肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折合并肘关节内侧或后内侧脱位的临床治疗北大核心CSCD

目的分析肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折合并肘关节内侧或后内侧脱位的损伤机制,并探讨其治疗方法与预后。方法回顾分析2014年9月—2020年9月收治的4例肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折合并肘关节内侧或后内侧脱位患者临床资料。男3例,女1例;年龄13~32岁,平均20.7岁。肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折合并肘关节内侧脱位2例,肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折+冠突前内侧面骨折合并肘关节后内侧半脱位2例。3例新鲜骨折合并脱位患者先闭合复位,然后2例予以张力带固定,1例予以张力带结合Acumed冠突解剖钢板固定;1例陈旧性骨折不愈合患者先用螺钉固定冠突,再清除肱骨硬化骨块,最后修复外侧副韧带并添加铰链外固定架。结果所有患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无感染及周围神经损伤等早期并发症。4例患者均获随访,随访时间13~30个月,平均20.8个月。骨折均愈合,愈合时间为70~90 d,平均79.5 d。术后6个月,1例右肘关节后方可见异位骨化形成,患者ALP检测水平正常(67 U/L),拆除张力带清除异位骨化并行肘关节松解;其余患者均无异位骨化形成。末次随访时所有患者肘关节功能恢复良好,Mayo评分为85~100分,平均92.5分,优良率为100%。肘关节屈曲活动度为120°~135°、伸直活动度为10°~20°,旋前、旋后活动度均为75°~85°。结论肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折合并肘关节内侧或后内侧脱位可能为单纯内翻应力所致,如果伴冠突前内侧面骨折,则可能为肘关节内翻-后内侧旋转不稳定所致,与Osborne-Cotterill损伤机制相反。对于新鲜肱骨小头背侧撕脱性骨折可采用张力带固定,效果良好。     

尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤的手术治疗

目的探讨尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤的手术治疗方法及临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2011年4月至2014年7月四川省骨科医院收治且获完整随访的9例尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤患者临床资料。其中男6例,女3例;年龄20~62岁,平均41岁。致伤原因：跌伤3例,自行车伤1例,电动自行车伤3例,交通事故伤2例。均为新鲜闭合骨折;无神经、血管损伤。受伤至手术时间4~12 d,平均7.2 d。均为O'Driscoll分型2型,其中1亚型1例,2亚型5例,3亚型3例。其中肘关节外侧副韧带肱骨外髁止点撕脱骨折4例,其余5例术中证实肘关节外侧副韧带肱骨外髁止点撕脱。伴有尺骨鹰嘴骨折或为肘关节恐怖三联征患者未纳入本组。经肘关节前侧或内侧入路复位,以支撑钢板、缝合锚、螺钉固定冠状突骨折及修复前侧关节囊。经后外侧入路,以缝合锚修复外侧副韧带。 结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无血管神经损伤。随访时间12~48个月,平均25.6个月,X线片示骨折均愈合。随访期间无内固定物失效、肘关节不稳定、创伤后骨关节炎等并发症发生。末次随访时患肘关节活动范围：伸肘0~10°,平均1.1°;屈肘110~135°,平均128.9°;前臂旋前40~70°,平均61.1°;旋后80~90°,平均88.9°。Broberg和Morrey肘关节功能评分为82~100分,平均95分;优6例,良3例,优良率100%。疼痛视觉模拟评分为0~2分,平均0.7分。 结论重视和识别尺骨冠状突前内侧面骨折伴肘关节外侧副韧带损伤,对于存在肘关节内翻后内侧旋转不稳定者,根据冠状突骨折块的大小、部位及形态,经肘关节前侧或内侧入路复位,以支撑钢板、缝合锚及螺钉固定,修复前侧关节囊,经肘关节后外侧入路,以缝合锚修复外侧副韧带,术后早期活动锻炼,可获得满意疗效。     

肘关节创伤中内侧副韧带重建必要性之辩

肘关节创伤中内侧副韧带结构损伤较为常见。内侧副韧带复合体分为前、斜、后三束,前束起始于肱骨内侧髁的前下部,止于尺骨冠突的前内缘。斜束紧贴尺骨面,连续前束和后束在尺骨上的止点。后束起于肱骨内侧髁的内下缘,止于尺骨鹰嘴近中1/3内缘。2009年肘关节恐怖三联征治疗指南中治疗肘关节恐怖三联征应常规行外侧副韧带修复,是否需要修复内侧结构（包括内侧副韧带及共同屈肌复合体）是争论焦点。肘关节恐怖三联征损伤不一定都损伤外侧副韧带,也有可能仅损伤内侧副韧带。内侧副韧带前束在抗外翻应力方面起主要作用,是肘关节内侧稳定的主要结构。内侧副韧带前束是肘关节韧带中最坚韧的一束,从肘关节伸直到屈曲60°的过程中呈紧张状态;屈曲超过60°,在抗外翻应力方面前、后束共同起作用。Eygendaal等通过长期随访发现,大部分内侧副韧带损伤的患者都存在肘关节外翻不稳定相关性疾病,如关节退化、异位骨化、疼痛等,因此认为应该对存在内侧副韧带损伤的患者进行MCL修复。Jeong等对13例肘关节恐怖三联征患者在对修复肘关节外侧的同时,常规通过外侧入路或内侧入路修复内侧受损结构,平均随访25个月,Mayo评分为平均95分（85~100分）,获优10例,良3例。他们认为采用内、外侧入路修复所有内、外侧损伤组织可达到满意的临床及影像学效果,建议对于肘关节恐怖三联征患者应常规修复关节内侧结构。Toros等认为一般仅对外侧结构修复完毕后仍存在持续性肘关节屈伸不稳定或明显外翻不稳定的患者,应采取内侧入路修复内侧结构。     

CT在诊断膝关节交叉韧带断裂中的价值

目的　探讨CT对于确定交叉韧带断裂部位的价值。方法　对有膝关节外伤史、膝关节检查有可疑交叉韧带损伤者 ,分别摄双侧膝关节屈膝 90°前、后抽屉试验位X线侧位片。于X线片上 ,从股骨髁的中心点向胫骨平台前、后缘连线做垂线将后者分为前后两段 ,任何一段比健侧同段长 5mm以上则为阳性。即前段长者为前交叉韧带完全断裂 ,后段长者为后交叉韧带完全断裂。之后作膝关节部位的薄层CT扫描 (层厚、层距均为 1 5mm) ,观察胫骨上端前、后方有无撕脱性小骨块 ,以及股骨髁间窝处股骨外髁内侧或股骨内髁外侧有无撕脱性小骨块。结果　从 1994年 1月～ 1999年 11月按上述方法共诊断交叉韧带完全断裂者 18例。其中 ,前交叉韧带于胫骨止点处撕脱者 1例 ;后交叉韧带于胫骨止点处撕脱者 2例 ;前交叉韧带于股骨外侧髁起点处撕脱者 2例 ;后交叉韧带于股骨内侧髁起点处撕脱同时伴内侧副韧带股骨附着部撕脱性骨折 1例 ;1例膝关节脱位者伴腓骨小头撕脱性骨折及腓总神经损伤。其余病例自韧带实质部断裂。所有病例均经手术修复或重建 ,除 1例术前诊断为单纯前交叉韧带实质部完全断裂 ,而术中发现前交叉韧带实质部断裂约 90 %外 ,其余病例的术前诊断与术中所见均完全吻合。结论　CT对于确定交叉韧带断裂部位具有重要价值     

肱三头肌腱断裂的诊治

目的探讨肱三头肌腱断裂诊断及治疗效果。方法 2006年1月-2010年6月,采用Krachow法重建肌腱止点治疗12例肱三头肌腱断裂。男9例,女3例;年龄21～53岁,平均38.6岁。跌伤6例,交通事故伤4例,机器伤1例,运动损伤1例。新鲜损伤10例,陈旧性损伤2例。单纯肱三头肌腱断裂2例;合并尺骨鹰嘴撕脱骨折5例,肱骨内上髁撕脱骨折1例,肘关节内侧副韧带损伤4例。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。12例均获随访,随访时间12～36个月,平均16个月。末次随访时,9例肘关节伸屈功能完全恢复,2例合并内侧副韧带损伤患者伸肘功能恢复欠佳,1例陈旧性损伤患者屈肘功能恢复欠佳。伸肘肌力均恢复至5级。无肌腱再断裂、肘关节不稳等并发症发生。按Mayo肘关节功能评分标准(MEPS)评分,为90～96分,均为优。结论肱三头肌腱断裂早期诊断后及时手术治疗,结合功能康复训练,可获得满意疗效。     

拔河致前交叉韧带损伤二例

例1男,52岁,因拔河致右膝关节疼痛,活动受限。查体:右膝前内侧肿胀,压痛,前抽屉试验(+)、Lachman试验(+)、膝外翻应力试验(+)、外翻位X线片示膝内侧间隙较外侧增宽0.4cm、未见骨折,MRI示前交叉韧带不完全断裂。诊断:右膝前交叉韧带并内侧副韧带损伤。行膝关节功能位石膏固定8周。随访4个月患者无不适。 例2女,43岁,因拔河致左膝痛,查体同前。外翻位X线片示膝内侧间隙较外侧增宽1.2cm,未见骨折。诊断:前交叉韧带并内侧副韧带断裂。行手术治疗。术中见前交叉韧带自股骨外髁附着点撕脱,内侧副韧带及内侧关节囊自中间部断裂,遂行前交叉韧带及内侧副韧带及内侧关节囊断裂部缝合修补。石膏托     

肘内侧副韧带损伤的诊断和治疗

肘内侧副韧带损伤并非少见 ,我们院自 1992年 9月～1995年 4月共收治 13例 ,均手术证实 ,现报道如下 :1　临床资料1 1　一般资料　本组 13例 ,其中男 5例 ,女 8例 ,年龄 2 3岁～ 5 1岁 ,左侧 5例 ,右侧 8例 ,均有肘内侧明显压痛及肿胀 ,肘关节伸屈功能受限以及肘外翻活动度异常。 6例肘内侧明显瘀血 ,7例作肘外翻应力位Ｘ线摄片均见肘内侧关节间隙增宽。本组 13例均在伤后 4天内施行肘内侧副韧带修补术。术中发现单纯内侧副韧带断裂 6例 ,此韧带断裂伴前臂屈肌起点撕裂 5例 ,此韧带断裂伴肱骨内上髁撕脱骨折 1例 ,此韧带断裂伴尺骨冠状突撕…     

桡骨头骨折合并肘内侧副韧带前束损伤的临床解剖和功能研究

[目的]解剖学观察肘内侧副韧带前束(anterior bundle of medial collateral ligament,AMCL)损伤发生的部位、性质;探讨桡骨头骨折合并AMCL损伤对肘关节功能的影响及一期手术修复韧带疗效评价。[方法]2008年1月~2012年10月收治的桡骨头骨折合并AMCL损伤患者44例,男23例,女21例;年龄20~70岁,平均43.8岁,均为急性闭合性损伤,按照Mason分型Ⅱ型15例、Ⅲ型15例、Ⅳ型14例。按照分层随机分配方法分为对照组24例(AMCL损伤保守治疗);观察组20例(AMCL损伤手术治疗)。对照组开放复位内固定桡骨头骨折后单纯行屈肘90°石膏托外固定3周;观察组一期手术行骨折开放复位内固定+修复AMCL损伤,术后屈肘90°石膏托外固定制动3周。对两组患者治疗前行肘关节外翻应力X线片及MRI检查,并评估治疗前后HSS评分、提携角、关节间隙及肘关节各屈曲角度下偏离角度水平。[结果]全部病例获得随访,随访时间12~26个月,平均20.4个月。本研究中韧带损伤手术修复组20例患者,AMCL自内上髁止点撕脱15例(75%)、体部断裂4例(20%)、冠突止点断裂1例(5%),其中AMCL自内上髁止点撕脱和体部断裂者占95%。两组患者治疗前肘关节外翻应力X线片内侧关节间隙、提携角比较、MRI冠状位SE序列T2加权像高信号率比较,差异均无统计学意义;两组患者末次随访肘关节外翻应力X线片内侧关节间隙、提携角、肘关节各屈曲角度下偏离角度水平比较,差异有统计学意义;两组患者治疗前肘关节HSS评分比较,差异无统计学意义,末次随访HSS评分比较,差异有统计学意义。[结论](1)桡骨头骨折合并AMCL断裂部位多在肱骨内上髁附着处和体部,多为撕脱伤,可直接修复;(2)桡骨头骨折合并AMCL损伤可明显影响肘关节功能及稳定性。(3)AMCL损伤一期手术修复后可有效改善肘关节功能及稳定性。     

膝关节内侧副韧带损伤修复方法改进

目的　探讨膝关节内侧副韧带损伤修复的新方法 ,以早期获得满意的功能效果。方法　对 11例早期膝关节内侧副韧带损伤患者行椎管麻醉下探查膝关节内侧副韧带损伤的病理改变 ,一期缝合修补断裂韧带 ,并切取 1/ 2宽的半腱肌腱 ,加强修复损伤韧带。 1例陈旧性损伤用股薄肌重建膝内侧副韧带。结果　平均随访 2 5个月 ,优 9例 ,良 2例 ,关节稳定有力 ,B彲ｈｌｅｒ征阴性 ,膝关节活动功能正常 ,恢复原工作。结论 :膝关节内侧副韧带损伤多在止点 ,早期修复为好 ,同时切取邻近腱性结构加强修复 ,更加稳定可靠 ,功能效果恢复较好     

应用微型骨锚亚急诊修复指关节侧副韧带撕脱伤

目的 探讨微型骨锚在亚急诊指关节侧副韧带近点撕脱伤修复中的疗效.方法 对2例拇指掌指关节和7例手指近侧指间关节侧副韧带断裂伤的患者早期应用Mitek微型骨锚植入侧副韧带指骨附着处,再用锚尾部的Ethibond缝合线与撕脱的侧副韧带缝合.结果 9例术后随访10～12个月,平均11.1个月.按Saetta评定标准评定疗效,优6例,良3例.结论 微型骨锚用于修复指关节侧副韧带止点撕脱,操作简便,疗效可靠.     

Medial instability of the elbow: Findings on valgus load radiography and MRI in 16 athletes

Medial discomfort of the elbow in athletes can be due to valgus instability after acute ligament rupture or attenuation of the medial collateral ligament caused by repetitive microtrauma during overhead throwing. We studied 16 athletes with medial instability of the elbow due to insufficiency of the medial collateral ligament. 4 patients had sensory ulnar nerve symptoms, of whom 2 had abnormalities of the ulnar nerve on electromyography. 13 showed an increase in the ulno-humeral joint space on dynamic radiography under valgus load. MRI of 10 of these 13 elbows revealed rupture of the medial collateral ligament or avulsion of the medial collateral ligament. Dynamic radiography under valgus load seems to be of value for the diagnosis of chronic medial collateral ligament insufficiency.     

Medial instability of the elbow: findings on valgus load radiography and MRI in 16 athletes

Medial discomfort of the elbow in athletes can be due to valgus instability after acute ligament rupture or attenuation of the medial collateral ligament caused by repetitive microtrauma during overhead throwing. We studied 16 athletes with medial instability of the elbow due to insufficiency of the medial collateral ligament. 4 patients had sensory ulnar nerve symptoms, of whom 2 had abnormalities of the ulnar nerve on electromyography. 13 showed an increase in the ulno-humeral joint space on dynamic radiography under valgus load. MRI of 10 of these 13 elbows revealed rupture of the medial collateral ligament or avulsion of the medial collateral ligament. Dynamic radiography under valgus load seems to be of value for the diagnosis of chronic medial collateral ligament insufficiency.     

Medial instability of the elbow: Findings on valgus load radiography and MRI in 16 athletes

Medial discomfort of the elbow in athletes can be due to valgus instability after acute ligament rupture or attenuation of the medial collateral ligament caused by repetitive microtrauma during overhead throwing. We studied 16 athletes with medial instability of the elbow due to insufficiency of the medial collateral ligament. 4 patients had sensory ulnar nerve symptoms, of whom 2 had abnormalities of the ulnar nerve on electromyography. 13 showed an increase in the ulno-humeral joint space on dynamic radiography under valgus load. MRI of 10 of these 13 elbows revealed rupture of the medial collateral ligament or avulsion of the medial collateral ligament. Dynamic radiography under valgus load seems to be of value for the diagnosis of chronic medial collateral ligament insufficiency.     

肘关节三联征的治疗进展

肘关节三联征这类损伤因为其周围解剖的复杂性,生物力学研究有限,治疗相当困难,预后较差,选择治疗方案仍存在争议,本文通过检索大量参考文献对肘关节周围解剖、损伤机制、手术治疗方法及预后情况进行归纳总结。目前肘关节三联征的手术治疗方案多样,但由于个体差异的存在,临床疗效大多不确切。肘关节三联征的治疗,多数骨科医生仍然选择外侧手术入路,固定冠状突骨折,桡骨头修复或者置换,常规修复外侧副韧带,大多数学者不建议修复内侧副韧带,故仍有待商榷。     

肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗-改良手术技术及初步结果报道

目的总结肱尺关节后脱位合并桡骨头和尺骨冠状突骨折的手术治疗体会。方法回顾5例典型肘关节“恐怖三联征”的手术治疗结果。手术方法包括：经肘关节外侧入路予桡骨头骨折内固定、修补外侧副韧带及伸肌总腱止点。经肘关节内侧径路固定尺骨冠状突,修复肘关节周围关节囊和内外侧副韧带损伤。最后使用肘关节铰链式外固定支架固定肱尺关节脱位．恢复肘关节同心圆稳定性。于术后1、3、6个月及随访结束时,进行影像学和临床检查评估。结果5例平均手术时间为76min（60．150min）。平均随访时间8．8个月（3～13个月）。外固定支架拆除时间6周（4—9周）。至随访末患者肘关节活动度平均为（127±25）°。按照Mayo肘关节评分平均为87分（80～95分）,优2例,良3例。无浅表或深部感染、皮肤无坏死、无骨化性肌炎等并发症。结论通过手术内固定或修补肘关节稳定结构结合外固定支架维持肘关节同心圆解剖关系可以明显改善肘关节“恐怖三联征”患者肘关节的功能及预后．对此类损伤建议采用内固定结合外固定治疗。     

Arthrolysis combined with reconstruction for treatment of terrible triad injury with a poor outcome after surgical as well as conservative intervention

Introduction

The treatment of terrible triad injury with a poor outcome after intervention has not been successful thus far. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of arthrolysis and reconstruction in the treatment of terrible triad injury with a poor outcome after surgical as well as conservative intervention.

Materials and methods

Twelve patients (12 elbows) with the diagnosis of terrible triad injury were respectively reviewed. All the 12 patients had elbow dysfunction after conservative and surgical treatment of the terrible triad injury. Preoperatively, the flexion arc and forearm rotation were 36.7° ± 28.5° and 51.3° ± 43.4°, respectively, and the Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 56.3 points. The mean interval between the primary injury and our surgical treatment was 6.6 months. Our surgical intervention included elbow arthrolysis, ulnar nerve transposition, radial head replacement, coronoid process and ligament repair, and hinged external fixation. Patients were encouraged to participate in rehabilitation training 24 h after surgery.

Results

The mean follow-up duration was 20.1 months; the flexion arc and forearm rotation were 122° ± 18° and 140° ± 20°, respectively, and the mean Mayo Elbow Performance Score was 94.6 points (9 excellent, 3 good). Concentric stability was restored in all elbows. Complications included superficial pin tract infection (1), heterotopic ossification (3), and ulnar nerve palsy (1); the ulnar nerve symptoms had improved at the last follow-up.

Conclusions

The combination of open arthrolysis and reconstruction performed at a mean interval of 6-month posttrauma can restore functional mobility in cases of terrible triad injury with a poor outcome after surgical as well as conservative intervention. Thus, it may be an effective alternative for the treatment of the poor outcome terrible triad injury. We recommend early functional rehabilitation with adherence to the guidelines for hinged external fixation.     

冠突前内侧面骨折与外侧副韧带损伤的治疗

目的探讨冠突前内侧骨折后,外侧副韧带是否需要全部修复。 方法选自2012年7月至2016年7月天津医院共收治的19例冠突前内侧骨折患者,排除1例合并桡骨远端骨折患者,1例既往关节炎患者。术前行影像学检查,包括肘关节正侧位X线片、CT检查,以明确损伤类型。根据O’Driscoll分型2-1型4例,2-2型9例,2-3型4例。所有患者均采用肘关节内侧入路（尺侧腕屈肌入路）,固定冠突骨折后,给予内翻应力试验,如为阳性,修复外侧副韧带;如为阴性,不修复。采用Mayo肘关节功能评分（mayo elbow performance score,MEPS）、上肢功能障碍评分（disability of arm shoulder and hand,DASH）、视觉模拟评分法（visual analogue scale/score,VAS）对肘关节功能进行评价。 结果冠突骨折固定后,内翻试验阳性患者13例,给予外侧副韧带修补术,阴性患者4例,未给予外侧副韧带修补。所有患者均获得满意的肘关节评分,MEPS平均97.6分,DASH平均4.13分,VAS平均0.4分;关节炎Broberg-Morrey标准I度5例。 结论在冠突前内侧骨折的治疗中,冠突固定后的内翻试验对于判断肘关节稳定性至关重要,外侧副韧带修复与否取决于内翻应力试验。     

Outcomes after terrible triads of the elbow treated with the current surgical protocols. A review

Dislocation of the elbow associated with radial head and coronoid fracture, the so-called “terrible triad” of the elbow, is challenging to treat and has a history of complicated outcomes. However, advances in the knowledge of elbow kinematics combined with improved implants and surgical techniques during the past few years have led to the development of standard surgical protocols. This review article analyses the results in 137 elbow triad injuries of five studies treated using the current protocols. These include fixation of the coronoid fracture, repair or replacement the radial head, and repair of the lateral ligament complex, reserving medial collateral ligament repair and application of hinged external fixation for patients with residual instability. Treatment of these demanding injuries appeared effective in the majority of cases, i.e. with an average of 31 months of follow-up, overall flexion arc was 111.4°, averaged flexion was 132.5° with forearm rotation of 135.5°, Mayo elbow performance score was 85.6 points, and Broberg-Morrey score was 85 points. Nevertheless, the patient should be informed about the incidence of complications including joint stiffness, ulnar nerve symptoms or post-traumatic arthritis.     

Elbow dislocation with intra-articular fracture: the results of operative treatment without repair of the medial collateral ligament

PURPOSE: To determine the effectiveness of a protocol for the treatment of fracture-dislocations of the elbow based on the concept that, if dislocation of the elbow with associated fractures can be made to resemble a simple elbow dislocation by repairing or reconstructing the fractured structures, repair of the medial collateral ligament (MCL) will not be necessary. METHODS: Over a 5-year period, a single surgeon operated on 34 patients with a posterior dislocation of the elbow associated with one or more intra-articular fractures. The mean age of these 19 men and 15 women was 48 years. Associated fractures included the capitellum, trochlea, and lateral epicondyle in 3 patients; the olecranon in 1 patient; and the radial head in 30 patients (with concomitant fracture of the coronoid process-the so-called "terrible triad" of the elbow-in 22 patients, and concomitant fracture of the coronoid and olecranon in 1 patient). Operative treatment consisted of open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) or prosthetic replacement of all fractures and reattachment of the origin of the lateral collateral ligament (LCL) complex to the lateral epicondyle. The MCL was not repaired. RESULTS: Two patients (1 with a terrible triad injury and 1 with fracture of the capitellum and trochlea) had postoperative instability related to noncompliance, had reconstructive procedures, and were considered failures. An average of 32 months after injury, the remaining 32 patients regained an average of 120 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 142 degrees forearm rotation. Twenty-five of 34 patients (74%) had good or excellent results according to the system of Broberg and Morrey. Patients with terrible triad injuries had an average of 117 degrees ulnohumeral motion and 137 degrees forearm rotation, and 17 of 22 patients (77%) had good or excellent results. CONCLUSIONS: MCL repair is unnecessary in the treatment of dislocation of the elbow with associated intra-articular fractures, provided that the articular fractures and the LCL are repaired or reconstructed.