经颅磁刺激抑制健康人初级运动皮质后双侧中央前回精细分区的脑有效连接变化

目的观察经颅磁刺激抑制右侧初级运动皮质(M1)后双侧中央前回精细分区有效连接变化情况。方法选取21例健康志愿者纳入本研究,于持续短阵脉冲刺激(cTBS)干预前、后分别行静息态功能磁共振(rs-fMRI)检查,参照中科院自动化研究所制订的脑图谱对受试者双侧中央前回进行精细分区,选用Granger因果分析观察受试者双侧中央前回有效连接变化情况。结果经cTBS抑制右侧M1区后受试者双侧中央前回各亚区有效连接呈显著变化,右上肢功能区对左上肢、左头面部功能区的有效连接减弱,左上肢功能区对右侧头面部及右上肢功能区的有效连接增强。结论经cTBS抑制右侧M1区后,受试者双侧M1区上肢功能区的有效连接变化反映了半球间交互抑制,同时M1躯干功能区也发生了与上肢功能区方向相反的有效连接改变。     

经颅磁刺激及局部直流电刺激对受损周围神经再生的影响

目的 分别从电生理学、组织学方面观察经颅磁刺激及局部直流电刺激对周围神经再生的影响，探讨其促进受损神经功能恢复的相关机制。方法共选取20只SD大鼠，将其制成周围神经损伤模型并随机分为经颅磁刺激组及局部直流电刺激组，分别采用电生理学及组织学方法观察磁刺激对周围神经潜伏期、波幅、神经传导速度及周围神经髓鞘结构、数量的影响，并与局部直流电刺激组进行比较。结果2组大鼠分别经20d相应处理后，发现经颅磁刺激组大鼠受损坐骨神经的波幅明显增高，与局部直流电刺激组间的差异有统计学意义；在组织学方面，可观察到经颅磁刺激组有大量新生神经髓鞘出现，其数量显著多于局部直流电刺激组，差异亦有统计学意义；另外经颅磁刺激组的髓鞘结构也较局部直流电刺激组清晰、完整。结论通过电生理学及组织学观察，发现经颅磁刺激在促进受损周围神经再生、修复方面，其疗效可能优于局部直流电刺激。     

Changes in transcranial magnetic stimulation outcome measures in response to upper-limb physical training in stroke: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Background

Physical training is known to be an effective intervention to improve sensorimotor impairments after stroke. However, the link between brain plastic changes, assessed by transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), and sensorimotor recovery in response to physical training is still misunderstood. We systematically reviewed reports of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving the use of TMS over the primary motor cortex (M1) to probe brain plasticity after upper-limb physical training interventions in people with stroke.

Therapeutic application of transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson's disease: the contribution of expectation

Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a valuable probe of brain function. Ever since its adoption as a research tool, there has been great interest regarding its potential clinical role. Presently, it is unclear whether rTMS will have some role as an alternative treatment for neuropsychiatric and neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, studies addressing the contribution of placebo during rTMS are missing. The placebo effect has been shown to be associated either with release of dopamine in the striatum or with changes in brain glucose metabolism. The main objective of this study was to test whether, in patients with PD, the expectation of therapeutic benefit from rTMS, which actually was delivered only as sham rTMS (placebo-rTMS) induced changes in striatal [11C] raclopride binding potentials (BP) as measured with positron emission tomography (PET). Placebo-rTMS induced a significant bilateral reduction in [11C] raclopride BP in dorsal and ventral striatum as compared to the baseline condition. This reduction BP is indicative of an increase in dopamine neurotransmission. The changes in [11C] raclopride binding were more evident in the hemisphere contralateral to the more affected side supporting the hypothesis that the more severe the symptoms, the greater the drive for symptom relief, and therefore the placebo response. This is the first study addressing the placebo contribution during rTMS. While our results seem to confirm earlier evidence that expectation induces dopaminergic placebo effects, they also suggest the importance of placebo-controlled studies for future clinical trials involving brain stimulation techniques.     

长程经颅磁刺激对脑梗死大鼠皮质脑源性神经营养因子表达及神经功能恢复的影响

目的探索长程经颅磁刺激（TMS）对脑梗死大鼠梗死灶周围皮质脑源性神经营养因子（BD-NF）表达和脑损伤体积、神经功能恢复的影响及作用机制，为经颅磁刺激在脑梗死治疗及康复中的应用提供理论依据。方法TMS组与假刺激组大鼠各48只，于大脑中动脉阻塞／再灌注（MCAO／R）90min后的3周内每日接受1次TMS（200脉冲）与假刺激治疗。检测2组大鼠神经功能恢复情况、梗死灶周围皮质BDNF免疫阳性细胞表达及脑损伤体积，对所得资料进行统计学分析。结果在治疗2周和3周时，TMS组神经功能缺损评分与假刺激组相比均明显降低（P〈0．01）。TMS组在治疗3d、7d、14d、21d时梗死灶周围皮质BDNF阳性细胞计数与假刺激组各对应时间点相比，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01），且2组治疗21d时梗死灶周围皮质BDNF阳性细胞计数与大鼠神经功能缺损评分呈显著负相关（r=-0．877，P〈0．01）。治疗3周后，TMS组脑损伤体积明显小于假刺激组（P〈0．05），2组脑损伤体积与最终神经功能缺损评分明显相关（r=0．859，P〈0．01）。结论长程TMS有促进脑梗死大鼠神经功能缺损恢复的作用，其作用通过持续上调梗死灶周围皮质BDNF阳性细胞表达、减小梗死后脑损伤体积等作用而实现。     

The link between visual exploration and neuronal activity: a multi-modal study combining eye tracking, functional magnetic resonance imaging and transcranial magnetic stimulation

In the present multi-modal study we aimed to investigate the role of visual exploration in relation to the neuronal activity and performance during visuospatial processing. To this end, event related functional magnetic resonance imaging er-fMRI was combined with simultaneous eye tracking recording and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Two groups of twenty healthy subjects each performed an angle discrimination task with different levels of difficulty during er-fMRI. The number of fixations as a measure of visual exploration effort was chosen to predict blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal changes using the general linear model (GLM). Without TMS, a positive linear relationship between the visual exploration effort and the BOLD signal was found in a bilateral fronto-parietal cortical network, indicating that these regions reflect the increased number of fixations and the higher brain activity due to higher task demands. Furthermore, the relationship found between the number of fixations and the performance demonstrates the relevance of visual exploration for visuospatial task solving. In the TMS group, offline theta bursts TMS (TBS) was applied over the right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) before the fMRI experiment started. Compared to controls, TBS led to a reduced correlation between visual exploration and BOLD signal change in regions of the fronto-parietal network of the right hemisphere, indicating a disruption of the network. In contrast, an increased correlation was found in regions of the left hemisphere, suggesting an intent to compensate functionality of the disturbed areas. TBS led to fewer fixations and faster response time while keeping accuracy at the same level, indicating that subjects explored more than actually needed.     

Six-day course of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation plus occupational therapy for post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis: A case series study

Purpose.?To clarify the safety and feasibility of a 6-day protocol of low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) combined with intensive occupational therapy (OT) for upper limb hemiparesis.

Methods.?In-hospital combination treatment was provided for 5 post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis after more than 12 months of the onset of stroke. Over 6 consecutive days, each patient received 10 sessions of combination treatment with 1?Hz rTMS and intensive OT (one-on-one training and self-training). Motor function in the affected upper limb was evaluated by Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Ten-Second Test at admission, discharge, and 4 weeks after treatment.

Results.?All patients completed the 6-day treatment protocol and none showed any adverse effects throughout the treatment. At the end of treatment, improvements in the scores of FMA, WMFT, and Ten-Second Test were found in all patients. No deterioration of improved upper limb function was observed at 4 weeks after the treatment.

Conclusions.?Our proposed protocol of combination treatment seems to be safe and feasible for post-stroke patients with upper limb hemiparesis, although the efficacy of the protocol needs to be confirmed in a large number of patients.     

重复经颅磁刺激联合帕利哌酮治疗青少年精神分裂症的随机对照研究

目的:探讨重复经颅磁刺激(repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, rTMS)联合帕利哌酮治疗青少年精神分裂症患者的疗效和安全性。方法:选择2014年3月至2017年5月于空军军医大学附属西京医院诊断为精神分裂症的青少年患者共80例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组与对照组,完成4周治疗及随访者为70例。研究组给予帕利哌酮及rTMS治疗,对照组给予帕利哌酮及伪刺激治疗,疗程均为4周。于治疗前(基线)、治疗2周、治疗4周给予阳性与阴性症状量表(positive and negative syndrome scale, PANSS)评定患者疗效,记录患者不良反应。结果:研究组治疗有效率为79.41%,对照组治疗有效率为55.56%,两组差异有统计学意义(P0.05);在治疗2周末、4周末时两组PANSS阴性症状评分及一般症状评分比较差异均无统计学意义,两组总分及阳性症状评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);两组不良反应比较差异无统计学意义。结论:rTMS可增强帕利哌酮对青少年精神分裂症患者的治疗效果,缩短起效时间,尤其在改善阳性症状中有更大作用,而不良反应无明显增加。     

Functional electrical stimulation with cycling in the critically ill: A pilot case-matched control study

Purpose

The purpose was to determine (a) safety and feasibility of functional electrical stimulation (FES)-cycling and (b) compare FES-cycling to case-matched controls in terms of functional recovery and delirium outcomes.

Materials and methods

Sixteen adult intensive care unit patients with sepsis ventilated for more than 48 hours and in the intensive care unit for at least 4 days were included. Eight subjects underwent FES-cycling in addition to usual care and were compared to 8 case-matched control individuals. Primary outcomes were safety and feasibility of FES-cycling. Secondary outcomes were Physical Function in Intensive Care Test scored on awakening, time to reach functional milestones, and incidence and duration of delirium.

Results

One minor adverse event was recorded. Sixty-nine out of total possible 95 FES sessions (73%) were completed. A visible or palpable contraction was present 80% of the time. There was an improvement in Physical Function in Intensive Care Test score of 3.9/10 points in the intervention cohort with faster recovery of functional milestones. There was also a shorter duration of delirium in the intervention cohort.

Conclusions

The delivery of FES-cycling is both safe and feasible. The preliminary findings suggest that FES-cycling may improve function and reduce delirium. Further research is required to confirm the findings of this study and evaluate the efficacy of FES-cycling.     

Variation in the dopamine D2 receptor gene plays a key role in human pain and its modulation by transcranial magnetic stimulation

We tested whether variation of the dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene contributes to individual differences in thermal pain sensitivity and analgesic efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in healthy subjects (n = 29) or susceptibility to neuropathic pain in patients with neurophysiologically confirmed diagnosis (n = 16). Thermal sensitivity of healthy subjects was assessed before and after navigated rTMS provided to the S1/M1 cortex. All subjects were genotyped for the DRD2 gene 957C>T and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) protein Val158Met polymorphisms. In healthy subjects, 957C>T influenced both innocuous and noxious thermal detection thresholds that were lowest in 957TT homozygotes (P values from .0277 to .0462). rTMS to S1 cortex had analgesic effect only in 957TT homozygote genotype (P = .0086). In patients, prevalence of 957TT homozygote genotype was higher than in a healthy Finnish population (50% vs 27%; P = .0191). Patients with 957TT genotype reported more severe pain than patients with other genotypes (P = .0351). COMT Val158Met polymorphism was not independently associated with the studied variables. Genetic regulation of DRD2 function by 957C>T polymorphism thus seems to influence thermal and pain sensitivity, its modulation by rTMS, and susceptibility to neuropathic pain. This indicates a central role for the dopamine system and DRD2 in pain and analgesia. This may have clinical implications regarding individualized selection of patients for rTMS treatment and assessment of risks for neuropathic pain.     

功能性磁刺激与骶神经电刺激治疗神经原性膀胱的疗效比较

目的：比较功能性磁刺激（FMS）和骶神经电刺激（SNS）治疗神经原性膀胱排尿功能障碍的疗效。方法：对20例神经原性膀胱患者，采用经骶神经根和膀胱区的FMS治疗，对12例神经原性膀胱患者，采用SNS治疗。结果：患者接受FMS和SNS治疗前、后尿流动力学（如残余尿、最大膀胱容量、最大尿流率）除最大膀胱容量有明显变化（P〈0．01）：日排尿次数的减少，日平均尿量及单次最大排尿量的增加，也有明显变化（P〈0．01—0．001）；生存质量评分和国际LUTS症状评分差异有显著性意义（P〈0．001）。结论：FMS与SNS可改善部分神经原性膀胱患者的膀胱功能和提高患者的生存质量。     

骶神经根磁刺激对脊髓损伤后逼尿肌反射亢进的作用

目的：观察骶神经根磁刺激治疗对脊髓损伤所致逼尿肌反射亢进的治疗作用。方法：采用骶神经根磁刺激治疗脊髓损伤后逼尿肌反射亢进的患者,共治疗10天,应用排尿日记、生存质量评分和尿流动力学检查评价疗效。结果：治疗后24h平均排尿次数减少,平均单次排尿量明显增加,平均尿失禁次数相应减少,生存质量提高,治疗有效率达71.4%;尿流动力学结果提示,刺激后最大膀胱测压容积显著增加,充盈末逼尿肌压力明显降低,最大尿流率明显增加。结论：骶神经根磁刺激通过抑制逼尿肌反射,增加膀胱测压容积,增加尿流率,从而改善尿频症状,减少尿失禁,提高生存质量。