肠内营养与肠外营养对危重症临床疗效的Meta分析

目的:通过Meta分析方法系统评价肠内营养(EN)与肠外营养(PN)对危重症的临床疗效。方法:检索Pub Med、Embase、Springerlink、Medline、中国知网、万方、维普数据库(建库至2016年4月22日),纳入有关肠内营养与肠外营养治疗的随机对照试验(RCT),以总并发症发生率、总感染率、肺炎发生率、尿路感染率、脓毒症及其他感染发病率、死亡率、住院时间等为效应指标,由两名研究者独立对入选文献的质量和研究结果进行摘录,应用Review Manager 5.3进行Meta分析。结果 :Meta分析结果显示,与肠外营养相比,肠内营养显著降低了总感染发生率(OR=0.54,P=0.04)、肺炎发生率(OR=0.65,P=0.04)及脓毒症及其他感染发生率(OR=0.59,P=0.04),两者在总并发症发生率、尿路感染率、死亡率及住院时间均无显著差异。结论 :肠内营养能显著降低危重症病人感染的发生,特别是降低肺炎、脓毒症及相关性炎症反应的发生。     

肠内营养在危重病人中的应用效果及护理

目的探讨肠内营养(EN)在危重病人中的应用效果。方法对41例危重病人在肠内营养支持治疗前和支持7d后测定血清前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和转铁蛋白(TRF)水平。结果血清前白蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白水平在肠内营养支持治疗7d后明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),而白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平没有改变,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论危重病人实施肠内营养能改善机体蛋白质合成和免疫功能,减少并发症的发生,缩短住院时间,降低病死率,对提高危重病人的预后有着重要的意义。     

肠内营养在危重病人中的应用效果及护理

目的探讨肠内营养(EN)在危重病人中的应用效果。方法对41例危重病人在肠内营养支持治疗前和支持7d后测定血清前白蛋白(PA)、白蛋白(ALB)、视黄醇结合蛋白(RBP)和转铁蛋白(TRF)水平。结果血清前白蛋白和视黄醇结合蛋白水平在肠内营养支持治疗7d后明显升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.001),而白蛋白和转铁蛋白水平没有改变,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论危重病人实施肠内营养能改善机体蛋白质合成和免疫功能,减少并发症的发生,缩短住院时间,降低病死率,对提高危重病人的预后有着重要的意义。     

Guidelines for the Provision and Assessment of Nutrition Support Therapy in the Pediatric Critically Ill Patient: Society of Critical Care Medicine and American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition

This document represents the first collaboration between 2 organizations—the American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition and the Society of Critical Care Medicine—to describe best practices in nutrition therapy in critically ill children. The target of these guidelines is intended to be the pediatric critically ill patient (>1 month and <18 years) expected to require a length of stay >2–3 days in a PICU admitting medical, surgical, and cardiac patients. In total, 2032 citations were scanned for relevance. The PubMed/MEDLINE search resulted in 960 citations for clinical trials and 925 citations for cohort studies. The EMBASE search for clinical trials culled 1661 citations. In total, the search for clinical trials yielded 1107 citations, whereas the cohort search yielded 925. After careful review, 16 randomized controlled trials and 37 cohort studies appeared to answer 1 of the 8 preidentified question groups for this guideline. We used the GRADE criteria (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to adjust the evidence grade based on assessment of the quality of study design and execution. These guidelines are not intended for neonates or adult patients. The guidelines reiterate the importance of nutrition assessment—particularly, the detection of malnourished patients who are most vulnerable and therefore may benefit from timely intervention. There is a need for renewed focus on accurate estimation of energy needs and attention to optimizing protein intake. Indirect calorimetry, where feasible, and cautious use of estimating equations and increased surveillance for unintended caloric underfeeding and overfeeding are recommended. Optimal protein intake and its correlation with clinical outcomes are areas of great interest. The optimal route and timing of nutrient delivery are areas of intense debate and investigations. Enteral nutrition remains the preferred route for nutrient delivery. Several strategies to optimize enteral nutrition during critical illness have emerged. The role of supplemental parenteral nutrition has been highlighted, and a delayed approach appears to be beneficial. Immunonutrition cannot be currently recommended. Overall, the pediatric critical care population is heterogeneous, and a nuanced approach to individualizing nutrition support with the aim of improving clinical outcomes is necessary.     

胰十二指肠切除术后患者临床营养的护理

目的总结胰十二指肠切除术后患者肠外营养（PN）和肠内营养（EN）的护理体会。方法回顾性分析了57例接受胰十二指肠切除术患者的临床资料，所有患者均于术前接受中心静脉置管，术中行空肠造瘘，术后给予PN和EN支持。结果PN中位时间为8天（5～24天），EN中位时间为21天（5～69天），平均术后肛门排气时间（72．5±19．8）小时，术后住院的中位时间为24天（17～74天）。57例患者中，1例于围手术期死亡，2例因严重腹胀、腹泻中止EN；41例出现腹胀，17例发生腹泻；中心静脉导管脱出和堵塞各2例，空肠造瘘未出现导管并发症；29例出现糖代谢严重异常，2例伤口裂开，19例次发生术后感染。结论胰十二指肠切除术后需要联合PN和EN，治疗中应坚持无菌配液、严格管路护理、注意血糖变化和加强心理治疗。     

Risks in Management of Enteral Nutrition in Intensive Care Units: A Literature Review and Narrative Synthesis

Critically ill patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) have a high risk of developing malnutrition, and this is associated with poorer clinical outcomes. In clinical practice, nutrition, including enteral nutrition (EN), is often not prioritized. Resulting from this, risks and safety issues for patients and healthcare professionals can emerge. The aim of this literature review, inspired by the Rapid Review Guidebook by Dobbins, 2017, was to identify risks and safety issues for patient safety in the management of EN in critically ill patients in the ICU. Three databases were used to identify studies between 2009 and 2020. We assessed 3495 studies for eligibility and included 62 in our narrative synthesis. Several risks and problems were identified: No use of clinical assessment or screening nutrition assessment, inadequate tube management, missing energy target, missing a nutritionist, bad hygiene and handling, wrong time management and speed, nutritional interruptions, wrong body position, gastrointestinal complication and infections, missing or not using guidelines, understaffing, and lack of education. Raising awareness of these risks is a central aspect in patient safety in ICU. Clinical experts can use a checklist with 12 identified top risks and the recommendations drawn up to carry out their own risk analysis in clinical practice.     

不同肠内营养支持对恶性肿瘤患者术后化疗效果的评价

目的：研究恶性肿瘤患者术后化疗期间应用肠内营养支持对营养状况、免疫功能的影响。方法：将80例需进行化疗的恶性肿瘤术后患者随机分为研究组（EN）和对照组,研究组40例,在常规饮食的基础上,采用肠内营养支持;对照组40例,进食常规饮食,不进行肠内营养支持。分别观察两组患者化疗前、化疗第28天和化疗第56天时血清白蛋白（Alb）、前白蛋白（PA）、血红蛋白（Hb）和淋巴细胞亚群（包括NK、CD4、CD8、CD4/CD8）、免疫球蛋白（包括IgG、IgM、IgA）的变化情况。结果：化疗第28天时两组差别不明显（P〉0.05）;化疗第56天时,研究组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白高于对照组（P〈0.05）,与化疗前差异不大（P〉0.05）,对照组血清白蛋白、前白蛋白、血红蛋白明显低于化疗前,有统计学差异（P〈0.05）,两组免疫指标均低于化疗前,其中研究组免疫指标下降低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：恶性肿瘤患者术后化疗期间应用肠内营养支持有利于机体营养状况和免疫功能的维持和改善。     

Increased Efficacy and Safety of Enteral Nutrition Support with a Protocol (ASNET) in Noncritical Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Background

Unintentional underfeeding is common in patients receiving enteral nutrition (EN), and is associated with increased risk of malnutrition complications. Protocols for EN in critically ill patients have been shown to enhance adequacy, resulting in better clinical outcomes; however, outside of intensive care unit (ICU) settings, the influence of a protocol for EN is unknown.

Indirect Calorimetry Reveals That Better Monitoring of Nutrition Therapy in Pediatric Intensive Care Is Needed

Background: Monitoring nutrition therapy is essential in the care of critically ill children, but the risk of nutrition failure seems to remain. The aims of the present study were to examine the prevalence of underfeeding, adequate feeding, and overfeeding in mechanically ventilated children and to identify barriers to the delivery of nutrition support. Materials and Methods: Children aged 0–14 years who fulfilled the criteria for indirect calorimetry were enrolled in this prospective, observational study and were studied for up to 5 consecutive days. Actual energy intake was recorded and compared with the required energy intake (measured energy expenditure plus 10%); energy intake was classified as underfeeding (<90% of required energy intake), adequate feeding (90%?110%), or overfeeding (>110%). The reasons for interruptions to enteral and parenteral nutrition were recorded. Results: In total, 104 calorimetric measurements for 140 total days were recorded for 30 mechanically ventilated children. Underfeeding, adequate feeding, and overfeeding occurred on 21.2%, 18.3%, and 60.5% of the 104 measurement days, respectively. There was considerable variability in the measured energy expenditure between children (median, 37.2 kcal/kg/d; range, 16.81?66.38 kcal/kg/d), but the variation within each child was small. Respiratory quotient had low sensitivity of 21% and 27% for detecting underfeeding and overfeeding, respectively. Fasting for procedures was the most frequent barrier that led to interrupted nutrition support. Conclusion: The high percentage of children (~61%) who were overfed emphasizes the need to measure energy needs by using indirect calorimetry.     

Nurses' Knowledge,Practice, and Associated Factors with Enteral Nutrition in Adult Intensive Care Units of Public Hospitals

BackgroundIn critically ill patients, enteral nutrition is recommended as a route for nutrient delivery. Nurses'' knowledge and practice of enteral nutrition influence patients'' clinical outcomes. Therefore, this study sought to assess nurses'' knowledge, practice, and associated factors regarding enteral nutrition in adult intensive care unit patients in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was used to collect data from 196 nurses working in public hospitals in Addis Ababa from April 11 to April 30, 2020. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed with SPSS version 21. The correlation between independent variables and dependent variables was estimated using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression at a 95% confidence level.ResultsThe level of inadequate knowledge and poor practice of nurses relating to enteral nutrition was 67.7% and 53.8%, respectively. Bachelor''s degree holders were less likely to be knowledgeable (AOR= 0.24, 95% CI: (0.61, 0.93)). Nurses'' practice about enteral nutrition was significantly associated with nurses'' age (AOR = 0.023, 95 % CI: (0.001,0.52), nurses receiving training on enteral nutrition (AOR = 1.951, 95 % CI: (0.06, 0.60)), and nurses from ICUs having a guideline and protocol on enteral feeding practice (AOR = 3.401, 95 % CI: (1.186, 9.789).ConclusionsIn the study, it was revealed that a substantial proportion of nurses had inadequate knowledge of enteral nutrition and practiced poor enteral nutrition.     

Parenteral Nutrition Is One of the Most Significant Risk Factors for Nosocomial Infections in a Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit

Background: Nosocomial infections (NIs) are associated with significant morbidity and mortality and increased healthcare costs. We aimed to assess the NI epidemiology and associated risk factors in a pediatric cardiac intensive care unit (PCICU). Materials and Methods: Prospective observational study on 1106 patients admitted to a PCICU from January 1, 2012, to October 31, 2013. NIs were defined and recorded weekly by a multidisciplinary team. Independent risk factors for NIs were assessed by logistic regression analysis in the overall cohort, in cardiac surgical patients, and in those who had cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Results: Ninety‐two patients (8.3%) had NIs. Overall mortality was 2% but 8.3% in children with NIs (P < .001). The most frequent NIs were pneumonia (19.6%), bacteremia of unknown origin (16.3%), and catheter‐associated bloodstream infection (14.1%) caused mainly by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the overall cohort, independent risk factors for NIs were number of days of parenteral nutrition (PN), days of invasive and noninvasive ventilation, ward before PCICU admission, and days of PCICU stay; in the cardiac surgical patients, the risk factors were days of PN and days of invasive and noninvasive ventilation; in children who had undergone CPB, the risk factors for NIs were days of PN, delayed sternal closure, reintervention, length of CPB, younger age, and days of invasive ventilation. Conclusion: Mortality was significantly higher in patients with NIs. The use of PN was one of the most significant predictors for NIs in the overall cohort of PCICU patients, cardiac surgical patients, and those who required CPB.     

Effect of Simulated Patient Practice on the Self-Efficacy of Japanese Undergraduate Dietitians in Nutrition Care Process Skills

Objective

To examine the effect of an adapted simulated patient (SP) intervention on self-efficacy in nutrition care process skills.

Methodological Rigor and Transparency in Clinical Practice Guidelines for Nutrition Care in Critically Ill Adults: A Systematic Review Using the AGREE II and AGREE-REX Tools

Background: To evaluate the methodological quality of (1) clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) that inform nutrition care in critically ill adults using the AGREE II tool and (2) CPG recommendations for determining energy expenditure using the AGREE-REX tool. Methods: CPGs by a professional society or academic group, intended to guide nutrition care in critically ill adults, that used a systematic literature search and rated the evidence were included. Four databases and grey literature were searched from January 2011 to 19 January 2022. Five investigators assessed the methodological quality of CPGs and recommendations specific to energy expenditure determination. Scaled domain scores were calculated for AGREE II and a scaled total score for AGREE-REX. Data are presented as medians (interquartile range). Results: Eleven CPGs were included. Highest scoring domains for AGREE II were clarity of presentation (82% [76–87%]) and scope and purpose (78% [66–83%]). Lowest scoring domains were applicability (37% [32–42%]) and stakeholder involvement (46% [33–51%]). Eight (73%) CPGs provided recommendations relating to energy expenditure determination; scores were low overall (37% [36–40%]) and across individual domains. Conclusions: Nutrition CPGs for critically ill patients are developed using systematic methods but lack engagement with key stakeholders and guidance to support application. The quality of energy expenditure determination recommendations is low.