经膜髓帆入路手术治疗桥脑高血压相关性脑出血

目的探讨经膜髓帆入路手术治疗桥脑高血压相关性脑出血的适应证和围手术期处理及预后。方法回顾性分析23例桥脑背侧高血压相关性脑出血患者的临床资料,均经膜髓帆入路行手术治疗。结果 23例患者以头颅CT显示脑干出血最大层面面积占该层脑干面积的百分比分组,小血肿组(≤50%)5例,大血肿组(50%)18例,均行手术治疗。死亡7例,病死率30.4%(7/23例)。结论对于桥脑背侧高血压相关性出血患者,血肿量50%或虽≤50%但意识障碍及神经系统症状进行性恶化或伴有急性梗阻性脑积水者应积极手术,膜髓帆入路是该部位出血手术治疗的理想入路,围手术期的有效处理可以提升疗效。     

高血压丘脑出血的治疗探讨及疗效分析

目的 探讨高血压丘脑出血的治疗策略、疗效及手术适应证.方法 总结分析137例高血压丘脑出血患者的临床资料,对不同病情级别组患者的治疗方式、疗效及预后进行比较.结果 137例患者中,手术治疗62例;保守治疗75例.中小血肿组(≤30ml)77例,22例接受钻孔引流术,保守治疗55例;大血肿组(＞30ml)60例,开颅手术治疗40例,保守治疗20例.手术治疗死亡率11.3%(7/62);保守治疗死亡率9.3%(7/75),两组近期死亡率比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);中小血肿组手术治疗与保守治疗的死亡率比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);大血肿组手术治疗死亡率明显低于保守治疗(P＜0.05).随访3-9个月,中小血肿组预后明显好于大血肿组(P＜0.05);大血肿组手术治疗的远期预后明显好于保守治疗(P＜0.05);并发脑积水患者预后明显差于无脑积水患者(P＜0.05).mRS评分1～2分39例(31.7%),3～4分45例(36.6%),5分26例(21.1%),6分即远期死亡13例(10.6%).结论 丘脑中小血肿组首选保守治疗,若脑积水形成或血肿量扩大,应及时行钻孔引流术或开颅手术治疗;对于大血肿组手术疗效及预后较好,应尽早开颅手术治疗.根据患者具体情况制定合理的治疗方案,可以获得良好的预后.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the treatment strategies, efficacy and surgical indications of hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage.Methods A retrospective analysis of the clinical data of 137 cases with hypertensive thalamic hemorrhage (HTH) from January 2008 to January 2010 in West China Hospital of Sichuan University were performed to compare the efficacy and prognosis between surgical treatment group and conservative treatment group.Results Of the 137 patients, 62 patients underwent surgery and 75 patients receivedconservative treatment.In small hematoma group, 22 patients underwent borehole and drainage and 55 cases received conservative treatment.In large hematoma group, 40 patients received craniotomy to remove     

基底节血肿92例临床预后分析

目的　探讨影响单纯基底下节出血预后的因素及对临床的指导意义。方法　对 92 例单纯基底节血肿(未破入脑室和蛛网膜下腔)的患者进行回顾性分析,并分别对出血量为 30~50 ml和大于50 ml采取手术和保守治疗进行统计分析。结果　出血量、意识障碍和并发上消化道出血是影响基底节出血患者预后的危险因素。(P <0.05)不能认为出血量为30~50 ml采取手术或保守治疗的病死率可认为有不同(P >0.05).而出血量大于50 ml的采取手术治疗和保守治疗的病死率可认为有不同(P <0.05)。结论　基底节血肿的预后与出血量,意识障碍及并发上消化道出血有密切关系.临床对上消化道出血的治疗要更积极,对大量出血病人要尽量手术治疗。     

钻颅引流辅助尿激酶纤溶治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果

目的研究小孔钻颅血肿抽吸引流辅助尿激酶纤溶治疗高血压脑出血的临床效果。方法回顾性分析103例经小孔钻颅血肿抽吸引流辅助尿激酶纤溶治疗的高血压脑出血患者的临床资料,并与内科保守治疗的患者进行比较。观察、比较治疗后患者的血肿清除率/d、住院时间、病死率与预后及生存质量。结果手术治疗组的死亡率明显低于对照组;手术治疗组的血肿清除/吸收时间为(7±2)d、平均住院时间(15±5)d,保守治疗组的血肿清除/吸收时间为(18±5)d、平均住院时间(21±7)d;手术治疗组均明显短于保守治疗组(均P0.05)。结论钻颅引流辅助尿激酶纤溶治疗高血压脑出血的效果优于内科保守治疗。     

自发性脑干出血的临床特点及预后

目的探讨自发性脑干出血的临床特点与预后。方法回顾分析我院64例脑干出血患者的病因、临床表现、影像学特点、治疗及预后。结果本组患者手术3例,但脑干出血均保守治疗,死亡37例。存活者按ADL（日常生活能力）分级法：Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级11例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级2例,V级1例,多遗留不同程度面瘫及肢体瘫痪表现。结论高血压动脉硬化是本病的主要病因。脑干出血量≤1ml的患者预后较好,出血量≥3ml及或血肿最大直径≥2cm的基底被盖型患者预后差,脑干出血量〉5ml时病死率为100%,血肿最大直径对预后影响更大。重视轻症患者的诊治,探索各种微创手术有望改善患者预后。     

侧脑室穿刺外引流在抢救重型脑干出血中的应用(附12例临床分析)

脑干出血占脑出血的10%,重型患者起病极凶险,病死率和致残率很高。重型患者(出血量>5ml者),尤其是继发脑室出血者,虽然目前已有手术血肿清除成功的例子,但手术难度大,尚不能普及。因此临床上仍以内科保守治疗为主,但效果差。作者抢救重型脑干出血,在内科保守治疗的同时,对有梗阻性脑积水者加用侧脑室穿刺引流,收到较好效果。1　资料与方法1.1　入组条件　(1)患者意识状况分级～级,GCS意识[1]评分≤12分;(2)头颅CT证实为脑干出血,血肿量>5ml,有梗阻性脑积水;(3)发病至手术时间≤72h,尚未出现严重脑干功能衰竭或多器官功能衰竭(MOSF)。1.2…     

高血压脑出血的外科治疗方式前瞻性研究

目的 探讨不同手术方法对高血压脑出血的治疗效果.方法 采用前瞻性随机对照方法对284例高血压脑出血病人进行直视下开颅血肿清除术(78例)和钻孔血肿引流术(206例),观察不同手术方法的两组患者的疗效并与入院GCS评分、手术时机、出血量、手术方式的关系进行研究.结果 GCS13～15分患者预后良好39例(92.9%),9～12分患者预后良好65例(47.8%),5～8分患者预后良好13例(12.3%),对比有显著性差异.有154例患者在7h内进行手术治疗,预后良好78例(50.6%);77例患者在7～24 h手术,预后良好34例(44.2%);41例患者在24～48 h手术,预后良好4例(9.8%);48h以后手术患者12例中预后良好1例(8.3%),比较有显著性差异.出血量＞50m1的患者预后良好22例(22.2%),出血量＜50ml的患者预后良好95例(51.4%),比较有显著性差异.开颅组和引流组的近期预后指标GOS显示,开颅组预后良好29例(37.2%),引流组预后良好88例(42.7%),比较无显著性差异(P＞0.05);对大于50ml的血肿病人对比,开颅组预后良好15例(31.3%),引流组预后良好18例(24.7%),差异有显著性.2组患者在出院后3～6月按ADL评定远期疗效,开颅组预后良好37例(47.4%),引流组预后良好105例(51.0%),差异无显著性.但对大于50ml的血肿病人对比,开颅组预后良好20例(41.7%),引流组预后良好18例(24.7%),差异有显著性.结论 GCS评分可用于判断HICH的严重程度和估计预后,早期或超早期手术较延期手术疗效好,早期手术是降低病死率的重要条件.血肿量越大死亡率越高,出血量是决定手术方式的依据之一.对高血压脑出血的手术治疗不应强调某一术式明显优越,对不同的病例应该选择不同的术式,出血量大于50ml的患者以开颅血肿清除术预后较好.根据血肿量和病情分级早期选择治疗方法是手术成功的关键.     

超早期双侧侧脑室引流治疗重型脑干出血

重型脑干出血系指脑干出血量>5 ml并伴明显意识障碍(GCS评分≤12分)[1].脑干出血起病急骤、病情凶险,病死率高达70%-80%[1].虽然也有施行开颅血肿清除术或立体定向置管引流术治疗成功的报道[2],但对于多数重型脑干出血患者而言,目前仍以内科保守治疗为主.我院自2005年1月-2007年12月应用超早期双侧侧脑室引流治疗高血压重型脑干出血患者159例,获得较为满意的临床疗效,现总结报告如下.     

高血压脑出血立体定向手术与内科保守治疗预后对比分析

目的分析高血压脑出血患者立体定向手术与内科保守治疗预后。方法回顾分析100例高血压脑出血患者立体定向手术资料,筛选出80例同期内科治疗病例(出血部位、出血量、入院时意识状况相匹配),对2组病例治疗结果进行对比分析。结果(1)病死率:立体定向手术组21.0%,内科治疗组为30.0%。(2)血肿消除时间:立体定向手术组血肿消除时间平均4.8d;内科治疗组为15.1d。(3)6个月随访结果:2组恢复良好、有轻度神经功能障碍、能正常生活的病人,P0.01;2组重度病残,生活不能自理的病人对比,P0.01;立体定向手术组优于内科保守治疗组。2组中度病残、生活能够自理病人对比,P0.05,2组间没有显著差异。结论立体定向手术治疗高血压脑出血在病死率以及提高患者生存质量方面优于内科保守治疗。     

不同方法治疗高血压性基底节中等量出血的疗效对比分析简

探讨高血压性基底节中等量（20～40m1）出血患者不同治疗方法的预后与转归。共226例患者分别接受药物及支持治疗（76例）、钻孔引流术（94例）和小骨窗血肿清除术（56例）,结果显示,治愈和轻残率分别为保守治疗组23例占30．26％、钻孔引流术组50例占53．19％、小骨窗血肿清除术17例占30．36％;中残、重残和死亡为保守组53例占69．74％、钻孔引流术组44例占46．81％、小骨窗血肿清除术组39例占69．64％。提示钻孔引流术治疗高血压性基底节中等量出血患者疗效优于保守治疗和小骨窗血肿清除术,且安全可靠。     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Special Pharmacokinetic Considerations in Children

Summary: Pediatric patients have greater degrees of pharmacokinetic variability and unpredictability than adults. This variability results from the effects of pharmacogenetics, age and growth, prior and current comedication, and disease. Newborns with seizures have the least predictable dosage requirements, and their needs change as drug-eliminating mechanisms mature in the neonatal period. Infants have the highest relative capacities to eliminate antiepileptics of any age group and require the largest relative doses. In addition to age-related trends, children demonstrate the same drug-specific, pharmacokinetic phenomena that adults do, including nonlinear phenytoin elimination, nonlinear valproate binding, and autoinduction of carbamazepine. Intercurrent illness and drug interactions further modify the age-related pharmacokinetic patterns in children and make dosage requirements even more unpredictable. Recent studies have shown that febrile illness can affect drug elimination, sometimes decreasing drug levels by 50% or more. Intermittent treatment with benzodiazepines administered either orally or rectally can be an important adjunct and help minimize this type of problem for children with marginally controlled epilepsy. Intermittent benzodiazepines are also helpful for children who have febrile seizures and who need only occasional antiepileptic protection.