Antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts of Mentha longifolia L. and hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss. plants against important human pathogens

ObjectiveTo determine the potential antibacterial activity of ethyl acetate and aqueous extracts from Mentha longifolia L. (M. longifolia) and hydroalcoholic extract of Zataria multiflora Boiss. (Z. multiflora) against important human pathogens.MethodsPseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella dysenteriae, Klebsiella pneumoniae (K. pneumonia), Enterobacter cloacae, Salmonella typhi, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were kinds of pathogenic bacteria to determine the antibacterial effect of aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of M. longifolia and hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora using broth microdiluation method.ResultsThe lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for K. pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL) were observed by the hydroalcoholic extract of Z. multiflora and the lowest minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration values for K. pneumonia and Serratia marcescens (2.5 and 5 mg/mL) were observed by the aqueous extracts of M. longifolia.ConclusionsIn conclusion, it seems that Z. multiflora and M. longifolia extracts could inhibit the growth of all of the mentioned bacteria.     

Evaluation of extracts and essential oil from Callistemon viminalis leaves: Antibacterial and antioxidant activities,total phenolic and flavonoid contents

ObjectiveTo investigate antioxidant and antibacterial activities of Callistemon viminalis (C. viminalis) leaves.MethodsThe essential oil of C. viminalis leaves obtained by hydro-distillation was analyzed by GC/MS. Different extracts were tested for total phenolic and flavonoid contents and in vitro antioxidant (DPPH assay) and antibacterial (agar disc diffusion and 96-well micro-plates methods) actives.ResultsFourteen components were identified in the essential oil, representing 98.94% of the total oil. The major components were 1,8-cineole (64.53%) and α-pinene (9.69%). Leaf essential oil exhibited the highest antioxidant activity of (88.60±1.51)% comparable to gallic acid, a standard compound [(80.00±2.12)%]. Additionally, the biggest zone of inhibitions against the studied bacterial strains was observed by the essential oil when compared to the standard antibiotic (tetracycline). The crude methanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction had a significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.ConclusionsIt can be suggested that C. viminalis is a great potential source of antibacterial and antioxidant compounds useful for new antimicrobial drugs from the natural basis. The present study revealed that the essential oil as well as the methanol extracts and ethyl acetate fraction of C. viminalis leaves exhibited highly significant antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains.     

In vivo antiplasmodial activities of ethanolic extract and fractions of Eleucine indica

ObjectiveTo evaluate the in vivo antiplasmodial activities of the extract and fractions (n-hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol, aqueous) of the whole plant in Plasmodium berghei berghei infected mice.MethodsOral administrations of the extract (200, 400, and 600 mg/kg) of Eleucine indica and fractions (400 mg/kg) were screened in the 4-day, repository and curative tests. Chloroquine (5 mg/kg), pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg) and artesunate (5 mg/kg) were used as controls.ResultsThe extract showed significant (P< 0.05–0.001) dose-dependent, antiplasmodial activity in the 4-day, repository and curative tests and increased the survival times of the infected mice. All the fractions exhibited significant antiplasmodial activity with the highest being ethylacetate fraction.ConclusionsEleucine indica extract and fractions possess antimalarial activity which confirms the ethnobotanical use of this plant as a malarial remedy and opens a new highway to further investigate its potentials in the on-going fight against malaria.     

Antifilarial activity of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo leaves in vitro

ObjectiveTo evaluate the possible antifilarial effect of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo (Verbenaceae) leaves against Setaria cervi filarial parasite in vitro.MethodsIn vitro screening was done by the method of motility inhibition and MTT reduction assay with concentrations of 0.03 to 1.00 mg/mL for 2 to 24 h incubation periods respectively, for possible antifilarial effect by comparing with control.ResultsIn motility assay, complete inhibition of motility was observed and in MTT reduction assay which gave >50% reduction for concentrations 0.20, 0.50 and 1.00 mg/mL at 10, 6 and 2 h incubation periods respectively in a dose dependent manner (P<0.05). An antifilarial effect imparted by plant extract was found to be a function of their relative concentrations. Inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) for the plant extract was found to be 0.16 mg/mL.ConclusionsThe present study recorded significant antifilarial effect of Vitex negundo plant extract and contributed toward the development of database for novel drug candidates for lymphatic filariasis.     

Phytopharmacological evaluation and anti-asthmatic activity of Ficus religiosa leaves

ObjectiveTo discuss phytopharmacological potential and anti-asthmatic activity of Ficus religiosa (F. religiosa) (L.).MethodsFresh leaves of F. religiosa were obtained from Vastrapur Lake, Ahmedabad, and dried to obtain powder. Histamine and acetylcholine were used to guinea pigs to establish bronchospasm model. In in vivo study, the aqueous extract of F. religiosa leaves (AEFR) at doses of 150 and 300 mg/kg was administrated to guinea pigs, and the broncho-protective activity of AEFR was compared with aminophylline at 25 mg/kg. While in in vitro study, and 10 g/mL, 20 g/mL, 30 g/mL of AEFRL was administrated to guinea pigs, respectively, and mast cell stabilizing activity of AEFR was compared with ketotifen at 10 g/mL.ResultsIn the in-vivo model, pre-treatment with aminophylline (25 mg/kg, ip.) could significantly delay the onset of histamine induced pre-convulsive dyspnea, compared with vehicle control. Administration of AEFRL (150 and 300 mg/kg, ip.) also produced significant effect on latency to develop histamine &; acetylcholine induced pre-convulsive dyspnea. In the mast cell stabilizing model, AEFRL at 10, 20 and 30 μg/mL could significantly increase the number of intact cells.ConclusionsIt can be concluded that AEFRL is effective on histamine &; acetylcholine induced bronchospasm in guinea pigs. In addition, AEFRL can potentiate the number of intact cells in the mast cell stabilizing model.     

Anthelmintic activity of ethanolic leaf extract of Jasminum mesnyi

ObjectiveTo evaluate the anthelmintic activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Jasminum mesnyi.MethodsAnthelmintic activity was carried out on adult Indian earthworm Eisenia fetida. In this study, 20 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL concentrations of plant extract were tested which involved the time of paralysis and time of death of worm. Albendazole (10 mg/mL) was taken as reference standard drug whereas distilled water was used as control.ResultsThe extract exhibited significant anthelmintic acitivity which was more in higher concentration extract.ConclusionsIt was concluded from the present study that the plant exhibited significant anthelmintic activity.     

Antipyretic and antimalarial activities of crude leaf extract and fractions of Enicostema littorale

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antiplasmodial and antipyretic activities of whole plant extract and fractions of Enicostemma littorale (E. littorale) for ascertaining the folkloric claim of its antimalarial and antipyretic activities.MethodsThe crude extract (260 – 780 mg/kg) and fractions (chloroform and acqeous; 520 mg/kg) of E. littorale were investigated for antiplasmodial activity against chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) infections in mice and for antipyretic activity against dinitrophenol, amphetamine and yeast-induced pyrexia. The antiplasmodial activity during early and established infections as well as prophylactic were investigated. Artesunate (5 mg/kg) and pyrimethamine (1.2 mg/kg) were used as positive controls. Antipyretic activity of the crude extract was also evaluated against dinitrophenol, amphetamine and yeast-induced pyrexia.ResultsThe extract and fractions dose-dependently reduced parasitaemia induced by chloroquine-sensitive P. berghei infection in prophylactic, suppressive and curative models in mice. These reductions were statistically significant (P<0.001). They also improved the mean survival time from 11 to 27 days relative to control (P<0.01 – 0.001). The activities of extract/fractions were comparable to that of the standard drugs used (artesunate and pyrimethamine). On pyrexia induced by dinitrophenol, amphetamine and yeast, the extract caused inhibitions which were statistically significant (P<0.05 – 0.001) and in a dose-dependent fashion.ConclusionsThese plant extracts possess considerable antiplasmodial and antipyretic activities, which justify its use in ethnomedicine.     

Antibacterial activity of Citrus hystrix toward Salmonella spp. infection

IntroductionCitrus hystrix is widely used by Indonesians as a traditional medicine for gastrointestinal diseases, including Salmonella spp. infection. We investigated the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix against Salmonella typhimurium.MethodsThe antibacterial activity was evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract was determined at a concentration of 0.625% by agar dilution assay. Later, the in vivo antibacterial activity was examined by the administration of 16 mg of the extract daily for three consecutive days in a mouse model infected with S. typhimurium.ResultsThe bacterial loads of S. typhimurium in the ileum, liver, and spleen decreased after 24 h of administration of the extract (p = 0.00008, p = 0.00084, and p = 0.00003, respectively).ConclusionThe ethanolic peel extract of C. hystrix shows antibacterial activity against S. typhimurium, indicating the potential of C. hystrix as an effective treatment for Salmonella spp. infection.     

Crude extract of maggots:Antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli,underlying mechanisms,separation and purification

AIM:To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli(E.coli) and the underlying mechanisms,and to separate and purifythe crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract.METHODS:Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E.coli(O157:H7) and cultured.The optical density(OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200 HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots.The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis,and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method.RESULTS:The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/m L were significant.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/m L did not differ significantly.Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/m L of the crude extract,and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E.coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.A low molecular weight protein band(about 15 k Da) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent,but not in eluant,from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant,with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots.Of 24 tubes offiltrates,the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control.The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 was about 15 k Da.CONCLUSION:The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious,dose-dependent antibacterial effects.The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication.The prote in that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 k Da.     

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of polysaccharides,essential oil,and fatty oil extracted from Laurus nobilis growing in Lebanon

ObjectiveTo evaluate the antibacterial activity of the extracts of Laurus nobilis against three Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 and Staphylococcus epidermidis CIP 444) and two Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853). Also, the antibiofilm activity has been investigated against the biofilm produced by Staphylococcus epidermidis CIP 444.MaterialsThe polysaccharides, essential oil, and fatty oils extracted from the plant were used in broth microdilution methods to study the minimal inhibitory concentration, and then the minimal bactericidal concentration was determined.ResultsThe results showed that alginate, fucoidan, fatty oils and essential oil have good antibacterial activities against the 5 bacterial strains, and a negligible biofilm eradication activity of fucoidan, laminaran, fatty oil, and essential oil was observed, but a promising biofilm eradication activity was obtained with alginate, which showed a reduced biofilm mass even at low concentration.ConclusionsThe extracts obtained have promising antibacterial capacities which need further investigation for them to be incorporated in medical or nutritional applications.     

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of selected wild edible Nigerian mushrooms

ObjectiveTo elucidate the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of selected wild edible Nigerian mushroom species.MethodsPhytochemical screening was carried out using standard methods while 1,1-Diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radical and reductive power assays were used to evaluate the in vitro antioxidant properties of the selected edible Nigerian mushroom species.ResultsThe result obtained revealed the presence of alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, flavonoids, terpenes, steroids, tannins and phenols in the selected mushrooms extracts. The extract of Pleutorus ostearus showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher total phenol and flavonoid content of (248.80±7.63) mg/g and (42.63±0.63) mg/g respectively compared to other mushroom extracts. Cantherale cibarus had the most significant (P<0.05) amount of alkaloids [(135.57±0.27) mg/g] and saponins [(150.41±0.50) mg/g] when compared to other extracts while the tannin content [(170.56±0.74)] mg/g was highest in the mushroom Temitomyces robustus. All mushroom extracts scavenged DPPH radical in a dose dependent manner. However, Lactarus deliciousus had the highest DPPH scavenging activity compared to the other mushroom extracts. Pleutorus ostearus and Lactarus deliciousus had better reductive power than other mushroom extracts concentrations used.ConclusionsThe mushroom species analysed have been shown to be good sources of antioxidants and other phytoconstituents, thus it can be used in the management of oxidative stress induced diseases.     

In vitro bioactivity and phytochemical screening of selected spices used in Mauritian foods

Objective

To investigate the in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activities along with phytochemical screening of organic and aqueous extracts of spices used in Mauritian foods.

Methods

Antioxidant activity of the crude extracts was evaluated in terms of total antioxidant capacity, total phenol content and total flavonoid content. The antimicrobial activity of the spices was determined by the agar well diffusion method against a gram positive and a gram negative bacteria. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening were carried out by standard biochemical assays.

Results

All six spices were found to possess alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, tannins and phenols. Total phenolic content of the extracts varied between 177 and 1 890 mg GAE/g DW while the total flavonoid content varied between 2.8 and 37.6 mg QE/g DW. All six spices were found to possess strong antioxidant properties as well. Highest value was obtained for cinnamon [(24.930±0.198) µmol Fe²⁺/g DW] whilst turmeric showed the lowest antioxidant activity [(5.980±0.313) µmol Fe²⁺/g DW] (P<0.05). All extracts showed promising activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The size of the inhibition zones ranged between (11.20±0.23) mm to (26.10±2.09) mm (P<0.05) with turmeric and cinnamon being the most effective against Staphylococcus aureus while garlic was least effective against both E. coli and S. aureus.

Conclusions

The present study reveals the presence of potential antioxidant and antimicrobial properties in the extracts of the spices which could be further exploited.     

Protoscolicidal and immunomodulatory activity of Ziziphora tenuior extract and its fractions

Objective:To evaluate the scolicidal and immunomodulatory effect of the Ziziphora tenuior(Z.tenuior) extract and its fractions.Methods:Protoscolices were treated with six concentrations(3,5,10,25,50,and 100 mg/mL) of Z.tenuior extract and its fractions(ethanol,petroleum ether,ethyl acetate and chloroform) in periods of 10,20,30,40,50 and 60 minutes,and viability of protoscolices was evaluated using the 1.0%eosin.To examine the immunomodulatory effects of Ziziphora and its fractions on macrophage cells,the non-toxic concentration of extract and different fractions determined by MTT assay,and the Griess reaction was used to measure the level of nitrite as an indicator of nitric oxide by the macrophage cells in 10,100 and 200 μg/mL in 24 hours at 37 ℃.Results:In this study,the Z.tenuior extract at 10 mg/mL concentration was able to kill all protoscolices during 20 minutes.By increasing the concentration to 25 mg/mL,the scolicidal time reduced to 10 minutes.Regarding the effect of different fractions of Z.tenuior,the ethanolic fraction showed the highest scolicidal activity.The extract demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the activity of macrophages and reduced nitric oxide production.Although the petroleum ether and ethanolic fractions of the extract reduced nitric oxide production,nevertheless,this effect was only significant at 10 and 100 ug/mL concentrations(P0.05).Conclusion:The Z.tenuior extract and its fractions were effective against protoscolices yet the effect of total extract was considerable.Our findings indicates that the extract and its ethanolic and petroleum ether fractions could have anti-inflammatory properties.     

Colorimetric Assay and Antibacterial Activity of Cotton,Silk, and Wool Fabrics Dyed with Peony,Pomegranate, Clove,Coptis chinenis and Gallnut Extracts

To investigate the antibacterial functionality of natural colorant extracts, five kinds of natural dying aqueous solutions were obtained by extraction from peony, pomegranate, clove, Coptis chinensis and gallnut using water at 90 °C for 90 min with a liquor ratio (solid natural colorant material/water, weight ratio) of 1:10. The colorimetric assay and antibacterial activity of cotton, silk, and wool fabrics dyed with these natural colorant extracts were examined. It was found that these properties were significantly dependent on the structure of colorant and the kind of fabrics. The hues (H) of all fabrics dyed with these natural colorants were in the range of 6.05YR -1.95Y. The order of value (V) was wool, silk and cotton. The chroma (C) of all samples was found to be at very low levels indicating the natural tone. All the fabrics dyed with the five natural colorants (peony, pomegranate, clove, Coptis chinensis and gallnut) extracts displayed excellent antibacterial activity (reduction rate: 96.8 - 99.9%) against Staphylococcus aureus. However, in the case of Klebsiella pneumoniae, the antibacterial activity was found to depend on the kind of natural colorant extract used.     

Antibacterial Action of Selenium-Enriched Probiotics Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the inhibitory activity of selenium-enriched probiotics against pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) in vitro and in vivo. Escherichia coli was co-cultured in vitro with each probiotic strain individually, and a mixture of the four strains and its population was counted at various time points. We also collected a cell-free culture supernatant (CFCS) of each probiotic strain and the four-strain mix to examine their antibacterial activity, using the cylinder plate method. Results demonstrated that co-culture with probiotics significantly reduced the number of E. coli. The different sizes of the inhibition zones made by each CFCS proved that E. coli was inhibited by the metabolites of the probiotics. In vivo, Kunming mice were allocated to different groups supplemented with selenium-enriched and other probiotics. After 28 days, the mice were inoculated with pathogenic E. coli so that we could compare mortality rates and inspect other indexes of each treatment. The mortality of the group with selenium-enriched probiotics was the lowest. In addition, the organic antioxidant status improved, immunity was fortified, and the internal environment of the intestinal tract was enhanced with selenium-enriched probiotic supplementation. In conclusion, selenium-enriched probiotics can strongly antagonize pathogenic E. coli in vitro and in vivo.     

Antimicrobial and antispasmodic activity of leaf extract and fractions of Stachytarpheta cayennensis

ObjectiveTo investigate the antimicrobial activity of the methanol leaf extract (ME), n-hexane fraction (HF), ethylacetate fraction (EF) and methanol fraction (MF), of Stachytarpheta cayennensis C. Rich (verbenaceae) as well as to ascertain the antispasmodic effects of the ME and the various fractions (HF, EF and MF) on acetylcholine (Ach) and histamine (H) induced contractions on isolated guinea pig ileum.MethodsThe in vitro agar well diffusion method was used for the antimicrobial studies while the isolated tissue method was employed for the antispasmodic test. Organisms used were all clinical isolates of Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella paratyphi, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.ResultsThe extract and fractions exhibited dose dependent inhibition against all the bacteria tested and also exhibited insignificant antifungal activity against Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the extract and fractions (mg/mL) on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella paratyphi respectively were ME 5.62, 14.12, 22.38, 2.11; EF 1.25, 6.30, 9.40, 9.40 and MF 3.98, 8.81, 39.80, 21.13. The n-hexane fraction exhibited MIC of 1.07 mg/mL against only Bacillus subtilis. The extract and fractions exhibited significant (P< 0.05) dose dependent attenuation of contractions induced by acetylcholine and histamine on isolated guinea pig ileum. Concentrations of the extract and fractions (μg/mL) which evoked 50% inhibition of maximal response exhibited by Ach were ME 0.64, HF 0.16, EF 0.08 and MF 0.15, while that of histamine included ME 5.12, HF 0.16, EF 0.04 and MF 0.64. Preliminary phytochemical studies on the extract and fractions indicated the presence of carbohydrates, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoids.ConclusionsThe extract and fractions of Stachytarpheta cayennensis possessed both antibacterial and antispasmodic effects confirming the claimed use in folkloric medicine for wound healing and gastrointestinal ulceration.     

Anti-obesity and hypoglycemic effect of ethanolic extract of Murraya koenigii (L) leaves in high fatty diet rats

ObjectiveTo evaluate the hypoglycemic and anti-obesity activities of of Murraya koenigii leaves.MethodThe study was performed in high fatty diet induced obesity rats. After 15 days baseline period the treatments animals were received ethanolic extract of Murraya koenigii leaves (300 and 500 mg/kg) in high fatty diet rats. All the treatments were given for one month. On 30th day all the fasted animals received an intraperitoneal injection of glucose (1 g/kg) for glucose tolerance test. At the end of study body weight, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and blood glucose level were measured.ResultsThe results demonstrate clearly that repeated oral administration of Murraya koenigii leaves evoked a potent anti-hyperglycaemic activity in high fat diet obese rats. Postprandial hyperglycaemic peaks were significantly lower in plant-treated experimental groups. In other hand, high fatty diet group increased the both total cholesterol and triglycerides levels as compared to control group. While administration of Murraya koenigii leaves significantly decreased in both cholesterol as well as triglycerides.ConclusionsWe can conclude that Murraya koenigii leaves evokes potent anti-hyperglycaemic and anti-obesity effects. This fact could support their use by the diabetes patient for controlling body weight as well as maintains the glycemic level.     

Antibacterial activity of leaves and inter-nodal callus extracts of Mentha arvensis L

ObjectiveTo determine the anti-bacterial efficacy of chloroform, ethanol, ethyl acetate and water extracts of inter-nodal and leaves derived calli extracts from Mentha arvensis (M. arvensis) against Salmonella typhi(S. typhi), Streptococcus pyogenes(S. pyogenes), Proteus vulgaris(P. vulgaris) and Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis).MethodsThe inter-nodal and leaves segments of M. arvensis were cut into 0.5-0.7 cm in length and cultured on Murashige and Skoog solid medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, gelled with 0.7% agar and different concentration of 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetie acid (2,4-D) either alone or in combinations. The preliminary phytochemical screening was performed by Brindha et al method. Antibacterial efficacy was performed by disc diffusion method and incubated for 24 h at 37 °C.ResultsMaximum percentage of callus formation (inter-nodal segments 84.3 ± 0.78; leaves segments 93.8 ± 1.27) was obtained on Murashige and Skoog's basal medium supplemented with 3% sucrose and 1.5 mg/L of 2, 4-D. The ethanol extracts of leaves derived calli showed the maximum bio-efficacy than other solvents. The leaves and stem derived calli extracts on Proteus sp. showed that the plants can be used in the treatment of urinary tract infection associated with Proteus sp. Through the bacterial efficacy studies, it is confirmed that the in vitro raised calli tissue was more effective compared to in vivo tissue.ConclusionsThe bio-efficacy study confirmed that the calli mediated tissues showed the maximum zone of inhibition. The present study paved a protocol to establish high potential cell lines by in vitro culture.     

Green synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles using Psidium guajava extract and its antibacterial and antioxidant properties

Objective:To determine the efficacies of antibacterial and antioxidant activities of aqueous leaf extract of Psidium guajava mediated biosynthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles(TiO_2,NPs).Methods:Synthesized TiO_2 NPs were tested by disc diffusion method against against human pathogenic bacteria.The total antioxidant activity and phenolic content(Folin—Ciocalteau method) of synthesized TiO_2 NTs and aqueous plant extract were determined.The scavenging radicals were estimated hv DPPH method.The synthesized TiO_2 NPs were characterized by XRD,FTIR.FESEM and EDX,Results:FTIR spectra of synthesized TiO_2 NPs exhibited prominent peaks at 3410 cm~(-1)(alkynes),1 578 cm~(-1).1 451 cm~(-1)(alkanes),and 1 123 cm~(-1)(C-O absorption).The morphological characterization of synthesized TiO_2 NPs was analysed by FESEM which showed spherical shape and clusters with an average size of 32.58 nm.The maximum zone of inhibition was observed in the synthesized TiO_2 NPs(20 μg/mL) against Staphylococcus aureus(25 mm) and Escherichia coli(23 mm).The synthesized TiO_2 NPs showed more antibacterial activity than the standard antibiotic disk,tetracycline which drastically reduces the chances for the development of antibiotics resistance of bacterial species.The plant aqueous extract and synthesized TiO_2NPs were found to possess maximum antioxidant activity when compared with ascorbic acid.The content of phenolic compounds(mg/g) in Leaf aqueous extract and synthesized TiO_2 NPs were found to be 85.4 and 18.3 mgTA/g,respectively.Conclusions:Green synthesized TiO_2 NPs provides a promising approach can satisfy the requirement of large-scale industrial production hearing the advantage of low—cost,eco—friendly and reproducible.