螺旋CT多平面和三维重建对颈椎骨折的诊断价值

目的 探讨颈椎骨折螺旋CT轴扫、多平面（MPR）和三维（3D）重建图像的特点及其临床意义。方法收集颈椎骨折患者术前螺旋CT资料20例，同时进行了MPR和3D重建图像分析。着重观察颈椎骨折的部位、椎体序列、椎体高度、骨折线、椎体附件骨折和旋转／脱位等的螺旋cT表现，并评价轴扫、MPR和3D重建图像的优势。结果在20例中，轴位螺旋CT显示25个椎体骨折，5个棘突骨折，5个椎弓根骨折，10个椎板骨折，1个寰枢椎脱位，2个椎小关节脱位，1个椎体旋转，0个非寰枢椎椎体脱位，22个椎管狭窄。MPR图像显示上述结构异常分别为：25，5，4，8，3，2，1，2，22。3D图像显示上述结构异常分别为：25，5，4，7，3，2，l，2，22。3D和MPR显示椎体骨折效果好，但对附件显示欠佳；在显示椎体脱住和旋转方面，3D重建最直观。结论颈椎骨折的螺旋CT、3D和MPR重建，是轴位CT扫描有价值的补充，可更好显示骨折的情况，能为临床术前诊断和治疗提供有价值的影像信息。     

Ependymoma of filum terminale: Metrizamide-enhanced CT evaluation

Two cases of surgically proven myxopapollary ependymomas of filum terminale are reported. In both, myelography and metrizamide-enhanced computed tomographic (CT) scans were performed. An intramedullary tumor in the lower thoracic spine, soft-tissue masses in the neural foramina and enlarged bony spinal canal in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar spine were noted in one case and, in the other, an intradural extramedullary tumor at T12-L1 level. Both patients had normal cranial CT scans, and both presented with similar symptoms—low back pain and weakness and paresthesia of leg or legs for up to 3 years' duration. Myelography and metrizamide-enhanced CT scans were performed in order to evaluate disc disease in one patient and spinal stenosis in the other. Ependymoma was an incidental finding, which was then removed by surgical resection. Pathology confirmed the diagnosis.     

Imaging of spinal stenosis

Imaging has an important role in the diagnosis of canal and neuroforaminal stenosis when correlated with clinical symptoms. MR and CT myelography have the best correlation because of multiplanar reformatting. Special techniques to load the spine such as an upright MR increase sensitivity in detecting canal stenosis.     

国人成人腰椎管的CT测量

目的：通过CT测量求得国人成人腰椎管横径、矢径、关节突间距的数值以及相应的椎管指数，并探讨临床意义。方法：使用CT测量青岛地区100例（男女各50例）正常成人腰椎管L1～L5的径值。结果：腰椎管的横径平均径值性别间有显著差异（P〈0．001）。椎管矢径性别间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。关节突间距性别间有显著差异（L1～L3水平，P〈0．01；L4～L5水平，P〈0．001）。椎管横径与椎体横径的比值为0．52-0．55，关节突间距与椎管横径的比值为0．76-0．79，性别间无明显差异（P〉0．05）。结论：CT测量腰椎管可以得出相对准确的腰椎管径值，为临床提供相关参考指标。     

不同时期颈椎病患者颈椎骨密度变化与椎体变形关系

目的:通过对颈椎病患者X线和颈椎骨密度的测量,探讨不同年龄段颈椎病患者颈椎椎体变形与骨密度变化之间的关系。方法:分3组,正常组20例,平均年龄23岁;颈椎间盘突出症组(颈椎组)22例,平均年龄43岁,腰椎骨密度正常;骨质疏松合并颈椎管狭窄症组(疏松组)28例,平均年龄58岁,腰椎骨密度显示骨质疏松。所有病例测量颈椎侧位C3～C6的椎管、椎体矢状径比,椎体变形指数,C4～C6骨密度。数据进行统计学处理。结果:与正常组相比,颈椎组患者仅在C5,C6椎体出现轻度椎管狭窄,椎体变形,骨密度无明显变化;疏松组则是颈椎高度减低,周径增宽,骨密度升高,3值之间有明显的相关性。结论:椎体骨质疏松的发展与颈椎病的自然发展病程具有明确的相关性,可能是颈椎开始退变进而发展为颈椎病的始动因素之一。     

脊髓造影螺旋CT重建颈椎病仿真解剖模型的意义

背景：随着螺旋CT及计算机图像后处理技术的进步，医学仿真影像学在复杂颈椎病的诊断与治疗中获得了良好的临床应用效果。 目的：观察脊髓造影螺旋CT扫描多平面重建及三维重建颈椎影像仿真解剖模型的效果及其临床意义。 设计、时间及地点：计算机三维重建，金标准对比实验，于2001—01／2006-01在苏州大学附属第二医院完成。 对象：接受手术治疗的20例病情复杂的颈椎病患者。 方法：对20例患者进行颈脊髓造影螺旋CT薄层扫描，分别行多平面重建和三维重建，建立颈椎CT仿真解剖模型。将扫描及其重建结果用于术前病情评估、模拟手术，并以手术直视所见为金标准评价仿真解剖模型的准确性和效能。 主要观察指标：仿真解剖模型的准确性和效能。 结果：仿真解剖模型可同步显示骨性椎管和膜性椎管，为术前评估和模拟手术提供了颈椎全面、细微骨性解剖结构和硬膜囊、脊髓、神经根袖等软组织受压等解剖信息，与患者实际解剖相符合。 结论：仿真解剖模型直观、逼真，准确再现了颈椎解剖，可应用于综合评估颈椎病病情并模拟手术。     

Radiology of acute spinal trauma

Radiologic diagnostic modalities utilized to evaluate acute spine trauma include plain films, tomography, computerized tomography (CT), myelography and CT-myelography, and magnetic resonance imaging. The initial evaluation is aimed at delineating the nature and extent of both boney and soft tissue injuries, with particular attention directed toward differentiating intrinsic cord damage from extrinsic spinal cord or nerve root compression that may respond to surgical intervention. The selection of the optimal radiologic diagnostic algorithm requires familiarization with the techniques and limitations of each diagnostic procedure.     

CT与MRI对脊柱结核的诊断价值

目的探究CT与MRI对脊柱结核的临床诊断价值。材料与方法回顾性分析经手术病理、穿刺活检及随访证实的110例脊柱结核的完整临床及影像资料,所有病例均行CT及MRI平扫检查,部分同时行增强检查。结果颈椎9例,胸椎25例,腰椎42例,胸腰段31例,骶椎3例。脊柱结核CT主要表现为椎体及附件骨质破坏、椎旁脓肿、死骨、钙化等;脊柱结核MRI主要表现为椎体和附件骨破坏、椎间盘信号变化、椎旁脓肿、硬膜囊和脊髓受累、韧带的扩散等;CT对死骨及钙化的显示优于MRI,二者差异具有统计学意义(P=0.00);MRI对骨髓水肿、硬膜囊及脊髓受累、韧带下播散的显示优于CT,二者差异具有统计学意义(P=0.00)。结论脊柱结核表现各种各样,CT和MRI对脊柱结核的诊断都有很高的价值,CT对死骨及钙化的显示更有优势,MRI在显示早期病变、硬膜囊及脊髓受累、韧带下播散等更有优势,二者联合有助于脊柱结核的诊断及与其他疾病的鉴别。     

颈椎前路减压并发脊髓损伤的高危因素回顾分析

目的探讨颈椎前路减压加重脊髓损伤的危险因素.方法对颈椎前路减压并发脊髓损伤加重11例回顾分析.结果所有病例颈椎椎管、椎体矢径比值均＜0.7,椎管横断面狭窄率在C4～5、C5～6间隙＞40%.结论一旦脊髓损伤加重,早期后路扩大半椎板减压是一种可选择的治疗方法.     

外科治疗对老年退行性腰椎管狭窄症的影响

目的：探讨老年退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者外科减压治疗的效果。方法：2001年1月～2005年12月收治的60岁以上且获得1～4年随访的退行性腰椎管狭窄症患者63例，男37例，女26例；年龄60～79岁，平均72.3岁；病史5-13年．平均8.6年。21例并存1种内科疾病，20例并存两种或以上的内科疾病。40例行单纯椎板切除减压术；10例行椎管扩大椎板成形术；13例采用椎板减压、椎弓根固定、椎间植骨融合术，对手术疗效和并发症进行回顾性分析，采用日本骨科学会(JOA)29分法进行评分并进行统计学分析。结果：无围手术期死亡病例。出现并发症13例次，经对症处理后好转。平均随访32个月，JOA评分从术前13．81±1.10改善至分5．24±1．12分，改善率96％。术前平均评分与随访时平均评分比较差异有显著性意义(P <0．001)。所有患者连续行走距离从术前不足100m改善到至少500m。结论：术前控制伴发疾病，积极预防和处理术后并发症，手术治疗老年退行性腰椎管狭窄症是一种很好的选择。     

The computed tomographic findings in benign diseases of the vertebral column

Computed tomography (CT) has revolutionized the diagnosis of diseases affecting the vertebral column. CT effectively demonstrates the bony vertebral column with its intervertebral articulations, its soft tissue contents, and the surrounding paravertebral soft tissues. The vertebral column may be the site of involvement of a wide variety of benign diseases. These diseases may be congenital or acquired and may arise from within the spinal canal, from the vertebrae themselves, or from the paravertebral soft tissues. These lesions may be unsuspected clinically and may be detected incidentally in patients undergoing CT of the spine for nonspecific complaints. The axial projection is extremely useful in displaying spinal anatomy and pathology and, combined with sagittal and coronal reformation, provides diagnostic information not possible from any other radiological modality. More invasive radiological procedures, such as myelography, may in many cases be obviated, especially if shorter segments of the vertebral column are to be surveyed. The CT findings in many cases are sufficiently characteristic to enable a specific diagnosis to be made.     

Normal spinal anatomy on magnetic resonance imaging

Over the past few decades, spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MR imaging) has largely replaced computed tomography (CT) and CT myelography in the assessment of intraspinal pathology at institutions where MR imaging is available. Given its high contrast resolution, MR imaging allows the differentiation of the several adjacent structures comprising the spine. This article illustrates normal spinal anatomy as defined by MR imaging, describes commonly used spinal MR imaging protocols, and discusses associated common artifacts.     

Strategy in the diagnostics and therapy of tumours of the spine

The authors present the diagnostic methods and basic surgical procedures used in treatment of spinal neoplasms. Both metastatic and primary spinal tumours lead to instability and loss of the protective function. Spinal cord can be damaged by compression or increased mobility of the vertebral column. Pain is reported as common symptom. Investigations include: plain X-ray films, myelography, radioisotope bone scan, CT, MRI and needle biopsy. The goal of surgery is to improve the quality of life with preservation of neurological function, reduction of pain and assured spinal stability. Indications for surgery are related with patient's general condition, grade of neoplasmatic disease, neurological symptoms and spinal involvement. Curative surgery include total removal of the tumour with affected vertebral body, followed by spinal stabilization. Palliative surgery as partial tumour removal, partial removal of the vertebral body or laminectomy are performed for spinal decompression. In the majority of cases surgery is combined with radiotheraphy, chemiotheraphy and treatment of pain.
Main goal of surgery in the treatment of spinal metastatic lesions are: tumor removal (cytoreduction), protection of the spinal cord and spinal stabilization. The choice of surgical treatment depends on spinal involvement and neurological status.     

Computed tomography of the spine: an update and review

Computed tomography (CT) has proven to be an important diagnostic imaging technique for the evaluation of a variety of spinal disorders. The method is useful for identifying and characterizing acute fractures in traumatized patients and can accurately quantify spinal canal encroachment. Intervertebral disc disease and facet joint osteoarthritis are readily demonstrated by CT in both the cervical and lumbar regions. The technique can reliably distinguish between infection and neoplastic disease in the spine and is helpful for the guidance of percutaneous biopsy. A variety of congenital and developmental vertebral abnormalities, including dysraphic states, spondylolysis, and spinal stenosis, are optimally assessed using CT. Quantitative CT affords selective analysis of trabecular bone in the spine and has proven useful for the detection and follow-up of osteoporosis as well as other forms of metabolic bone disease. Most recently, the application of multiplanar reformation and three-dimensional image reconstruction has enhanced presentation of diagnostic information contained on cross-sectional images.     

单开门椎管扩大成形术对颈椎管狭窄症患者颈椎功能的重建作用

背景各种原因所致的颈椎管狭窄症,主要治疗方法采取后路椎板切除术,但术后效果并不十分理想.目的观察单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗各种颈椎管狭窄症患者的术后功能改善情况.设计自身前后对照观察.单位重庆医科大学附属第一医院骨科.对象选择1995-05/2004-05重庆医科大学附属第一医院骨科收治的多节段颈椎管狭窄症患者32例,男22例,女10例.脊髓型颈椎病致椎管退变性狭窄12例,发育性椎管狭窄症18例,后纵韧带骨化症2例.方法对32例颈椎管狭窄症患者采用单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗,获患者知情同意,术后随访半年.术前、术后2周及3个月脊髓功能采用日本骨科学会17分法评定(上肢和下肢功能分别为0～4分;上肢、下肢和躯干感觉分别为0～2分;膀胱功能分为0～3分.各项0分为严重障碍,最高分为正常).术后2周,3个月及半年颈椎弧度、脊柱稳定性及并发症的观察采用X射线片观察.主要观察指标①患者手术前后脊髓功能.②术后颈椎弧度、脊柱稳定性及并发症.结果按意向处理分析,32例患者均进入结果分析.①患者手术前后脊髓功能评估以日本骨科学会评估标准,12例脊髓型颈椎病致椎管退变性狭窄患者、18例发育性椎管狭窄症患者及2例后纵韧带骨化症患者,术后2周及3个月评分均显著高于术前(术前分别为5.2,5.7,5.5分;术后2周分别为9.2,9.7,9.4分;术后3个月分别为11.3,11.8,11.6分).②术后颈椎弧度、脊柱稳定性及并发症变化3例显示颈椎前屈弧度消失颈椎变直,但未见再关门及脊柱不稳现象;余29例未出现颈椎曲度异常及脊柱不稳现象.结论应用单开门椎管扩大成形术治疗各种原因所致的颈椎管狭窄症患者,术后短期及3个月时,仍能改善和提高患者脊髓功能评分,对颈椎的稳定性不产生影响.     

后路减压固定“三明治”植骨椎管扩大成形术治疗颈椎管狭窄症

目的探讨后路减压固定"三明治"植骨颈椎管扩大成形术的效果。方法对58例颈椎管狭窄症的患者,后路全椎板切除椎管减压固定后应用"三明治"植骨法行椎管扩大成形术。所有患者做术前、术后的JOA评分,并术前、术后行X线摄片、三维CT,MRI检查观察颈椎管容积、脊髓信号、植骨融合情况。结果所有的患者行3个月以上随访,平均随访时间为15个月。临床评分:手术前平均JOA评分6.85分,手术后平均9.65分,末次随访时平均13.50分,术后三维CT提示植骨成活,椎管管径扩大;MRI检查显示:脊髓后移3～6mm,脊髓受压解除。结论应用"三明治"植骨行颈椎后路椎管扩大成形术疗效满意,是一种新的治疗颈椎管狭窄症方法。     

影响经皮椎间孔入路内镜下神经根减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症临床疗效的相关因素分析*

目的分析影响经皮椎间孔入路内镜下神经根减压治疗腰椎管狭窄症临床疗效的相关因素。方法回顾性分析2016年5月-2017年1月105例有完整随访记录的单节段腰椎管狭窄症患者,表现为单侧神经根症状,行经皮椎间孔入路内镜下神经根减压治疗,采用Oswestry功能障碍指数(ODI)评估手术疗效。对可能影响手术疗效的9个指标进行单因素分析,选取其中有统计学意义的指标进行Logistic回归分析。结果单因素分析显示:年龄、性别、跛行距离、病变节段分布、狭窄区域、椎间孔面积与手术疗效无明显相关(P0.05);而病程、术前ODI评分及侧隐窝矢状径与手术疗效相关(P 0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示:病程和术前ODI评分为独立预后因素。结论病程、术前ODI评分及侧隐窝矢状径是影响手术疗效的相关因素,其中病程和术前ODI评分为独立预后因素。     

颈椎后路单开门加侧块内固定治疗椎管狭窄伴不稳

目的 探讨颈椎侧块钢板内固定加后路单开门术治疗颈椎管狭窄合并颈椎不稳定的疗效。方法对21例颈椎管狭窄脊髓损伤合并颈椎不稳定病人，采用Ⅰ期后路单开门减压加侧块钢板内固定，椎间小关节植骨融合术。查体按日本矫形学会joA分级法评定，拍颈椎片观察小关节融合情况。结果经过平均9个月随访，本组术前平均评分为9．5分，术后评分为16．2分，平均改善率86．6％。术后4月复查椎间小关节已融合。CT复查片示开门侧未见有再关门现象。结论侧块内固定加单开门术治疗颈椎管狭窄伴不稳是疗效确切、术式简便的治疗方法。     

三种不同手术方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病的对比研究

目的对比研究脊髓型颈椎病三种不同手术方法的临床疗效。方法自2011年9月至2013年9月共收治85例脊髓型颈椎病患者,分为A、B、C三组,接受三种不同的手术方法。A组采取颈前路颈椎间盘切除,椎间融合器(Gage)植骨融合,椎体锁定钛板内固定术。B组采用颈前路椎体次全切除,钛笼植骨融合,椎体锁定钛板内固定术。C组采用颈后路单开门椎管扩大成形,侧块钛板内固定术。结果 85例患者全部获得随访,随访时间1年到6年,手术疗效满意,其中疗效达到优45例,良31例,可7例,差2例,优良率为89.55%。A、B、C组优良率分别为90.00%、88.68%和91.67%。三组间术后神经功能改善优良率无明显差异(P0.05)。结论三种手术方法治疗脊髓型颈椎病各自有其手术适应证,不能相互取代,在今后的临床工作中应严格掌握适应证,尽早实施手术可取得满意的治疗效果。     

Assessment of trunk function in single and multi-level spinal stenosis: a prospective clinical trial

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the biomechanical indicators of single- and multi-level stenosis and to determine the biomechanical outcome of selective conservative decompression. DESIGN: This study is a prospective clinical trial examining trunk function in spinal stenosis patients operated using a conservative procedure in an orthopaedic clinic. BACKGROUND: Although several clinical studies have examined the instability and motion characteristics of operated lumbar spinal canal stenosis, few if any studies have prospectively examined the biomechanical outcome of lumbar spinal canal stenosis surgery. METHODS: Comprehensive pre- and post-operative trunk dynamometer strength and motion analysis tests were performed on 36 patients operated for lumbar canal stenosis. Surgical treatment efficacy was evaluated within a three variable crossed factorial design considering stenosis classification, number of operative levels, and changes in several trunk biomechanical outcomes from pre- to post-operative assessment. Patients were evaluated after a minimum one-year follow-up. RESULTS: Pre-operatively there were no differential effects associated with stenosis classification or number of operated levels. There was a significant post-operative increase in isometric trunk extension torque and flexion-extension power and a return to a more normal trunk extension-flexion torque ratio. Patients with mixed, single level stenosis demonstrated greater trunk extension power both pre- and post-operatively compared to other patients. CONCLUSIONS: Conservative surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis produced a marked improvement in the functional mechanical status of the low back. RELEVANCE: This study assists clinicians and researchers to understand trunk function following conservative surgical treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis.