Estrogen-Eluting Stents

Coronary stenting is routinely utilized to treat symptomatic obstructive coronary artery disease. However, the efficacy of bare metal coronary stents has been historically limited by restenosis, which is primarily due to excessive neointima formation. Drug-eluting stents (DES) are composed of a stainless steel backbone encompassed by a polymer in which a variety of drugs that inhibit smooth muscle cell proliferation and excessive neointima formation are incorporated. DES have significantly reduced the incidence of restenosis but are also associated with a small (~0.5% per year) but significant risk of late stent thrombosis. In that regard, estrogen-eluting stents have also undergone clinical evaluation in reducing restenosis with the additional potential benefit of enhancing reendothelialization of the stent surface to reduce stent thrombosis. Estrogen directly promotes vasodilatation, enhances endothelial healing, and prevents smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. Due to these mechanisms, estrogen has been postulated to reduce neointimal hyperplasia without delaying endothelial healing. In animal studies, estrogen treatment was effective in decreasing neointimal hyperplasia after both balloon angioplasty and stenting regardless of the method of drug delivery. The first uncontrolled human study using estrogen-coated stents demonstrated acceptable efficacy in reducing late lumen loss. However, subsequent randomized clinical trials did not show superiority of estrogen-eluting stents over bare metal stents or DES. Further studies are required to determine optimal dose and method of estrogen delivery with coronary stenting and whether this approach will be a viable alternative to the current DES armamentarium.     

经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻的护理

为探讨恶性胆管梗阻胆道内支架置入术前、术中、术后的护理措施,我们对87例恶性胆管梗阻患者,采用经皮肝穿途径胆道内支架置入术治疗。结果共置入4种类型金属内支架96枚,9例置入双向支架。术前血清总胆红素162.7～960.4μmol/L,术后83例降至18.3～53.6μmol/L。半年以上生存率77％(67/87),一年以上生存率47％(41/87)。总的技术操作成功率100％。因此经皮肝穿胆道内支架置入术治疗恶性胆管梗阻安全、有效,而采用正确的护理措施是保证手术成功和疗效的关键。     

Hepatobiliary scintigraphy for detecting biliary strictures after living donor liver transplantation

AIM:To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of hepatobiliary scintigraphy(HBS) in detecting biliary strictures in living donor liver transplantation(LDLT) patients.METHODS:We retrospectively reviewed 104 adult LDLT recipients of the right hepatic lobe with duct-toduct anastomosis,who underwent HBS and cholangiography.The HBS results were categorized as normal,parenchymal dysfunction,biliary obstruction,or bile leakage without re-interpretation.The presence of biliary strictures was determined by percutaneous...     

Hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis: A long-term follow-up study

AIM:To determine the long-term hepatobiliary complications of alveolar echinococcosis(AE) and treatment options using interventional methods.METHODS:Included in the study were 35 patients with AE enrolled in the Echinococcus Multilocularis Data Bank of the University Hospital of Ulm.Patients underwent endoscopic intervention for treatment of hepatobiliary complications between 1979 and 2012.Patients' epidemiologic data, clinical symptoms, and indications for the intervention, the type of intervention and any additional procedures, hepatic laboratory parameters(pre- and post-intervention), medication and surgical treatment(pre- and post-intervention), as well as complications associated with the intervention and patients‘ subsequent clinical courses were analyzed.In order to compare patients with AE with and without history of intervention, data from an additional 322 patients with AE who had not experienced hepatobiliary complications and had not undergone endoscopic intervention were retrieved and analyzed.RESULTS:Included in the study were 22 male and 13 female patients whose average age at first diagnosis was 48.1 years and 52.7 years at the time of intervention.The average time elapsed between first diagnosis and onset of hepatobiliary complications was 3.7 years.The most common symptoms were jaundice, abdominal pains, and weight loss.Thenumber of interventions per patient ranged from one to ten.Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)was most frequently performed in combination with stent placement(82.9%),followed by percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage(31.4%)and ERCP without stent placement(22.9%).In 14.3%of cases,magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography was performed.A total of eight patients received a biliary stent.A comparison of biochemical hepatic function parameters at first diagnosis between patients who had or had not undergone intervention revealed that these were significantly elevated in six patients who had undergone intervention.Complications(cholangitis,pancreatitis)occurred in six patients during and in 12patients following the intervention.The average survival following onset of hepatobiliary complications was 8.8years.CONCLUSION:Hepatobiliary complications occur in about 10%of patients.A significant increase in hepatic transaminase concentrations facilitates the diagnosis.Interventional methods represent viable management options.     

Comparison of Milan and UCSF criteria for liver transplantation to treat hepatocellular carcinoma

AIM:To assess the validity of the Milan and University of California San Francisco(UCSF) criteria and examine the long-term outcome of orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT) in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) in a single-center study.METHODS:This study is a retrospective review of prospectively collected data.Between 1998 and 2009,56 of 356 OLTs were performed in patients with HCC.Based on pathological examination of liver explants,patients were retrospectively categorized into 3 groups:Milan +(n...     

Radiotherapy Prolongs Biliary Metal Stent Patency in Malignant Pancreatobiliary Obstructions

Background/Aims

Biliary stenting is the most effective decompressive method for treating malignant biliary obstructive jaundice. Although the main cause of stent occlusion is tumor growth, few studies have investigated whether stent patency is affected by the combination of cancer-treatment modalities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of local radiotherapy on metal-stent patency in patients with malignant biliary obstruction.

Methods

Patients who underwent self-expandable biliary metallic stenting for malignant biliary obstruction from 1999 to 2007 were included. Forty patients received chemotherapy and radiation therapy (radiation group, RG), and 31 patients received only chemotherapy (nonradiation group, NRG).

Results

The cumulative median stent patency was significantly longer in the RG than in the NRG (17.7 months; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.8 to 33.6 months vs 8.7 months; 95% CI, 4.9 to 12.5 months; p=0.025). Stent occlusion caused by tumor growth or stent migration occurred in two (5%) and three (7.5%) cases in the RG and in six (19.3%) and two (6.5%) cases in the NRG, respectively.

Conclusions

The patency of biliary metal stents in pancreatobiliary cancer patients who receive chemoradiation therapy is significantly longer than that in patients who do not receive radiotherapy, which suggests that local cancer control significantly affects stent patency.     

Giant hepatobiliary cystadenoma in a male with obvious convex papillate

Hepatobiliary cystadenoma that is most often found in is an uncommon lesion middle-aged women and difficult to diagnose preoperatively. Here, we report a case of giant hepatobiliary cystadenoma in a male patient with obvious convex papillate. On the basis of imaging examinations, the patient was diagnosed as hepatobiliary cystadenoma prior to operation. Left hepatectomy was performed and the patient was symptom-free during a 6-too follow-up period, suggesting that imaging examination is the major diagnostic method of hepatobiliary cystadenoma, and operation is its best treatment modality.     

胰腺癌合并胃出口及胆管梗阻的内镜治疗及疗效

目的探讨胰腺癌伴胃出13及胆管梗阻的内镜治疗策略及疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年1月至2013年12月沈阳军区总医院收治的106例晚期胰腺癌伴胃出口及胆管梗阻患者的一般临床资料、内镜治疗方法、术后并发症及疗效。结果106例患者中男性57例,女性49例,平均年龄（63±6）岁。共行134次内镜治疗,平均1．3次／人。共放置肠道支架112枚,胆管支架89枚,胰管支架55枚,其中肠道支架均为一次性放置成功。胆管、胰管及肠道3种支架同时放置者55例（51．9％）,胆管、肠道双支架同时放置23例（21．7％）,28例（26．4％）因内镜无法通过狭窄段而先放置肠道支架,再经肠道支架完成胆管支架置入。83例（78．3％）患者于支架置人术后9—14d恢复正常饮食。术后并发黑便9例,高淀粉酶血症6例,呕血1例,均经对症治疗后治愈;1例术后第3天支架经肛门排出。83例获得24周随访,死亡49例（59．0％）,平均生存期（128±33）d。随访期发生肠道支架堵塞6例,4例放置第2枚肠道支架,2例取出肠道支架后重新放置。结论多支架治疗胰腺癌伴胃出口及胆管梗阻是安全的,并发症发生率低,近期疗效确切,并能明显改善患者的生活质量。     

急性胆源性胰腺炎肝损伤研究进展

急性胆源性胰腺(acute biliary pancreatitis,ABP)不仅存在胰腺的急性炎症,还往往合并胆道系统的梗阻或感染,肝功能损伤是ABP最常见的并发症之一,病理机制主要包括感染和内毒素、胆汁淤积、胰酶损伤、微循环障碍和氧化应激等,其研究结论多来源于动物实验.在内科常规治疗ABP基础上,积极抗感染治疗和尽快解除胆道梗阻能促进ABP相关肝损伤的恢复.     

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic disorders in celiac disease

A variety of hepatic and biliary tract disorders may complicate the clinical course of celiac disease. Some of these have been hypothesized to share common genetic factors or have a common immunopathogenesis, such as primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis and autoimmune forms of hepatitis or cholangitis. Other hepatic changes in celiac disease may be associated with malnutrition resulting from impaired nutrient absorption, including hepatic steatosis. In addition, celiac disease may be associated with rare hepatic complications, such as hepatic T-cell lymphoma. Finally, pancreatic exocrine function may be impaired in celiac disease and represent a cause of treatment failure.     

恶性胆总管梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的内镜治疗价值分析

目的 探讨经内镜置入胆管及肠道支架联合治疗胆总管恶性梗阻合并胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的临床价值.方法 对17例同时存在胆管及胃出口-十二指肠梗阻的恶性肿瘤患者在完成胆管金属支架置入术后再行肠道金属支架置入.观察操作成功率、胆管及消化道梗阻缓解情况、并发症发生情况、支架再阻塞情况以及患者生存期.结果 17例患者经内镜下置入胆管支架和肠道支架,成功率100％;术后7天患者血清总胆红素[(263.4±62.5)μmol/L降至(157.6±25.1)μmol/L]、直接胆红素[(233.2±66.5)μmol/L降至(130.9±27.7) μmol/L]和碱性磷酸酶[(534.2±78.7)IU/L降至(216.3±23.3)IU/L]均明显下降(P＜0.O1),胃出口梗阻评分[(0.9±1.1)分升至(2.1±0.7)分]明显上升(P＜0.01).所有患者均未出现严重并发症,生存70～332 d,中位生存时间192 d.结论 联合双支架置入是治疗胆管合并胃出口-十二指肠恶性梗阻的安全有效的方法.     

Rapid increase of bile salt secretion is associated with bile duct injury after human liver transplantation

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Biliary strictures are a serious cause of morbidity after liver transplantation. We have studied the role of altered bile composition as a mechanism of bile duct injury after human liver transplantation. METHODS: In 28 liver transplant recipients, bile samples were collected daily posttransplantation for determination of bile composition. Hepatic expression of bile transporters was studied before and after transplantation. Histopathological criteria as well as biliary concentrations of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma-GT) were used to quantify bile duct injury. RESULTS: Early after transplantation, bile salt secretion increased more rapidly than phospholipid secretion, resulting in high biliary bile salt/phospholipid ratio (BA/PL). In parallel with this, mRNA levels of the bile salt transporters NTCP and BSEP increased significantly after transplantation, whereas phospholipid translocator MDR3 mRNA levels remained unchanged. Bile duct injury correlated significantly with bile salt secretion and was associated with a high biliary BA/PL ratio. CONCLUSIONS: Bile salt secretion after human liver transplantation recovers more rapidly than phospholipid secretion. This results in cytotoxic bile formation and correlates with bile duct injury. These findings suggest that endogenous bile salts have a role in the pathogenesis of bile duct injury after liver transplantation.     

药物洗脱支架与金属裸支架内血栓发生率比较

目的:了解置入药物洗脱支架(DES)患者在经皮冠状动脉(冠脉)介入治疗(PCI)术后各期支架血栓(ST)的发生情况,并与置入金属裸支架(BMS)患者进行比较,探讨影响支架血栓发生的危险因素.方法:连续入选2001-07至2002-06和2003-07至2005-06期间接受PCI并置入支架的所有患者,共入选3 893例.随访至少2年.根据所使用支架分为DES组(n=2 930,至少置入1枚DES)和BMS组(n=963,单纯置入BMS).记录所有患者住院期和随访期内临床资料,并根据美国和欧洲学者组成的学术研究联盟(ARC)正式发表的支架血栓定义判定支架血栓事件.结果:与BMS组相比,DES组患者的平均年龄较大,而白细胞数、甘油三脂水平和空腹血糖水平较低,既往有冠脉血运重建病史者较多,但吸烟、糖尿病和ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)发生率较低;在DES组患者的冠脉病变中,多支病变、开口病变、前降支(LAD)近段病变和左主干(LM)病变发生率较高,但慢性完全闭塞性(CTO)病变所占的发生率较低,造影成功率及完全血运重建率均较高,差异均有统计学意义(P均＜0.05～0.001).两组患者PCI术后无论在住院期还是之后的随访期内,所有的不良心脑血管事件发生率均无显著差异,而支架血栓发生率在急性期、亚急性期、晚期和晚晚期均无差异(P均＞0.05).Cox回归分析结果提示,DES组患者发生支架血栓的危险因素为:氯吡格雷疗程短和冠脉多支病变(P均＜0.001);而BMS组患者发生支架血栓的危险因素为:血清肌酐值升高和合并高血压(P均＜0.05).结论:尽管DES时代患者的病变更为复杂,所置入的DES数更多,但支架血栓的发生率并不比BMS时代更高.但术后双联抗血小板治疗的疗程过短和冠脉多支病变是支架血栓发生的危险因素,应引起重视.     

Treating bilio-duodenal obstruction: Combining new endoscopic technique with 6 Fr stent introducer

Periampullary cancer may cause not only biliary but also duodenal obstructions. In patients with concomitant duodenal obstructions, endoscopic biliary stenting remains technically difficult and may often require percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage. We describe a method of metal stent placement via a thin forwardviewing endoscope in patients with simultaneous biliary and duodenal obstruction. In two consecutive patients with biliary and duodenal obstruction due to pancreatic cancer, a new biliary meta...     

药物洗脱支架联用普通金属支架治疗多支冠状动脉病变的疗效评价

目的探讨多支冠状动脉病变患者药物洗脱支架与普通金属支架(普通支架)联用预防再狭窄的疗效及安全性。方法801例行多支冠状动脉内支架置入术达到完全血运重建的冠心病患者分3组。药物洗脱支架组206例、药物洗脱支架与普通支架联用组(联用组)158例及普通支架组437例。比较3组支架术后近期及远期结果。结果3组患者冠心病危险因素、心功能、冠状动脉病变程度、支架术成功率及并发症发生率均无显著差异。术后平均随访(17.3±10.9)个月,总随访率和造影随访率无显著差异。联用组普通支架置入于31.3%的前降支病变(均为A、B1型病变)及81.6%的回旋支病变和69.9%的右冠状动脉病变。与普通支架组相比,药物洗脱支架组和联用组造影再狭窄率明显降低,分别为20.3%vs7.3%和8.8%(P均<0.05),且主要不良心脏事件发生率均较低,分别为18.4%vs6.5%和9.9%(P均<0.05)。但药物洗脱支架组与联用组相比上述各指标无显著差异。结论多支冠状动脉病变患者单用药物洗脱支架或合理联用普通支架后再狭窄率降低,安全性近似,均优于单用普通支架。