颅咽管瘤手术治疗策略

目的探讨颅咽管瘤的临床特点和手术治疗经验。方法回顾性分析186例颅咽管瘤的临床资料。根据肿瘤部位分为4种类型:鞍内型、鞍上脑室外型、脑室型和复杂型。手术采用额下入路36例,前纵裂入路12例,翼点入路115例,经胼胝体-脑室入路20例,经蝶窦入路3例。结果 肿瘤全切除156例(83.9%),次全切除14例(7.5%),部分切除16例(8.6%)。术后出现尿崩症89例,其中暂时性尿崩症62例;视力恶化30例;手术死亡4例(2.1%)。术后随访3个月~5年,肿瘤复发18例;GOS预后评分:5分150例,4分23例,3分5例,2分4例,1分4例。结论根据颅咽管瘤的部位和生长方式选择合适的手术入路是颅咽管瘤手术成功的关键。     

小骨窗前纵裂入路显微手术切除巨大颅咽管瘤(17例报告)

目的评价小骨窗前纵裂入路在颅咽管瘤手术中的应用价值及并发症。方法经小骨窗前纵裂入路切除巨大颅咽管瘤17例,对手术技术及结果进行总结。结果本组全切除15例、近全切除2例,无手术死亡病例。由于术中直视下处理肿瘤在垂体漏斗部位的粘连,可较好保护垂体柄、下丘脑结构及局部穿支血管,13例患者超过2年的随访未见肿瘤复发及再生长。结论经小骨窗前纵裂入路可直视下处理肿瘤鞍内、鞍上及三脑室前部分,是鞍上生长位置较高的大型颅咽管瘤安全有效的手术入路之一。     

经基底纵裂间入路治疗鞍区肿瘤

目的 探讨经基底纵裂间入路治疗鞍区肿瘤的效果.方法 对15例鞍区肿瘤患者,采用经基底纵裂间入路,对手术效果进行分析总结.结果 15例患者肿瘤全切,1例颅咽管瘤患者因高渗性缺水,出院后死亡,2例颅咽管瘤患者纠正高渗性缺水后正常出院.1例颅咽管瘤患者术后半年有复发迹象,行γ-刀治疗,其余患者无复发,术后无颅内感染及脑脊液鼻漏发生,术后不影响美观.结论 经基底纵裂间入路,手术视野广泛,向上可以进入第三脑室,向后可显露中脑导水管,向下可进入鞍内,应用范围广,手术效果好.     

经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除突入第三脑室内颅咽管瘤

目的 探讨切除鞍上突入第三脑室内颅咽管瘤的显微手术人路及疗效.方法 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路显微手术切除46例突入第三脑室内的颅咽管瘤.结果 肿瘤全切33例,近全切10例,部分切除3例;随访46例,随访时间3个月-15年,其中39例术后恢复正常工作和生活,8例术后复发.结论 经胼胝体-穹隆间入路切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤疗效显著.此入路能最大限度地保护正常脑组织,并在明显提高肿瘤全切率的同时做到较少的术后并发症.     

29例大型颅咽管瘤的显微外科治疗

目的探讨手术切除大型颅咽管瘤的有效方法。方法对29例经显微手术切除的大型颅咽管瘤患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析,肿瘤位于鞍上者15例,进入第三脑室者8例,位于鞍上鞍内者6例。有明显钙化18例,无明显钙化11例。囊性肿瘤24例,实质性肿瘤5例。经右翼点入路手术切除23例,经纵裂-胼胝体入路手术切除6例。结果肿瘤全切27例,次全切2例;死亡2例。所有患者术后均有不同程度的一过性尿崩症,水电解质紊乱27例,动眼神经麻痹5例。27例平均随访3年,复发3例,余能正常生活学习。结论翼点入路是鞍区大型颅咽管瘤手术的首选入路,绝大多数患者可达到肿瘤全切和良好预后。     

经额侧脑室联合翼点入路显微切除第三脑室颅咽管瘤

目的探讨经额侧脑室联合翼点入路显微切除鞍上突入第三脑室的内外型颅咽管瘤的手术适应证、疗效及并发症的防治。方法18例第三脑室内外型颅咽管瘤首先采用经额皮质造瘘,侧脑室室间孔入路切除侧脑室、第三脑室内肿瘤,然后应用翼点入路切除鞍上及鞍旁残余肿瘤。结果肿瘤全切除15例,次全切除3例。患者术后视力改善率75．0％（24／32）,视野改善率76．5％（26／34）;术后16例患者出现不同程度尿崩,3例出现癫痫症状。结论对脑室内外型颅咽管瘤,经额皮质造瘘侧脑室室间孔入路联合翼点入路,充分暴露第三脑室底部、下丘脑、鞍区各脑池及其穿通血管等结构,可提高肿瘤的全切率,减少手术并发症。     

经额底纵裂入路切除颅咽管瘤的临床分析

目的探讨经额底纵裂入路切除颅咽管瘤的手术方法和疗效。方法回顾性分析2008-01-2015-02我院收治的经额底纵裂入路切除的颅咽管瘤临床资料。评价该手术入路及显微操作的优缺点。结果术中肿瘤全切41例;次全切除8例,保留垂柄(完全或部分保留)31例,因肿瘤完全侵蚀垂体柄将其与肿瘤一并切除14例,4例术中为见垂体柄。术后并发症主要为尿崩、电解质紊乱及体温调节紊乱。结论经额底纵裂入路切除鞍上颅咽管瘤具有操作空间大、安全性好、视角佳等优点,可作为切除鞍上颅咽管瘤的有效入路。     

前纵裂人路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤

目的探讨前纵裂人路显微手术切除颅咽管瘤的方法和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析43例经前纵裂人路手术的颅咽管瘤病人的临床资料,其中复发颅咽管瘤2例。分析其术前评估、手术技巧和术后处理。结果肿瘤全切除30例,次全切除13例。垂体柄保留37例,切除6例。术后视力恢复或好转32例,无明显变化2例。术后并发症：多饮多尿9例,其中一过性尿崩症5例;电解质紊乱6例;颅内感染1例。本组无脑脊液漏及死亡病例。32例随访6。24个月,无肿瘤复发。结论经前纵裂人路能很好暴露手术视野,对脑组织损伤小,是手术切除中线生长的颅咽管瘤安全、有效的手术人路。但术前全面评估选择合适的手术入路也至关重要。     

冠状切口右额开颅经纵裂入路磨除鞍结节切除颅咽管瘤

目的探讨冠状切口右额开颅经纵裂入路磨除鞍结节,切除鞍内部分颅咽管瘤的手术技巧、疗效与术后并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析23例采用冠状切口右额开颅经纵裂入路全切的颅咽管瘤病例资料。手术步骤:冠状切口右额骨瓣开颅,分离纵裂,切除肿瘤鞍上部分,然后磨除鞍结节、蝶骨平台及蝶鞍前壁骨质,扩大视交叉前间隙,显露并切除鞍内肿瘤,修补鞍底。结果全切23例,脑脊液鼻漏1例,无颅内感染及死亡。随访1~25个月,1例术后9个月复发。结论对于侵入鞍内的颅咽管瘤病例,磨除鞍结节,扩大手术视野,有助于达到全切肿瘤的目的。     

经蝶入路显微手术切除鞍膈下颅咽管瘤

目的探讨鞍膈下颅咽管瘤经蝶入路显微手术治疗的效果。方法2003年1月至2013年3月显微手术治疗290例颅咽管瘤,其中29例为鞍膈下颅咽管瘤,行经蝶入路显微手术治疗。术后随访3~116月,采用MRI评估肿瘤切除程度和复发。结果肿瘤全切24例,全切率82.8%;次全切除5例。无手术死亡患者。术后6例出现脑脊液鼻漏,2例行手术修补,4例行腰穿置管,均治愈。术后6例患者出现一过性尿崩,2例出现电解质紊乱,3月后恢复正常。14例术前视力下降患者,12例术后得到不同程度改善。8例术前高泌乳素水平患者术后恢复正常,5例新出现垂体功能障碍,3月后复查恢复正常。1例复发再次经蝶入路显微手术切除肿瘤。结论鞍膈下颅咽管瘤经蝶入路手术可安全切除,创伤小,疗效好。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.