埃及东北地区夏季暴露尸体上常见嗜尸性昆虫种类的鉴定

目的:首次鉴定埃及东北地区( 东经32° 15' 和北纬30° 36' ) 常见嗜尸性昆虫种类及记录其演替规律。方法:观察被置于一空地上的动物尸体在夏季60 d 内的腐败过程, 同时捕捉出现的昆虫及记录每日的环境温度( 最高及最低温度) 和相对湿度(RH)。利用已知嗜尸性昆虫鉴别要点对所收集的昆虫进行分类及鉴定。结果:在研究期间的最高和最低的环境温度的均值分别为34.85℃和29.2℃, 相对湿度的均值为53.5%。尸体的腐败过程主要分为4 个阶段:新鲜期、肿胀期、腐败期和干化期。收集到的昆虫大部分为双翅目、鞘翅目和膜翅目昆虫。经形态学鉴定双翅目包括四科昆虫( 家蝇科、厕蝇科、丽蝇科和麻蝇科), 鞘翅目包括两科昆虫( 皮蠹科和阎魔虫科), 膜翅目仅包括厨蚁属小黑蚁。结论:为进一步研究埃及地区不同季节的嗜尸性昆虫演替奠定了基础。     

我国西沙群岛鼠形动物和吸血昆虫的鉴定并首次记述按蚊和蠓

目的 研究我国西沙群岛有害的鼠形动物和吸血昆虫的种类和分布情况,为当地传染病防控提供资料。 方法 2013年11月至12月和2014年2月至3月两次赴我国海南省西沙群岛的永兴岛和石岛,用鼠笼和诱蚊灯采集鼠形动物和吸血昆虫,结合形态和分子特征进行种类鉴定。 结果 捕获鼠形动物3种共计160只,分别为：褐家鼠、黄胸鼠和鼩鼱,优势种为褐家鼠（61.25%）。捕获的315只蚊成虫隶属4属5种,优势种是骚扰阿蚊（52.38%）,按蚊经分子鉴定为浅色按蚊B。捕获蠓成虫121只,隶属3亚科4属8种,帛琉库蠓为优势种（61.98%）。 结论 共发现西沙群岛的永兴岛和石岛的鼠形动物3种,蚊5种,蠓8种,其中按蚊和蠓均为西沙群岛首次记述,斑美铗蠓和泥泽铗蠓是我国的新记录种。     

兰州市蝇类种群与季节消长调查研究

目的调查了解兰州市蝇类种群与季节消长情况,为进一步开展蝇类防制和研究提供科学依据。方法采用网捕法和诱蝇笼法。结果获得兰州市蝇类4科21属44种,即蝇科7属17种,花蝇科1属2种,丽蝇科7属13种,麻蝇科6属12种。生态观察点调查共捕获蝇类1 009只,家蝇为优势种群,占68.19%;平均密度为3.60只/笼,以农贸市场密度最高,为5.50只/笼。蝇密度曲线呈双峰型,高峰出现在6月和8月,密度分别为6.23只/笼和5.53只/笼。结论掌握蝇类种群与季节消长规律是防制蝇类关键,今后应加强对蝇类调查研究,从而有效的控制蝇类密度。     

Capoeta damascina (Valenciennes, 1842), a new host of Contracaecum sp. and Capillaria sp. (Nematoda) from the Kor River Basin,southwestern Iran

ObjectiveTo investigate the parasitic infection status of cyprinid fish, Capoeta damascina in Gomban spring-stream, Kor River Basin, Fars Province, southwestern Iran.MethodsA total of 12 cyprinid fish (7 females and 5 males) were collected from Gomban spring-stream, Kor River Basin, Fars Province, southwestern Iran. The collected fish were dissected carefully and their internal organs such as liver, gonad, muscle, abdominal lobes, whole viscera and digestive tract were surveyed parasitologically.ResultsOne female cyprinid fish out of 12 fish was infected with three nematodes. Two nematodes (larvae) were identified as Contracaecum sp. which were attached firmly to the outer part of intestine and another adult helminth was recognized as Capillaria sp. which was recovered from digestive content.ConclusionsThis study is the first record indicating that cyprinid fish acts as a new host for recovered nematodes. Further helminthological investigations are highly recommended in different parts of Iran in order to expand our knowledge about helmintic parasites of cyprinid fish and their role in transmission of diseases to human and animal.     

Genetic diversity and complexity of Plasmodium falciparum infections in Lagos,Nigeria

ObjectiveTo analyse the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) using msp-1 and msp-2 as antigenic markers.MethodsParasite DNA was extracted from 100 blood samples collected from P. falciparum-positive patients confirmed by microscopy, and followed by PCR-genotyping targeting the msp-1 (block2) and msp-2 (block 3) allelic families.ResultsAll the families of msp-1 (K1, MAD20 and R033) and msp-2 (FC27 and 3D7) locus were observed. Results revealed that K1 (60/100) was the most predominant genotype of msp-1 allelic family followed by the genotypes of MAD20 (50/100) and R033 (45/100). In the msp-2 locus, FC27 genotype (62/100) showed higher frequency than 3D7 genotype (55/100). The allelic families were detected either alone or in combination with other families. However, no R033/MAD20 combination was observed. Multiplicity of infection (MOI) with msp-1 was higher in the locality of Ikorodu (1.50) than in Lekki (1.39). However, MOI with msp-2 was lower in the locality of Ikorodu (1.14) than in Lekki (1.76). There was no significant difference in the mean MOI between the two study areas (P=0.427).ConclusionsThe observation of limited diversity of malaria parasites may imply that the use of antigenic markers as genotyping tools for distinguishing recrudescence and re-infections with P. falciparum during drug trials is subjective.     

Microbiological Quality of Indoor Air in University Libraries

ObjectiveTo evaluate the concentration of bacteria and fungi in the indoor environment of Jimma University libraries, so as to estimate the health hazard and to create standards for indoor air quality control.MethodsThe microbial quality of indoor air of eight libraries of Jimma University was determined. The settle plate method using open Petri-dishes containing different culture media was employed to collect sample twice daily. Isolates were identified according to standard methods.ResultsThe concentrations of bacteria and fungi aerosols in the indoor environment of the university libraries ranged between 367-2595 CFU/m³. According to the sanitary standards classification of European Commission, almost all the libraries indoor air of Jimma University was heavily contaminated with bacteria and fungi. In spite of their major source difference, the average fungi density found in the indoor air of libraries did appear to follow the same trend with bacterial density (P=0.001). The bacteria isolates included Micrococcus sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Bacillus sp. and Neisseria sp. while Cladosporium sp., Alternaria sp., Penicillium sp. and Aspergillus sp. were the most isolated fungi.ConclusionsThe indoor air of all libraries were in the range above highly contaminated according to European Commission classification and the most isolates are considered as potential candidates involved in the establishment of sick building syndromes and often associated with clinical manifestations like allergy, rhinitis, asthma and conjunctivitis. Thus, attention must be given to control those environmental factors which favor the growth and multiplication of microbes in indoor environment of libraries to safeguard the health of users and workers.     

Scorpion fauna and epidemiological aspects of scorpionism in southeastern Iran

ObjectiveTo identify the scorpion fauna and classify the epidemiological aspects of scorpionism in an endemic region, Southeast Iran.MethodsScorpionism data were collected from health centers and hospitals in Sistan-Baluchestan Province during 2010-2011. Specimens were collected at night, using UV light, between May and October 2012.ResultsIn total, 246 scorpions were collected from two families (Buthidae and Scorpionidae). Five species including Odontobuthus odonturus, Hottentotta (Buthotus) jayakari, Compsobuthus matthiesseni, Scorpio maurus and Orthochirus scrobiculosus are reported for the first time from this area. Androctonus crassicauda was the dominant species. In total, 3 638 scorpion sting cases were recorded by health system, the majority of which were females. Stings mostly occurred in July and the age group of 15–24 years presented the highest frequency. Scorpionism decreased during 2011 compared with that in 2010 (68.2%).ConclusionsBased on the results, scorpionism is a serious health problem in this area and increasing knowledge of residents regarding the prevention methods of scorpion stings is recommended. Additional research on the scorpion fauna, their ecological and molecular variety in this part of the country is needed as well as the correlation between scorpions' species and the clinical signs and symptoms.     

Rate of carcass and offal condemnation in animals slaughtered at Yazd Slaughterhouse,central Iran

ObjectiveTo determine the rate of carcass and offal condemnation in the animals slaughtered at Yazd slaughterhouse, Yazd, Iran.MethodsIn a nine-month retrospective survey from June 2011 to March 2012, all the carcasses and offal condemnations for large animals (cattle and camels) and small animals (sheep and goats) in Yazd Slaughterhouse were carefully recorded daily.ResultsIn total, 2 741 large animals (cattle and camels) and 77 515 small animals (sheep and goats) were slaughtered during the period of this survey. Six carcasses (0.21%) of the large animals and 18 carcasses (0.02%) of the small animals were condemned. For large animals, condemnations in summer and autumn were significantly greater than winter (P<0.05). Condemnation rate of liver, lungs and kidneys for the large animals were 5.36%, 21.23% and 3.68% respectively and for the small animals were 4.37%, 5.46% and 0.51% respectively. The main recorded reasons for carcass condemnations in both large and small animals were icterus and cachexia. The most prevalent lesion resulting in offal condemnation was due to parasitic infection specially metacestods.ConclusionsThis study aimed to show the efficiency of documentation records during meat inspection at slaughterhouses to monitor the amount of condemnation and possible approaches to better awareness about the future preventive programs. Considering the percentage of condemnation of carcass and offal in the present study and their price in Iranian markets, the overall economic losses seems to be notable at Yazd slaughterhouse.     

2016年北京地区实验动物废弃物处理方法的调查与分析

目的 调查北京地区实验动物废弃物处理方法。方法 采用书面问卷调查、电话调查、实地调查和微信调查的方式对北京地区164家实验动物机构基本情况、实验动物废垫料的处理、实验动物排泄物的处理、实验动物尸体的处理、废弃动物实验耗材的处理五个方面进行调查。结果 调查数据较全面,具有一定的普遍性,反映目前存在的问题。结论 为编写北京市实验动物废弃物处理管理规范提供了参考依据。     

中国14省不同地区常见嗜尸性苍蝇 mtDNA中 COⅠ基因序列检测

目的：通过检测嗜尸性苍蝇线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上细胞色素氧化酶亚单位Ⅰ（COⅠ)中278 bp基因序列,鉴定嗜尸性苍蝇种类,为法医鉴别嗜尸性苍蝇种类提供可靠依据。方法：随机采集内蒙古包头、赤峰、天津、南宁、福州、山东临沂、石家庄、银川、兰州、北京怀柔、河南新乡及南阳、山西大同、安徽芜湖、浙江衢州、湖南长沙及株洲、永州等14个省不同地区室外多点放置兔、狗、猪尸体上的嗜尸性苍蝇38只。利用改进的小型昆虫DNA匀浆方法提取上述苍蝇mtDNA,进行PCR扩增;7%聚丙烯酰胺非变性凝胶连续缓冲体系垂直电泳和银染显色技术进行扩增结果检测;PCR胶回收试剂盒纯化;ABI3730测序仪测序;MEGA4软件包进行序列分析和构建UPGMA系统发育树。结果：有效鉴定出上述38只嗜尸性苍蝇,3科（蝇科、丽蝇科、麻蝇科）,10属（家蝇属、齿股蝇属、阿丽蝇属、带绿蝇属、裸金蝇属、原伏蝇属、金蝇属、绿蝇属、黑麻蝇属、别麻蝇属）,12种（家蝇、开普齿股蝇、叉叶绿蝇、亮绿蝇、巨尾阿丽蝇、瘦叶带绿蝇、白头裸金蝇、新陆原伏蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇、黑尾黑麻蝇、棕尾别麻蝇）。结论：mtDNA上COⅠ中278 bp基因序列分析能有效地对嗜尸性苍蝇进行种类鉴定。该检测方法快速、简便和精确,可以作为法医鉴别嗜尸性苍蝇种类的依据。     

Production and purification of a bioactive substance against multi-drug resistant human pathogens from the marine-sponge-derived Salinispora sp.

ObjectiveTo isolate, purify, characterize, elucidate structure and evaluate bioactive compounds from the sponge-derived Salinispora sp. FS-0034.MethodsThe symbiotic actinomycete strain FS-0034 with an interesting bioactivity profile was isolated from the Fijian marine sponge Theonella sp. Based on colony morphology and obligatory requirement of seawater for growth, and mycelia morphological characteristics the isolate FS-0034 was identified as a Salinispora sp. The bioactive compound was identified by using various spectral analysis of ultraviolet, high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy, ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance, correlated spectroscopy and heteronuclear multiple bond coherence spectral data. A minimum inhibitory concentration assay were performed to evaluate the biological properties of the pure compound against multi-drug resistant pathogens.ResultsBioassay guided fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract of the culture of Salinispora sp. FS-0034 by different chromatographic methods yielded the isolation of an antibacterial compound, which was identified as rifamycin W (compound 1). Rifamycin W was reported for its potent antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, wild type Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium and displayed minimum inhibitory concentrations of 15.62, 7.80 and 250.00 μg/mL, respectively.ConclusionsThe present study reported the rifamycin W from sponge-associated Salinispora sp. and it exhibited appreciable antibacterial activity against multi-drug resistant human pathogens which indicated that sponge-associated Actinobacteria are significant sources of bioactive metabolites.     

Genetic diversity of the msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes of P lasmodium falciparum isolates along the Thai-Myanmar borders

ObjectiveTo study the genetic diversity at the msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes of Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) isolates from 3 endemic areas in Thailand: Tak, Kanchanaburi and Ranong provinces.MethodsA total of 144 P. falciparum isolates collected prior to treatment during January, 2012 to June, 2013 were genotyped. DNA was extracted; allele frequency and diversity of msp-1, msp-2, and glurp genes were investigated by nested polymerase chain reaction.ResultsP. falciparum isolates in this study had high rate of multiple genotypes infection (96.5%) with an overall mean multiplicity of infection of 3.21. The distribution of allelic families of msp-1 was significantly different among isolates from Tak, Kanchanaburi, and Ranong but not for the msp-2. K1 and MAD20 were the predominant allelic families at the msp-1 gene, whereas alleles belonging to 3D7 were more frequent at the msp-2 gene. The glurp gene had the least diverse alleles. Population structure of P. falciparum isolates from Tak and Ranong was quite similar as revealed by the presence of similar proportions of MAD20 and K1 alleles at msp-1 loci, 3D7 and FC27 alleles at msp-2 loci as well as comparable mean MOI. Isolates from Kanchanaburi had different structures; the most prevalent alleles were K1 and RO33.ConclusionsThe present study shows that P. falciparum isolates from Tak and Ranong provinces had similar allelic pattern of msp-1 and msp-2 and diversity but different from Kanchanaburi isolates. These allelic variant profiles are valuable baseline data for future epidemiological study of malaria transmission and for continued monitoring of polymorphisms associated with antimalarial drug resistance in these areas.     

野生树鼩肠道蠕虫感染调查及分析

目的调查野生树鼩(Tupaia belangeri Chinensis)感染肠道蠕虫的主要种类并进行鉴定,为今后树鼩寄生虫检测提供形态学参考,为实验树鼩寄生虫控制提供依据。方法采集203只野外来源的树鼩新鲜粪便,虫卵采用常规粪便直接涂片以及孵化后显微镜观察;绦虫采用压片、固定染色,以及线虫经透明后体视镜观察,虫卵与成虫相对应鉴定。结果野生树鼩肠道蠕虫的总感染率为75.86%,主要感染种类有3种,经鉴定为长膜壳绦虫、奇口线虫和粪类圆线虫,感染率分别为27.67%,30.06%和51.52%。三种蠕虫的混合感染率为4.55%。两种线虫虫卵在树鼩粪便中多为含胚胎形态。结论野生树鼩肠道蠕虫的感染率较高。对野外引入的新种源必须隔离检疫,进行针对性的药物治疗,才能有效地控制肠道寄生虫病的传播。     

Metagenomic Analysis of Environmental Samples from Wildlife Rescue Station at Poyang Lake,China

ObjectiveTo improve the understanding of the virome and bacterial microbiome in the wildlife rescue station of Poyang Lake, China.MethodsTen smear samples were collected in March 2019 Metagenomic sequencing was performed to delineate bacterial and viral diversity. Taxonomic analysis was performed using the Kraken2 and Bracken methods. A maximum-likelihood tree was constructed based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) region of picornavirus.ResultsWe identified 363 bacterial and 6 viral families. A significant difference in microbial and viral abundance was found between samples S01–S09 and S10. In S01–S09, members of Flavobacteriia and Gammaproteobacteria were the most prevalent, while in S10, the most prevalent bacteria class was Actinomycetia. Among S01–S09, members of Myoviridae and Herelleviridae were the most prevalent, while the dominant virus family of S10 was Picornaviridae. The full genome of the pigeon mesivirus-like virus (NC-BM-233) was recovered from S10 and contained an open reading frame of 8,124 nt. It showed the best hit to the pigeon mesivirus 2 polyprotein, with 84.10% amino acid identity. Phylogenetic analysis showed that RdRp clustered into Megrivirus B.ConclusionThis study provides an initial assessment of the bacteria and viruses in the cage-smeared samples, broadens our knowledge of viral and bacterial diversity, and is a way to discover potential pathogens in wild birds     

Toxicity and antifeedant activity of essential oils from three aromatic plants grown in Colombia against Euprosterna elaeasa and Acharia fusca (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae)

ObjectiveTo determine the biological effects of essential oils (EOs) isolated from Cymbopogon nardus, Cymbopogon flexuosus and Cymbopogon martinii grown in Colombia against two Lepidoptera larvae, common pests in the oil palm.MethodsSpecimens were captured in the field and the antifeedant activity and dermal contact lethality of EOs were measured against Acharia fusca and Euprosterna elaeasa (Lepidoptera: Limacodidae) at various concentrations 0.002-0.600 μL/cm² and 0.002-8 μL/g, respectively. Results: All EOs exhibited strong antifeedant and toxicity activity toward Acharia fusca and Euprosterna elaeasa larvae. Cymbopogon martinii oil was the most active against both pest insect species, although all tested EOs were better than the synthetic repellent IR3535 on both insects.ConclusionsColombian EOs have potential for integrated pest management programs in the oil palm industry.     

桃儿七内生真菌分离及其抑菌活性初步研究

目的 探明桃儿七内生真菌资源多样性及其抑菌活性特征。方法 通过组织块法对内生真菌进行分离,并选择5种植物病原真菌和4种细菌作为指示菌,采用对峙法和改进的菌块法测定抑菌活性。结果 从桃儿七根、茎、叶中分离出49株内生真菌,根部最多,22株,其次为茎部,18株,叶部最少,9株;经形态学分类鉴定归于2个目,3个科,9个属,梭孢霉属为优势菌属;有22株菌对1种或多种供试植物病原真菌有不同程度的抑制作用,占分离菌株数的44.8%,有8株菌对2种或多种供试植物病原真菌有明显的抑制作用,其占所分离菌株总数的16.3%,有3株菌对4种或多种供试植物病原真菌有明显抑制作用,2株内生真菌分别对2种供试指示细菌具有明显的抑制作用。结论 桃儿七内生真菌具有多样性和明显的抗外源真菌活性,抑菌活性菌株主要分布在曲霉属、单孢枝霉属、梭孢霉属,其内生真菌的研究和开发具有重要的生态和经济意义。     

Clinical Findings and Genetic Analysis of Nine Mexican Families with Bartter Syndrome

BackgroundBartter's syndrome (BS) is a group of salt-wasting tubulopathies characterized by hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercalciuria, secondary hyperaldosteronism, and low or normal blood pressure. Loss-of-function variants in genes encoding for five proteins expressed in the thick ascending limb of Henle in the nephron, produced different genetic types of BS.AimClinical and genetic analysis of families with Antenatal Bartter syndrome (ABS) and with Classic Bartter syndrome (CBS).MethodsNine patients from unrelated non-consanguineous Mexican families were studied. Massive parallel sequencing of a gene panel or whole-exome sequencing was used to identify the causative gene.ResultsProband 1 was homozygous for the pathogenic variant p.Arg302Gln in the SLC12A1 gene encoding for the sodium-potassium-chloride NKCC2 cotransporter. Proband 3 was homozygous for the nonsense variant p.Cys308* in the KCNJ1 gene encoding for the ROMK potassium channel. Probands 7, 8, and 9 showed variants in the CLCKNB gene encoding the chloride channel ClC-Kb: proband 7 was compound heterozygous for the deletion of the entire gene and the missense change p.Arg438Cys; proband 8 presented a homozygous deletion of the whole gene and proband 9 was homozygous for the nonsense mutation p.Arg595*. A heterozygous variant of unknown significance was detected in the SLC12A1 gene in proband 2, and no variants were found in SLC12A1, KCNJ1, BSND, CLCNKA, CLCNKB, and MAGED2 genes in probands 4, 5, and 6.ConclusionsGenetic analysis identified loss-of-function variants in the SLC12A1, KCNJ1, and CLCNKB genes in four patients with ABS and in the CLCNKB gene in two patients with CBS.     

Analysis of Protoscoleces-specific Antigens from Echinococcus Granulosus with Proteomics Combined with Western Blot

ObjectiveTo establish and optimize the proteomic analysis of protoscoleces-specific antigens from Echinococcus granulosus. To provide a foundation for identifying specific antigens in the soluble proteins of E. granulosus protoscoleces for further research.MethodsBrood capsules were collected aseptically from fertile E. granulosus cysts from the livers of an infected patient. The fertile E. granulosus cysts were fractured, and protoscoleces were collected by centrifugation. The soluble proteins of protoscoleces were acquired using the 2D Quant kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. We employed two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) combined with immunoblot assay (Western blot) to analyze the soluble components of E. granulosus protoscoleces antigens. The 2-DE and immunoblot maps obtained were analyzed with PDQuest 8.0 image analysis software.ResultsAbout 233 soluble protein spots were identified with Coomassie-stained gels. Most of the proteins had a molecular weight of 16 000 Da to 117 000 Da, and an isoelectric point value of 3.0 to 10.0. 2-DE immunoblot was conducted and 57 specific antigen spots were observed, among which 23 spots were identified.Conclusion2-DE combined with Western blot is the key to successful proteomic analysis and presents a new possibility for searching the specific E. granulosus protoscoleces antigens.     

Broad spectrum anthelmintic potential of Cassia plants

ObjectiveTo study the in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of Cassia alata (C. alata), Cassia angustifolia (C. angustifolia) and Cassia occidentalis (C. occidentalis).MethodsCrude ethanol extract from leaves of the three plants were prepared in rotary evaporator and different concentrations (10, 20 and 40 mg/mL) of leaf extracts were used for treatment on different representatives of helminthes (Heterakis gallinarum, Raillietina tetragona and Catatropis sp.) from domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). Loss of motility and death were monitored frequently.ResultsC. alata showed early paralysis in all worms treated followed by C. angustifolia. C. occidentalis in combination with C. alata together caused early paralysis in all treated worms than the combination of C. alata with C. angustfolia. While Heterakis gallinarum in control survived for (81.33 ± 2.07) h, treated worms lost their motility at (5.71 ± 0.10) h, (6.60 ± 0.86) h and (13.95 ± 0.43) h with C. angustifolia, C. alata and C. occidentalis respectively at a concentration of 40 mg/mL which showed better efficacy than albendazole. Catatropis sp. survival period was (26.49 ± 1.38) h in control, but with plant treatment, it lost its motility in just (0.57 ± 0.08) h, (1.00 ± 0.12) h and (1.47 ± 0.40) h at 40 mg/mL concentration of C. alata, C. angustifolia and C. occidentalis respectively. Raillietina tetragona on the other hand became paralysed at (1.68 ± 0.27) h, (2.95 ± 0.29) h and (4.13 ± 0.31) h with above concentrations treated with three plants respectively, however in control it survived up to (81.93 ± 4.71) h.ConclusionsThis present study indicated broad spectrum vermifugal activity of all plants tested.