Antidiabetic and antidiarrhoeal effects on ethanolic extract of Psidium guajava(L.) Bat.leaves in Wister rats

Objective:To evaluate the antidiabetic and the antidiarrhoeal effects of ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava leave(EEPGL) in Wisier rais to support its traditional uses.Methods:Oral glucose tolerance test model and alloxan induced diabetic test model were performed to evaluate antidiabetic activity of EEPGL at doses of 1.00.0.50 and 0.75 g/kg respectively.For antidiarrhoeal effects of EEPGL.castor oil-induced diarrhoea model and gastrointestinal motility test with barium sulphate milk model were also assessed at doses of750.500 and 250 mg/kg.respectively.Results:Administration of EEPGL at doses 1.00 and 0.50 g/kg significantly(P0.05)decreased blood glucose levels in oral glucose tolerance test model as well as 0.75 g/kg dose in alloxan induced diabetic test model in Wister rats(P0.001).Application of EEPGL at doses of 750 and 500 mg/kg showed antidiarrhoeal effect in castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model(P0.00 l and P0.01,respectively),and 750 mg/kg(P0.01),500 and 250 mg/kg(P0.05)doses in barium sulphate milk model in aforesaid animals.Conclusions:These results exhibited the significant antidiabetic and antidiarrhoeal activities of ethanolic extracts of Psidium guajava leave in Wister rats.     

Antivenom potential of ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark against Naja venom

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antivenom potential of ethanolic extract of bark of Cordia macleodii against Naja venom induced pharmacological effects such as lethality, hemorrhagic lesion, necrotizing lesion, edema, cardiotoxicity and neurotoxicity.MethodsWistar strain rats were challenged with Naja venom and treated with the ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark. The effectiveness of the extract to neutralize the lethalities of Naja venom was investigated as recommended by WHO.ResultsAt the dose of 400 and 800 mg/kg ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark significantly inhibited the Naja venom induced lethality, hemorrhagic lesion, necrotizing lesion and edema in rats. Ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark was effective in neutralizing the coagulant and defibrinogenating activity of Naja venom. The cardiotoxic effects in isolated frog heart and neurotoxic activity studies on frog rectus abdominus muscle were also antagonized by ethanolic extract of Cordia macleodii bark.ConclusionsIt is concluded that the protective effect of extract of Cordia macleodii against Naja venom poisoning may be mediated by the cardiotonic, proteolysin neutralization, anti-inflammatory, antiserotonic and antihistaminic activity. It is possible that the protective effect may also be due to precipitation of active venom constituents.     

南、北五味子提取物对小鼠镇静、催眠作用的影响

目的:研究并比较南、北五味子不同溶剂提取物对小鼠镇静、催眠作用的影响。方法:采用系统溶剂分离法,对南、北五味子进行系统提取,观察各组分对小鼠自主活动的影响及协同戊巴比妥钠对小鼠的催眠作用。结果:南、北五味子的醚提物和醇提物能显著减少小鼠自主活动次数,增加阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠致小鼠睡眠只数,延长阈上剂量戊巴比妥钠致小鼠睡眠时间。结论:南、北五味子镇静、催眠有效成分主要分布于醚提物和醇提物中;南、北五味子相比,北五味子的镇静作用稍好,而催眠作用相当。     

Green synthesis,antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles using Eucalyptus chapmaniana leaves extract

Objective

To synthesize silver nanopaticles from leaves extract of Eucalyptus chapmaniana (E. chapmaniana) and test the antimicrobial of the nanoparticles against different pathogenic bacteria, yeast and its toxicity against human acute promyelocytic leukemia (HL-60) cell line.

Methods

Ten milliliter of leaves extract was mixed with 90 mL of 0.01 mmol/mL or 0.02 mmol/mL aqueous AgNO₃ and exposed to sun light for 1 h. A change from yellowish to reddish brown color was observed. Characterization using UV-vis spectrophotometery and X-ray diffraction analysis were performed. Antimicrobial activity against six microorganisms was tested using well diffusion method and cytoxicity test using 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide, a yellow tetrazole was obtained on the human leukemia cell line (HL-60).

Results

UV-vis spectral analysis showed silver surface plasmon resonance band at 413 nm. X-ray diffraction showed that the particles were crystalline in nature with face centered cubic structure of the bulk silver with broad beaks at 38.50° and 44.76°. The synthesized silver nanoparticles efficiently inhibited various pathogenic organisms and reduced viability of the HL-60 cells in a dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions

It has been demonstrated that the extract of E. chapmaniana leaves are capable of producing silver nanoparticles extracellularly and the Ag nanoparticles are quite stable in solution. Further studies are needed to fully characterize the toxicity and the mechanisms involved with the antimicrobial and anticancer activity of these particles.     

金银花叶醇提取物与水提取物抑菌作用的比较

目的 研究金银花叶醇提取物和水提取物抑菌作用之间的差别.方法 通过抑菌环直径的测定及最低抑菌浓度的测定来进行比较.结果 金银花叶醇提取物生药浓度为1000mg/ml对金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌,枯草杆菌的抑菌环直径均大于8mm,而水提取物的生药浓度为842mg/ml对上述三种菌的抑菌环直径均小于8mm.金银花叶醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌,枯草杆菌的最低抑菌浓度为将药物稀释到1:8的稀释度,对大肠杆菌最低抑菌浓度为将药物稀释到1:16的稀释度.结论 金银花叶醇提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌,大肠杆菌,枯草杆菌有抑菌作用,水提物没有抑菌作用.     

Retarded hippocampal development following prenatal exposure to ethanolic leaves extract of Datura metel in wistar rats

Background:

Datura metel contains atropine alkaloids and has been used to treat complication like asthma and, bronchitis, because of its anticholinergic properties.

Aim:

This study aimed to determine the prenatal effects of ethanolic extract of D. metel leaves exposure on the development of hippocampus.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty rats (12 females and 8 males) were purchased. The females were grouped into four groups (A_D). Group A were given 500 mg/kg body weight of the extract on the first day of fertilization to the end of gestation period, Group B were given 500 mg/kg body weight on the 8^th day of fertilization to the end of gestation period, Group C were given 500 mg/kg body weight on 15^th day of fertilization to the end of gestation period and Group D were given normal saline throughout the gestation period.

Results:

Rats in Group A showed no implantation, rats in Group B had abortion on the 7^th day after administration, and rats in Group C gave birth with their litters showing retarded hippocampus development and neural degeneration and rats in Group D (control) showed normal development.

Conclusion:

Ethanolic extract of D. metel leaf is teratogenic in the late stage of pregnancy, is abortificient and can serve as a contraceptive.     

Investigation of in vivo neuropharmacological effect of Alpinia nigra leaf extract

Objective

To analyze in vivo neuro-pharmacological effects of Alpinia nigra as anxiety is a particular form of behavioral inhibition that occurs in response to novel environmental events.

Methods

In present study, the extract of Alpinia nigra was evaluated for its central nervous system depressant effect using mice behavioral models, such as hole cross, open field and thiopental sodium induced sleeping time tests for its sedative properties and an elevated plus-maze test for its anxiolytic potential, respectively.

Results

In anxiolytic study, the extract displayed increased percentage of entry into open arm at the dose of 400 and 200 mg/kg. The extract produced a significant (P<0.01) increase in sleeping duration and reduction of onset of sleep compared to sodium thiopental at both doses (200 and 400 mg/kg). The extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) also showed a dose-dependent suppression of motor activity and exploratory activity of the mice in both open field and hole cross test.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that the treated extract has significant central nervous system depressant effect. Further studies on active constituent of the extract can provide approaches for therapeutic intervention.     

角杏叶提取物的心血管保护作用与一氧化氮介导的脑血管舒张作用

目的 探讨银杏叶提取物（ＥＧｂ）的抗自由基保护心血管功能及其舒张离体脑血管的作用与释放ＮＯ的关系。方法（１）家兔心脏与离体主动脉环用二苯三硝基苯肼（ＤＰＰＨ）自由基造成心收缩功能障碍和乙酰胆碱诱发的血管舒张功能损伤与经ＥＧｂ预处理后再用ＤＰＰＨ损伤组比较。（２）观察ＥＧｂ对猪离体基底动脉环的舒张作用及其对电刺激诱发的舒张作用的影响。结果 （１）ＥＧdisplay status     

茶碱和咖啡因对小鼠自发活动作用的比较

目的 应用计算机视频跟踪技术,探讨中枢兴奋药茶碱和咖啡因对小鼠自发活动行为特点的影响.方法 KM鼠分别腹腔注射不同剂量的茶碱和咖啡因(均为1,3,10,30,100ms/kg).10min后记录小鼠在旷场内的自发活动2h,分析小鼠的活动轨迹,以总路程、中央路程、中央路程比值等指标来评价药物对小鼠自发活动行为特点的影响.结果 茶碱和咖啡因均可使小鼠总路程增大,表现为钟形量效关系,茶碱在30mg/kg时总路程最大[(311±128)m],咖啡因在10ms/kg时总路程最大[(279±89)m].高剂量咖啡因抑制自发活动,100mg/kg在0～0.5 h可显著减少总路程(P＜0.05).30、100ms/kg茶碱和30ms/kg咖啡因可显著增加中央路程比值(P＜0.01),显著减少周边路程比值(P＜0.01).结论 茶碱和咖啡因主要使小鼠总路程增加,中央路程比值增加,但两药的效价和效能大小不同.     

Antidiabetic activities of ethanolic extract and fraction of Anthocleista djalonensis

Objective

To evaluate the antidiabetic activities of ethanolic root extract/fraction of Anthocleista djalonensis (A. djalonensis) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Methods

A. djalonensis root extract/fractions (37–111 mg/kg) were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 14 days and blood glucose levels (BGLs) of the diabetic rats were monitored at intervals of hours and days throughout the duration of the treatment.

Results

Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with the extract/fractions caused a significant (P<0.001) reduction in fasting BGLs of the diabetic rats both in acute study and prolonged treatment (2 weeks). The activities of the extract and fractions were more than that of the reference drug, glibenclamide.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the root extract/fractions of A. djalonensis possess antidiabetic effect on alloxan-induced diabetic rats and this justifies its use in ethnomedicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.     

In vitro anti oxidant activity and acute oral toxicity of Terminalia paniculata bark ethanolic extract on Sprague Dawley rats

ObjectiveTo ensure the safety and evaluate the anti oxidant activity of Terminalia paniculata (T. paniculata) ethanolic extract in Sprague Dawley rats.MethodsThe solvent extracts (hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol) of T. paniculata were subjected to phytochemical analysis and their DPPH radical scavenging activity was assayed. The oral acute toxicity was evaluated using ethanolic extract of T. paniculata.ResultsEthyl acetate and ethanolic extracts showed more phytochemicals, whereas highest DPPH scavenging activity was found in ethanolic extract. In an acute toxicity study, T. paniculata ethanolic extract was orally administered (1000 mg/kg body weight) to rats and observed for 72 h for any toxic symptoms and the dose was continued up to 14 d. On the 15th day rats were sacrificed and blood samples were collected from control and test animals and analyzed for some biochemical parameters. We did not observe any behavioral changes in test groups in comparison with their controls. Also, there were no significant alterations in biochemical, hematological (hemoglobin content and blood cells count) and liver function parameters such as serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, total proteins, albumin and bilirubin levels between T. paniculata ethanolic extract treated and normal control groups.ConclusionsTogether our results demonstrated that T. paniculata ethanolic possessed potent antioxidant activity and it was safer and non toxic to rats even at higher doses and therefore could be well considered for further investigation for its medicinal and therapeutic efficacy.     

玫瑰茄花萼乙醇提取物的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用的实验研究（英文）

目的：研究玫瑰茄（Hibiscus sabdariffa）花萼的乙醇提取物的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用。方法：使用95%乙醇提取玫瑰茄花萼干品用于测定其功效。用小鼠扭体实验检测其抗痛觉敏感作用,二甲苯致耳水肿模型小鼠检测其抗炎症作用,蓖麻油致腹泻模型小鼠检测其止泻作用。结果：在乙酸致小鼠扭体实验中,玫瑰茄花萼的乙醇提取物对小鼠扭体的抑制与空白对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,对二甲苯致耳水肿模型小鼠的耳水肿的抑制与空白对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,且显著减少了蓖麻油致腹泻小鼠的排便次数并增加了排便间隔时间（P〈0.01）。结论：本研究的结果证实了玫瑰茄花萼的乙醇提取物具有显著的抗痛觉敏感、抗炎及止泻作用,验证了其在传统医学中的应用。     

Antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic leaf extract and fractions of Melanthera scandens

Objective

To evaluate the antidiabetic and hypolipidemic activities of ethanolic leaf extract and fraction of Melanthera scandens (M. scandens) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Methods

M. scandens leaf extract/fractions (37–111 mg/kg) were administered to alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 14 days and blood glucose levels (BGL) of the diabetic rats were monitored at intervals of 7 hours for acute study and 14 days for prolonged study. Lipid profiles of the treated diabetic rats were determined after the period of treatment.

Results

Treatment of alloxan-induced diabetic rats with the extract/fractions caused a significant (P<0.001) reduction in fasting bloodglucose levels (BGL) of the diabetic rats both in acute study and prolonged treatment (2 weeks). The activities of the extract and fractions were more than that of the reference drug, glibenclamide. The extract/fractions exerted a significant reduction in the levels of serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL of extract with increases in HDL levels of the diabetic rats.

Conclusions

These results suggest that the leaf extract/fractions of M. scandens possesses antidiabetic effect on alloxan induced diabetic rats and this justifies its use in ethno medicine and can be exploited in the management of diabetes.     

桑叶提取物对糖尿病小鼠糖耐量的影响

目的 观察桑叶提取物(Morifolium Leaves extract,MLE)对糖尿病小鼠分别口服3 g/kg淀粉,葡萄糖2.4 g/kg的糖耐量(GTT)的影响.方法 将SPF级KM小鼠用四氧嘧啶(ALX)造成糖尿病模型,按照血糖随机分成空白对照组、MLE高、中、低剂量组,剂量分别为180 mg/kg、360 mg/kg、720 mg/kg,阿卡波糖对照组20 mg/kg,二甲双胍组对照组200 mg/kg,ig量按30.0 ml/kg BW计算,空白对照组ig给予同体积的淀粉、葡萄糖液.于给药后不同时间测血糖,并计算血糖升高值,与空白对照组进行均数比较.结果 MLE低剂量组对糖尿病小鼠口服淀粉30 min,中、高剂量组对60 min、120 min能显著抑制糖吸收,阿卡波糖能显著提高糖尿病小鼠的GTT.口服葡萄糖低剂量组30 min、60 min中、高剂量组120 min显示能抑制糖吸收,阿卡波糖对照组各时间点均不能显著抑制糖吸收,二甲双胍阳性对照组各时间点能显著抑制糖吸收.结论 MLE剂量达到180 mg/kg对糖尿病小鼠口服淀粉、葡萄糖GTT均有显著的抑制糖吸收作用.口服葡萄糖阿卡波糖对糖尿病小鼠糖耐量不产生影响,二甲双胍能显著提高模型动物的GTT.     

限制饮食对老年早期大鼠生存状态和旷场行为的影响

目的 研究热量限制对老年早期大鼠的生存状态和行为学的影响.方法 选用18月龄的健康雄性SD大鼠,根据进食情况分为2组,一组为CR组(n=29)给予对照组进食量60%的食量饲养,对照组为ad libitum(AL)组(n=31)自由进食,观察6个月,在此期间,记录大鼠的生存状况,每周测定大鼠体质量;6个月后,进行旷场实验观察自发活动能力.结果 CR组给予60%的饮食控制后,体质量维持在低于对照组约20%左右(P<0.01).CR组的生存率为89.66%显著高于AL组67.74%(P=0.039);在旷场实验中测定的CR组大鼠自发活动路程为(201.06±78.35)m,显著长于AL组[(147.38±36.89)m,P=0.021],而CR组的自发活动速度为(78.10±34.38)mm/s也显著高于AL组[(48.96±14.87)mm/s,P=0.021],并且CR组大鼠具有在中央区域的活动距离长(P=0.048)和在周边区域活动速度快(P=0.012)的特点.结论 对老年早期的大鼠给予6个月的热量限制可以提高大鼠的生存率以及旷场活动能力,反映了大鼠的健康状况改善.     

Effect of ethanolic extract of Ecballium elaterium against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans

Objective

To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of ethanolic extract of Ecballium elaterium (E. elaterium) fruits alone against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) strains and Candida albicans (C. albicans) strains, or in combination with penicillin against Staphylococcus areus strains.

Methods

Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity or synergy interaction was carried out using microdilution method.

Results

The results showed that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and C. albicans. This extract showed a significant decrease in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of penicillin against both MRSA and MSSA strains. Fractional inhibitory concentration index (FIC) between penicillin and ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits against these test strains was less than 0.5.

Conclusions

This study suggests that ethanolic extract of E. elaterium fruits has antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans and there is a possibility of concurrent use of penicillin and E. elaterium extract in combination in the treatment of infections caused by MRSA and MSSA strains. A wider study is needed to identify the effective components, the mode of action and the possible toxic effect in vivo of these ingredients.     

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray dry flowers

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antioxidant activity of extracts of dried flowers of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl) A. Gray (T. diversifolia) dry flower-a shrubby plant belonging to the Asteraceae family and very common in Brazil, providing data to help prevent premature aging skin.MethodsThe tests of phytochemical screening included total phenols, tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins. The active antioxidant was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl method.ResultsThe phytochemical screening of T. diversifolia dry flowers revealed the presence of phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids and total phenols), while alkaloids and saponins were not detected. The IC₅₀ values showed a strong antioxidant activity of the plant extracts.ConclusionsTherefore, this study suggests the possibility of using dry flowers extracts of T. diversifolia for the prevention of cell aging, as was shown to have significant antioxidant activity.     

紫玉盘茎叶石油醚部位抗肿瘤作用的研究

目的研究紫玉盘茎叶石油醚部位的抗肿瘤活性。方法乙醇回流提取后分别采用石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取有效部位。应用小鼠S180实体瘤模型,研究紫玉盘茎叶石油醚部位的体内抗肿瘤作用。采用MTT检测法检测紫玉盘茎叶石油醚部位的体外抗肿瘤活性。结果紫玉盘茎叶石油醚部位对S180实体瘤呈剂量依赖性抑制作用,600mg/kg组的瘤重抑制百分率达51.04%,与生理盐水组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。MTT检测显示,紫玉盘茎叶石油醚20μg/mL对SMMC-7721、SGC-7901和KB细胞的增殖有明显抑制作用,与生理盐水组比较差异有显著性(P<0.01)。结论紫玉盘茎叶石油醚部位具有一定的抗肿瘤作用,其机制有待进一步研究。