发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒细胞嗜性研究

目的 了解发热伴血小板减少综合征布尼亚病毒（SFTSV）细胞嗜性,加强对SFTSV传播与致病机制的理解.方法 通过不同感染复数（multiplicity of infection）的SFTSV感染Vero等10种不同组织来源的细胞株,采用双抗体夹心ELISA法和间接免疫荧光实验（IFA）检测不同时间点的细胞培养上清和细胞内病毒抗原表达水平,绘制病毒动态生长曲线,并观察记录细胞病变（cytopathic effect,CPE）情况,确定SFTSV细胞嗜性.结果 Vero、HEK 293、COS-7、CHO、HepG2、Hela、THP-1和MRC-5等不同组织来源的细胞均可感染SFTSV,并产生明显细胞病变,但病毒在不同细胞中的复制水平差异显著,其中Vero细胞对SFTSV较易感,病毒可增殖至10S0TCID50/ml以上;Raji细胞、Jurkat细胞不能感染SFTSV.结论 SFTSV具有广嗜性,可以感染肝、肺、肾、子宫和卵巢等多器官以及免疫系统等来源的细胞系,但不能感染T和B淋巴细胞源细胞系,为SFTSV相关基础研究提供重要线索.     

发热伴血小板减少综合征病例血细胞胞内病毒含量的检测方法研究

目的拟构建发热伴血小板减少综合征(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, SFTS)病例外周血各群白细胞中发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, SFTSV)感染率的流式细胞检测方法, 为临床评估病例预后, 靶细胞和相关机制研究提供新工具。方法建立检测非洲绿猴肾细胞系(VERO-E6)和人单核白血病细胞系(THP-1)细胞SFTSV感染率的流式方法, 并与定量反转录PCR(qRT-PCR)方法比较验证。应用流式细胞术检测SFTS病例外周血各亚群白细胞胞内SFTSV含量, 并与单细胞测序比较验证, 流式细胞检测结果与病例相关临床数据进行独立样本t检验。结果 qRT-PCR和流式细胞检测结果一致, SFTSV感染后3 d内VERO-E6内病毒含量显著梯度升高, 而THP-1内病毒含量变化不明显。流式细胞技术在部分SFTS病例的B淋巴细胞检测出SFTSV阳性, 与单细胞测序结果一致。结论流式细胞检测胞内SFTSV, 相对于qRT-PCR更适用于混合细胞样...     

濮阳市首例发热伴血小板减少综合征病例流行病学调查及基因组特征分析

目的报告濮阳市首例发热伴血小板减少综合征病例, 通过流行病学调查和基因测序了解其流行病学特点并分析濮阳市首例新型布尼亚病毒(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, SFTSV)分离株S、M、L片段分子特征。方法采用流行病学调查方法, 分析流行病学特点, 用Vero细胞分离病毒, 提取SFTSV核酸, 实时荧光定量PCR进行检测;构建多重PCR法对病毒核苷酸序列进行特异性扩增, 利用二代测序仪进行全基因组测序, DNAStar、MEGA11等生物信息软件进行同源性分析, 构建系统进化树。结果流行病学调查结果显示, 患者及其密切接触者14 d内均无旅居史, 有野外作业史, 无蜱虫叮咬史;血液样本检测SFTSV核酸阳性;SFTSV基因型为E型, 其S、M、L片段基因均为E型, 与GenBank中已知的SFTSV核苷酸序列进行比对, 核苷酸序列同源性分别为94.8%～99.9%、94.0%～99.8%、95.7%～99.7%。结论该患者确诊为濮阳市首例SFTSV感染引起的发热伴血小板减少综合征, 与河南近年来分离株基因分型差异较大,...     

四例咽拭子检测阳性发热伴血小板减少综合征重症患者的临床特征分析?

通过疑似发热伴血小板减少综合征（ Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, SFTS）病例咽拭子的新型布尼亚病毒（SFTSV）检出情况,探讨SFTSV通过呼吸道传播的可能性。按照国家卫生部颁发的《发热伴血小板减少综合征防治指南（2010版）》中疑似病例的纳入标准,于2013年5～9月在SFTS高发区河南信阳的监测哨点医院收集72例疑似 SFTS 病例的血清和咽拭子标本,采用实时 RT?PCR 方法和ELISA方法检测SFTSV。结果显示,在72例疑似SFTS病例中,52（72?2％）例检测是SFTSV阳性,其中46例核酸RT?PCR检测阳性,6例血清ELISA检测阳性。在52例SFTSV阳性病例中,4（7?7％）例咽拭子核酸检测SFTSV阳性;在20例SFTSV阴性病例中,咽拭子核酸均未检测到SFTSV。4例咽拭子SFTSV阳性病例均为重症,同时都伴有咳嗽症状,其病毒载量最高可达108 copies／mL。 SFTSV在患者的咽拭子中可以检测到,咽拭子核酸检测SFTSV阳性检出率远低于血清标本,其作为检测SFTSV的可行性值得商榷。咽拭子检测SFTSV阳性患者体内病毒载量高且伴有咳嗽症状,加大了SFTSV通过呼吸道传播的风险。     

发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒致细胞程序性死亡的研究

目的研究发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus, SFTSV)感染致细胞程序性死亡(programmed cell death, PCD)形式, 并进一步于蛋白水平探讨细胞焦亡的存在, 为研究SFTSV致病机制提供新的思路。方法用不同感染复数(multiplicity of infection, MOI)SFTSV感染Vero细胞, 逐日观察细胞病变效应(cytopathic effect, CPE), CCK-8法检测细胞活力、LDH释放试验检测细胞膜受损情况, 以判定病毒的最佳感染量与细胞死亡时间。使用不同PCD抑制剂分别对Vero细胞进行预处理后感染SFTSV, CCK-8法检测细胞活力, 判断SFTSV致PCD死亡形式。采用Western blot检测细胞焦亡相关蛋白的含量, 进一步探讨焦亡的存在。结果 SFTSV以MOI=10感染Vero细胞后48 h、72 h为后续实验最佳感染量与时间, 此时细胞CPE明显, 细胞活力降至对照组的51%、41%(P<0.001、P<0.001...     

SFTS病毒、登革病毒、汉滩病毒快速荧光定量RT-PCR检测方法的建立及评价

目的:建立针对发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus,SFTSV)、登革病毒(dengue virus, DENV)、汉滩病毒(hantaan virus,HTNV)三种常见病毒性出血热病毒的现场应急快速检测方法。方法:基于传统的T...     

单核/巨噬细胞在发热伴血小板减少综合征中的研究进展

发热伴血小板减少综合征(severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome, SFTS)是大别班达病毒(Dabie bandavirus, DBV)感染引起的一种以发热、白细胞和血小板减少、多器官损伤为临床特点的新发突发传染病。DBV导致的免疫系统紊乱是SFTS发病的重要机制之一。单核/巨噬细胞是固有免疫的重要成员, 是DBV感染的靶细胞, 其与病毒的相互作用在DBV致病过程中扮演重要角色。本文就DBV感染人体后单核/巨噬细胞介导的免疫效应特点及机制的相关研究进展进行综述。     

建立基于核蛋白双抗体夹心ELISA的发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒滴定方法

目的 建立基于核蛋白双抗体夹心ELISA滴定发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(SFTSV)的方法.方法 首先利用SFTSV核蛋白特异性多克隆和单克隆抗体建立双抗体夹心ELISA方法,用于SFTSV病毒滴度的检测,优化检测程序,评价检测方法的特异性与灵敏性,并与免疫荧光法和空斑试验法检测SFTSV滴度的方法进行比较.结果 所建立的基于双抗体夹心ELISA法滴定病毒与免疫荧光法和空斑试验法的滴定结果一致,相关系数分别为0.999和0.949.结论 基于SFTSV核蛋白双抗体夹心ELISA的滴定方法具有较高敏感性和特异性,操作简单,避免直接免疫荧光和空斑法滴定结果判定的主观性,并可适用于高通量检测.     

T淋巴细胞活化在严重发热伴血小板减少综合征疾病发展中的作用

目的 探讨严重发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(SFTSv)感染过程中,外周血T淋巴细胞活化对血液细胞、组织损伤和疾病发展的影响.方法 应用流式细胞术,动态定量监测严重发热伴血小板减少综合征(SFTS)患者外周血中T淋巴细胞表面CD69、HLA-DR、CD28和CTLA-4等表达水平,分析其细胞表面分子变化与血清酶学以及白细胞和血小板异常的关系.结果 SFTS患者T细胞活化分子CD69和HLA-DR在整个病程中表达水平明显增加(P＜0.05);CD4+细胞表面CD28的表达在SFTSV感染早期明显减低,但随病程发展而逐渐回升至正常范围,而T细胞表面CTLA-4的高表达则出现在感染后的中晚期.SFTS患者病程中,血清ALT、AST和LDH、CK等均明显高于正常范围,并伴随着T细胞表面CD69、HLA-DR等活化分子下调和CTLA-4表达水平上调而逐步恢复正常;白细胞和血小板计数的最低值出现在病程初期,伴随着T细胞表面CD69、HLA-DR等活化分子下调和CTLA-4表达增加逐渐回升至正常范围.结论 T淋巴细胞的过度活化可能是组织损伤的主要因素之一,而CTLA-4高表达,则可能是对机体T淋巴细胞过度活化的一种负反馈调节,在SFSTV感染者的免疫应答调节中发挥重要作用.     

SFTSV重组假病毒的构建及Gc糖基化对病毒感染力的影响

目的为探究发热伴血小板减少综合征病毒(SFTSV)中Gc及其N-糖基化位点与病毒感染性的关系, 构建了含有SFTSV Gc糖基化位点突变体的重组假病毒。方法利用定点突变和同源重组技术构建了SFTSV Gc及3个N-糖基化位点突变的真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc、pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc(N291Q)、pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc(N352Q)和pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc(N374Q)。验证其在293T细胞中成功表达后, 感染VSVΔG-Fluc*G假病毒, 构建4株重组假病毒并检测其对细胞感染力的影响。结果双酶切鉴定和序列测定证实成功构建真核表达载体pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc、pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc(N291Q)、pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc(N352Q)和pcDNA3.1(+)-Gc(N374Q)。间接免疫荧光和Western blot结果表明4个重组质粒均成功表达。SFTSV Gc重组假病毒对Vero细胞有感染特异性。糖基化位点突变后假病毒感染能力明显降低, 且352位糖基化位点突变株感染水平最低(P<0.001、P=0.001)。结论 SFTSV G...     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.