奥拉西坦与吡拉西坦治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍的疗效对比

目的探讨奥拉西坦治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍的临床疗效和安全性。方法选取2013-02—2014-02我院收治的脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组各60例,观察组给予奥拉西坦治疗,对照组给予吡拉西坦治疗,2组疗程均为6个月。观察2组治疗前后蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简易智能量表(MMSE)及日常生活能力量表(ADL)评分的变化,并评价疗效。结果治疗前2组MoCA、MMSE、ADL评分比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后,2组MoCA、MMSE、ADL评分均较治疗前明显改善,观察组改善情况明显优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组MoCA、MMSE、ADL评分改善总有效率均明显高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。2组不良反应发生率均较低,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论奥拉西坦可明显改善脑卒中患者的认知功能,临床疗效优于吡拉西坦,且安全性较好。     

奥拉西坦治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍疗效与不良反应观察

目的研究奥拉西坦在脑卒中认知功能障碍患者治疗中的临床疗效及不良反应情况。方法随机选取我院2014-05-2015-05收治的96例脑卒中后有认知功能障碍患者,并根据其用药不同分组,对照组48例采用吡拉西坦治疗,研究组48例采用奥拉西坦治疗,治疗前后分别采用MoCA(蒙特利尔认知评估量表)、MMSE(简易智能量表)、ADL(日常生活能力量表)对2组患者进行评估对比,分析其临床效果和不良反应情况。结果治疗前2组患者的ADL、MMSE、MoCA等评分情况,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后6个月,2组患者的ADL、MMSE、MoCA等三项评分情况均较治疗前有明显改善,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗后研究组患者的ADL、MMSE、MoCA等三项评分改善情况明显优于对照组,差异统计学有意义(P0.05);治疗后对照组不良反应率为8.33%,研究组为6.25%,2组相比均较低,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用奥拉西坦治疗能显著改善患者的认知功能,提高其临床疗效,且不良反应率低。     

尼麦角林联合奥拉西坦治疗脑卒中后血管性认知功能障碍

目的观察尼麦角林联合奥拉西坦治疗脑卒中后血管性认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法将120例脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者随机分为尼麦角林组和联合组,分别给予尼麦角林、尼麦角林联合奥拉西坦治疗,2组均治疗1个月。2组治疗前后采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)进行认知功能评分,比较临床疗效。结果联合组MoCA评分提高的均数为(5.97±2.06)分,高于尼麦角林组的(3.53±1.44)分,MoCA评分的变化最显著,尼麦角林组和联合组差异有统计学意义(t=4.21,P0.01),联合组有效率最高,总有效率为93.3%。结论尼麦角林和奥拉西坦是治疗血管性认知功能障碍(VCI)的有效药物,两者联合用药较单一应用尼麦角林效果好,两者联合使用能显著改善脑卒中后血管性认知功能障碍患者的症状严重程度和生活质量,临床疗效确切。     

基于遗忘曲线的自我管理对轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能、日常生活能力及疗效的影响

目的 探讨基于遗忘曲线的自我管理对轻度认知功能障碍患者认知功能、日常生活能力及疗效的影响。方法于2020年4月-2021年6月采用简单随机抽样选取南充市身心医院及高坪区乐得乐老年公寓中符合《中国防治认知功能障碍专家共识》诊断标准的轻度认知功能障碍患者共162例,采用随机数字表法分为研究组与对照组各81例。两组均接受常规干预,研究组在此基础上进行基于遗忘曲线的自我管理干预,干预时间3个月。采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评估患者认知功能,采用日常生活能力量表(ADL)评定患者日常生活能力,并对比两组疗效。结果 干预后,两组MoCA及ADL评分均较干预前高(t_对照组=25.004、12.503,t_研究组=48.211、24.949,P均<0.01),且干预后研究组MoCA及ADL评分均高于对照组(t=28.527、9.433,P均<0.01)。对照组总有效率低于研究组(86.42%vs. 96.30%),差异有统计学意义(χ²=5.004,P<0.05)。结论 基于遗忘曲线的自我管理可能有助于提升轻度认...     

丁苯酞联合奥拉西坦治疗对急性脑梗死伴非痴呆型认知功能障碍的影响

目的探讨丁苯酞联合奥拉西坦治疗对急性脑梗死伴非痴呆型认知功能障碍的影响。方法选取本院收治的急性脑梗死伴非痴呆型认知功能障碍患者208例,随机分为研究组和对照组各104例。对照组在常规治疗基础上口服奥拉西坦,800mg/次,3次/d;研究组在对照组基础上口服丁苯酞,2粒/次,3次/d。分别于治疗前和治疗3个月后使用NIHSS评分量表评估2组神经功能损伤情况,MoCA评估认知功能,改良Rankin量表、ADL评分评估日常生活质量。结果治疗前2组NIHSS评分、MoCA评分差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗3个月后,研究组NIHSS评分明显低于对照组,MoCA评分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗3个月后,研究组mRS评分明显低于对照组,ADL评分明显高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。研究组、对照组不良反应发生率分别为3.84%、5.77%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论丁苯酞与奥拉西坦联用可有效改善脑梗死后非痴呆型认知功能障碍患者的神经功能、认知功能、生活质量,且安全性较高。     

奥拉西坦治疗脑梗死患者认知功能障碍的疗效观察

目的 探讨奥拉西坦治疗脑梗死患者认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法 将110例脑梗死患者随机分为A组(常规治疗基础上加用奥拉西坦)55例和B组(给予常规改善微循环、抗血小板聚集、营养神经等治疗)55例,治疗前后运用简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)、蒙特利尔认知评估量表( MoCA)总分、各亚项评分及日常生活活动能力量表(ADL)进行评分,并且观察2组治疗前后患者血尿常规、心电图及肝肾功能。结果 治疗后两组MMSE评分、ADL 、MoCA 总分、各亚项评分较治疗前均有明显的改善(P<0.05); 治疗后2组比较有明显差异(P<0.05); A组总效率(96.3%)明显高于B组(67.2%)(P<0.05); 2组治疗后血尿常规、心电图及肝肾功能未见明显异常(P<0.05)。结论 奥拉西坦治疗脑梗死认知功能障碍安全有效。     

缺血性卒中后焦虑抑郁与认知功能障碍的关系研究

目的 探讨缺血性卒中后焦虑抑郁与认知功能障碍的关系。 方法 选取2017年1月-2018年3月邯郸市第一医院收治的首发缺血性卒中患者98例,同期非缺血性 卒中入院的患者50例作为对照组。分别进行汉密尔顿焦虑量表（Hamilton anxiety scale,HAMA）、汉密 尔顿抑郁量表（Hamilton depression scale,HAMD）、日常生活能力量表(activity of daily living scale,ADL)、 蒙特利尔认知评估量表（Montreal cognitive assessment,MOCA）和NIHSS评测。比较两组的认知功能 障碍和焦虑、抑郁发生情况;对卒中组的ADL、MoCA、NIHSS评分与HAMA、HAMD评分进行相关性分析; 对ADL、MoCA、NIHSS评分进行相关性分析。 结果 卒中组中62例（63.3%）患者存在认知功能障碍,存在焦虑者53例（54.1%）,抑郁者42例 （42.9%）,对照组中存在认知功能障碍者14例（28%）,存在焦虑者17例（34.0%）,抑郁者9例（18.0%）。 卒中组MoCA和ADL评分均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义。卒中组HAMA评分与ADL、MoCA和NIHSS 评分相关系数分别为r =-0.526（P＜0.001）、r =-0.592（P＜0.001）和r =0.412（P＜0.001）;HAMD评分 与ADL、MoCA和NIHSS评分的相关系数分别为r =-0.490（P＜0.001）、r =-0.571（P＜0.001）和r =0.606 （P＜0.001）;ADL与MoCA、NIHSS评分的相关系数分别为r =0.933（P＜0.001）和r =-0.842（P＜0.001）; MoCA与NIHSS评分的相关系数为r =-0.911（P＜0.001）。 结论 ①缺血性卒中后焦虑及抑郁的发生率较高且与认知功能障碍相关;②缺血性卒中后焦虑、 抑郁越重,其神经功能缺损的程度越重,日常生活能力越差。     

奥拉西坦治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍疗效与不良反应观察

目的观察奥拉西坦治疗脑卒中后认知功能障碍疗效与不良反应。方法从本院2012年9月~2016年9月收治的100例脑卒中后认知功能障碍患者作为研究对象,随机分为对照组(50例)及观察组(50例)。选用吡拉西坦药物治疗为对照组,选用奥拉西坦药物治疗为观察组。治疗前后,采用简易智能(MMSE)、日常生活能力(ADL)、蒙特利尔(Mo CA)认知评估量表评估两组患者,通过计算评分变化率,分析治疗有效率,并对不良反应进行观察、统计。结果经不同方法治疗,观察组MMSE改善情况优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组ADL改善情况优于对照组,两组差异显著,具有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组Mo CA改善情况优于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);对照组及观察组不良反应发生率分别为12.0%、6.0%,两组存在差异,但无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论与吡拉西坦药物相比,奥拉西坦药物可显著改善患者认知功能、获得满意疗效、减少不良反应,建议在临床中大力推广应用。     

奥拉西坦治疗儿童癫痫认知功能障碍的疗效观察

目的观察奥拉西坦治疗儿童癫痫伴有认知功能障碍的临床疗效。方法选取2017-01-2019-12郑州儿童医院50例临床诊断癫痫且伴随认知功能障碍的患儿,随机分为对照组(常规抗癫痫治疗)、观察组(常规治疗的基础上给予奥拉西坦口服),统计分析2组治疗前后MMSE评分、MoCA评分变化状况、认知障碍改善效果及不良反应发生率。结果治疗前2组患儿MMSE、MoCA评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05);治疗后2组患儿MMSE、MoCA评分均优于本组治疗前,且观察组优于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组总有效率为92%,高于对照组的68%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);2组均无明显不良反应。结论奥拉西坦治疗儿童癫痫伴认知功能障碍,能更好的促进患儿认知功能的恢复,且无明显不良反应。     

脊髓小脑共济失调12型患者认知功能障碍的研究

目的探讨脊髓小脑共济失调(SCA)12型患者是否存在认知功能障碍及其影响因素。方法采用蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)、简易精神状态检查量表(MMSE)对5例SCA12型患者(SCA12型组)及13名健康体检者(正常对照组)进行认知功能评估;采用国际协作共济失调评估量表(ICARS)进行共济失调严重程度评分。结果 MoCA评分结果显示,SCA12型组存在认知功能障碍5例(100%),正常对照组存在认知功能障碍10例(77%)。MMSE评分结果显示,SCA12型组存在认知功能障碍2例(40%),正常对照组存在认知功能障碍1例(7.7%)。SCA12型组MoCA和MMSE评分明显低于正常对照组(均P<0.05)。SCA12型组ICARS评分为23～75分,平均(42.6±21.0)分。正常对照组均无共济失调。Spearmans相关性分析显示,SCA12型患者MMSE评分与病程呈负相关(r=-0.894,P=0.041);MoCA抽象功能得分与病程呈负相关(r=-0.884,P=0.047)。结论 SCA12型患者可并发认知功能障碍,这可能与其病程较长有关。     

Characteristics of the sympathetic innervation of the nictitating membrane and of the vasculature of the nose and tongue of the cat

Summary Vasomotor responses from the nasal mucosa and tongue, and contractions of the nictitating membrane, were recorded on stimulation of the cervical sympathetic or internal carotid nerves.Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibres which elicited a membrane response possessed a lower threshold than those which evoked nasal vasoconstriction, while the latter displayed a lower threshold than fibres which evoked tongue vasoconstriction. The sympathetic vasodilator fibres to the tongue, whose activity was revealed after-receptor blockade, had a similar threshold to the vasoconstrictor fibres.Membrane contraction, nasal vasoconstriction and occasionally tongue vasoconstriction could be evoked by stimulating the internal carotid nerve. The postganglionic fibres innervating the nasal mucosa had a similar threshold to those of the nictitating membrane, which may indicate that there are small myelinated fibres innervating the mucosa.The preganglionic compound nerve action potential had four major components, S₁–S₄. S₁, S₂ and usually S₃ fibres were associated with membrane contraction; S₂, S₃ and sometimes S₁ fibres were associated with nasal vasoconstriction; and S₃, usually S₂ and occasionally S₁ fibres were associated with vasoconstriction in the tongue. It is concluded that each of these three groups of nerve fibres, but not S₄ fibres, may include fibres associated functionally with the three effectors.There was a considerable difference between the relative amplitude of the responses of the three effectors elicited by stimulation of the cervical sympathetic nerve at frequencies between 0.2 and 2 Hz. Vasoconstrictor responses were relatively larger than membrane contractions suggesting differences in the mechanisms of neurotransmission at the neuroeffector junctions.     

Development of the projection from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus to the superior colliculus in the ferret

Neurons in the deeper layers of the superior colliculus (SC) have spatially tuned receptive fields that are arranged to form a map of auditory space. The spatial tuning of these neurons emerges gradually in an experience-dependent manner after the onset of hearing, but the relative contributions of peripheral and central factors in this process of maturation are unknown. We have studied the postnatal development of the projection to the ferret SC from the nucleus of the brachium of the inferior colliculus (nBIC), its main source of auditory input, to determine whether the emergence of auditory map topography can be attributed to anatomical rewiring of this projection. The pattern of retrograde labeling produced by injections of fluorescent microspheres in the SC on postnatal day (P) 0 and just after the age of hearing onset (P29), showed that the nBIC-SC projection is topographically organized in the rostrocaudal axis, along which sound azimuth is represented, from birth. Injections of biotinylated dextran amine-fluorescein into the nBIC at different ages (P30, 60, and 90) labeled axons with numerous terminals and en passant boutons throughout the deeper layers of the SC. This labeling covered the entire mediolateral extent of the SC, but, in keeping with the pattern of retrograde labeling following microsphere injections in the SC, was more restricted rostrocaudally. No systematic changes were observed with age. The stability of the nBIC-SC projection over this period suggests that developmental changes in auditory spatial tuning involve other processes, rather than a gross refinement of the projection from the nBIC.     

Mechanisms of the suppression of the nociceptive reflex of the opening of the mouth during stimulation of the structures of the limbic brain

The comparative effectiveness of the inhibitory influence of tetanic stimulation of hypothalamus, amygdala and limbic cortex on EMG-response of m. digastricus evoked by electrical stimulation of tooth pulp nociceptive afferents was studied in cats anesthetized with a mixture of chloralose and nembutal. It was found that inhibition of the EMG-component of the jaw-opening reflex is most pronounced in case of stimulation of medial and lateral region of the hypothalamus, the inhibitory effect of central and medial nuclei of the amygdala is less pronounced and the effect of the limbic cortex is the weakest. It was shown that the mechanism of the antinociceptive effect of tetanic stimulation of the hypothalamus is not related to the concomitant increase of the blood pressure. After stabilization of the blood pressure the suppressive effect of the hypothalamus remains without changes, that points out to a direct, primary, not baro-afferent mechanism of the inhibition of the activity of nociceptive neurons of the trigeminal sensory nuclei. Noradrenaline, injected intravenously, induced a large increase of the blood pressure accompanied by a pronounced inhibition of the pain reflex. Angiotensin causes the same degree of blood pressure elevation without changes in the amplitude of the EMG-response of the pain reflex. Hypothalamic and noradrenergic mechanisms for control of pain sensitivity are discussed.     

Origins of the sympathetic innervation of the cervical end of the uterus in the rat

A retrograde neuronal tracer (Fast Blue) was injected in the cervical end of the uterine horn of virgin rats. The majority of the retrogradely labeled post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons were found in the sympathetic chain (74%). The superior mesenteric ganglia, inferior mesenteric ganglia and suprarenal ganglia accounted for 22, 3 and <1%, respectively. The distribution of neurons in the sympathetic chain labeled from the uterus resembles that described for other pelvic organs.     

Sexual pheromones and the evolution of the reward system of the brain: the chemosensory function of the amygdala

The amygdala of all tetrapod vertebrates receives direct projections from the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, and the strong similarities in the organization of these projections suggest that they have undergone a very conservative evolution. However, current ideas about the function of the amygdala do not pay sufficient attention to its chemosensory role, but only view it as the core of the emotional brain. In this study, we propose that both roles of the amygdala are intimately linked since the amygdala is actually involved in mediating emotional responses to chemical signals. The amygdala is the only structure in the brain receiving pheromonal information directly from the accessory olfactory bulbs and we have shown in mice that males emit sexual pheromones that are innately attractive for females. In fact, sexual pheromones can be used as unconditioned stimuli to induce a conditioned attraction to previously neutral odorants as well as a conditioned place preference. Therefore, sexual pheromones should be regarded as natural reinforcers. Behavioural and pharmacological studies (reviewed here) have shown that the females' innate preference for sexual pheromones is not affected by lesions of the dopaminergic cells of the ventral tegmental area, and that the systemic administration of dopamine antagonists do not alter neither the attraction nor the reinforcing effects of these pheromones. Anatomical studies have shown that the vomeronasal amygdala gives rise to important projections to the olfactory tubercle and the islands of Calleja, suggesting that these amygdalo-striatal pathways might be involved in the reinforcing value of sexual pheromones.     

药物治疗与合并认知行为治疗对强迫症疗效的比较

目的探讨认知行为心理治疗(CBT)在强迫症(OCD)患者各亚型治疗中的有效性和规律性。方法本研究为临床对照研究。符合入组标准的强迫症患者按患者自愿原则分为两组,治疗观察3、6、12个月。疗效评定分别运用Yale-Brown强迫量表,自拟的自评好转程度量表和临床疗效评定。结果认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗组31例,临床有效率70.9%,其中治愈率1.8%。单纯药物治疗组24例,临床有效率33.3%。Yale-Brown强迫量表和自评量表得分在6个月和12个月两组有显著差异(P<0.05)。其中强迫症亚型(怕脏型、反复检查型和反复担心型)的疗效比较,怕脏型在治疗3个月末两组间自评量表评分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复担心型在治疗6个月末两组间Yale-Brown强迫量表总分有显著性差异(P<0.05);反复检查型两组间无统计学差异。结论认知行为心理治疗合并药物治疗强迫症的疗效明显优于单纯药物治疗。强迫症的亚型在治疗中的有效性次序为:反复担心型>怕脏型>反复检查型。     

Topographical organization of the motoneuron pools that innervate the muscles of the pinna of the cat

The topographical organization of the 22 motoneuron pools that innervate the pinna muscles of the cat was examined by injecting the B-subunit of cholera toxin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase into individual muscles. All 22 pools are found in the facial nucleus, organized as rostro-caudally oriented columns, and arranged according to the action of the muscles they innervate. Pools innervating muscles that pull the pinna dorsally are located in the dorsal two thirds of the medio-dorsal subdivision, and those innervating muscles that pull the pinna ventrally are located in the ventral one half of the nucleus. Motoneurons innervating muscles that pull the pinna cranially are located laterally, those that pull the pinna caudally are located medio-ventrally, and those that change the shape of the pinna are located along the entire dorso-ventral extent in the center of the medio-dorsal subdivision. This topographical layout is consistent with the somatotopic organization of the entire facial nucleus as demonstrated in a variety of species. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Histochemical methods for the further characterisation of the tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary

Summary The granular cell tumourettes of the posterior lobe of the pituitary possess neuraminic acid containing carbohydrate. After removal of neuraminic acid with neuraminidase and exposure to FITC (Fluorescein isothiocyanate) labelled peanut agglutinin (Arachis hypogaea) (PNA), intracellular receptor structures could be demonstrated. The significance of the findings is discussed.