经枕下旁正中入路手术治疗小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤16例

目的探讨小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤的临床特点及手术方法。方法回顾性分析16例小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤的临床特点、影像学特征、手术治疗方法及预后。14例为破裂动脉瘤;2例为未破裂动脉瘤,表现为后颅窝占位。入院时患者Hunt—Hess分级：0级2例,Ⅱ级10例,Ⅲ级3例,Ⅳ级1例。头颅CT表现为天幕下为主的蛛网膜下腔出血和／或第四脑室出血,脑血管造影提示小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤,均采用枕下旁正中入路进行手术。14例行动脉瘤颈夹闭术,2例行孤立术。结果3例术后出现切口一过性脑脊液漏;2例轻度后组颅神经受损,3个月后完全恢复。随访3个月至2年,2例孤立术患者术后偏瘫、后组颅神经麻痹和长期昏迷;其余患者术后恢复良好。结论熟悉小脑后下动脉瘤区域的解剖关系,术中对后组颅神经和小脑后下动脉的有效保护,可明显提高小脑后下动脉近端动脉瘤的手术治疗效果。     

颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床特征及显微外科治疗

目的 探讨颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床特征、显微外科治疗的方法及其效果.方法 对2000年1月至2008年10月手术治疗的10例颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床资料进行回顾分析.结果 动脉瘤位于基底动脉分叉部4例,大脑后动脉P1-P2交界处2例,小脑后下动脉3例,小脑前下动脉1例.以蛛网膜下腔出血为临床表现者8例,以脑神经麻痹等占位效应为表现者2例;8例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术,2例行动脉瘤夹闭及残颈包裹术.术后随访6个月至8年,恢复良好6例,中度伤残2例,重度残疾1例,死亡1例.结论 后循环动脉瘤手术较为困难,应选择合适的入路,充分显露动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,术中尽可能保护脑干、脑干穿支动脉及脑神经,以减少手术后致死致残率.     

小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的临床治疗

目的 总结小脑后下动脉( PICA)远端动脉瘤的临床特点,探讨其临床治疗方式的选择.方法 回顾性研究16例PICA远端动脉瘤的临床特点及治疗.6例行后正中入路开颅动脉瘤夹闭术;4例行枕下远外侧入路动脉瘤夹闭术;6例行血管内栓塞术.结果 术后15例恢复良好,1例死亡,1例合并交通性脑积水,行脑室-腹腔分流术.15例出院时均无神经系统阳性体征,随访患者恢复良好.结论 对于PICA远端动脉瘤的治疗,应根据患者的临床情况及动脉瘤和PICA的形态,可以选择开颅夹闭或血管内栓塞.     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤显微手术的方法及其效果。方法回顾性分析我院从2008年1月至2013年8月显微手术夹闭的31例小脑后下动脉动脉瘤患者的临床资料,动脉瘤位于延髓前段9例、延髓侧段6例、扁桃体延髓段5例、终末扁桃体段7例、扁桃体上端区域4例;术前Hunt-Hess分级Ⅰ级10例,Ⅱ级14例,Ⅲ级7例;采用远外侧入路15例、乳突后枕骨下入路7例、枕骨后正中入路9例。结果术后6个月,运用改良Rankin量表（mRS）评分评估患者预后,mRS评分0分20例,1分5例,2分3例,4分1例（Hunt-Hess分级Ⅱ级）,6分2例（1例死于肿瘤感染,1例死于）。结论小脑后下动脉动脉瘤破裂常表现脑干周围蛛网膜下腔出血,或仅表现为第四脑室出血;小脑后下动脉常有变异,CT血管造影不易发现动脉瘤;受小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的位置和解剖变异的影响,手术入路应给予个性化考虑。     

椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗

目的 探讨椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的个体化治疗策略.方法 分别采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉、支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤、单纯支架植入、手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,以及枕动脉-小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉等方法 治疗18例椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤患者.结果 18例患者中5例采用微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉,5例行支架辅助微弹簧圈栓塞动脉瘤(3例基本致密栓塞、2例非致密栓塞),4例行单纯支架植入术(术后3例动脉瘤血流动力学改善),3例经远外侧入路手术直接夹闭动脉瘤,1例行枕动脉.小脑后下动脉血管吻合术辅助微弹簧圈闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉.其中2例术中动脉瘤破裂出血,1例死亡、1例中残;I例闭塞动脉瘤和载瘤动脉患者,术后出现短暂性吞咽困难和偏侧肢体麻木,其余患者术后平稳.17例获得1个月至3年随访,无一例动脉瘤复发或进展.结论 用于治疗椎动脉颅内段夹层动脉瘤的方法 有多种,选择治疗方案时需考虑动脉瘤是否破裂出血或引起脑梗死,以及动脉瘤形态(如局限性偏侧型)、是否位于优势侧、是否累及小脑后下动脉等因素,根据患者具体情况制定个体化治疗方案.     

经小脑延髓裂夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤

目的探讨经小脑延髓裂入路手术夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤的优点及显微手术技巧。方法 23例手术夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤均经后颅窝正中开颅,经小脑延髓裂入路,显微镜下夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤。结果 23例患者,共33枚动脉瘤,完全夹闭31枚,2枚切除,夹闭率94.9%。无一例手术死亡。结论经小脑延髓裂入路夹闭小脑后下动脉远端动脉瘤,不需切开小脑下蚓部,可有效的清除第四脑室血肿,降低脑压。使血管神经显示更加清楚,不损伤任何小脑组织,能最大限度地减少牵拉血管及神经组织,减少动脉瘤的术中破裂,使手术更安全。术后患者不良反应小。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤治疗体会

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的治疗方法。方法分别采用动脉瘤栓塞术、动脉瘤夹闭术和血管吻合术联合动脉瘤栓塞术治疗80例小脑后下动脉动脉瘤患者,总结3种手术方式适应证和技术特点。结果 80例患者中行动脉瘤栓塞术49例,手术成功率约为95.92%(47/49);行动脉瘤夹闭术19例,手术成功率为16/19;行枕动脉-小脑后下动脉吻合术联合动脉瘤栓塞术12例,手术成功率为11/12。2例术后死亡,21例出现神经功能缺损症状,其余57例均好转。术后平均随访3.65年,复查CTA或DSA显示7例动脉瘤复发。结论小脑后下动脉动脉瘤栓塞术手术创伤较小、手术时间较短;对于后循环血管迂曲、动脉瘤较小、瘤颈较宽者,动脉瘤夹闭术相对安全且简单易行;对于动脉瘤栓塞术和夹闭术均较困难者,血管吻合术联合动脉瘤栓塞术为最后选择。     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的 探讨小脑后下动脉(PICA)动脉瘤的临床特点和显微外科治疗方法.方法 回顾性分析12例PICA动脉瘤病人的临床资料,均采用显微外科手术治疗,其中经枕下后正中入路7例,远外侧入路5例.结果 术后CT血管造影(CTA)显示动脉瘤均夹闭良好,术后出现脑积水2例,后组脑神经麻痹3例,共济平衡障碍2例,肢体偏瘫1例.结论 PICA动脉瘤的脑内血肿及脑室内出血发生率高,多并发脑积水,根据动脉瘤部位多选用远外侧入路和枕下后正中入路.危重病人经积极显微外科手术治疗,预后良好.     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤(PICCA)是临床中比较少见且处理困难的一种疾病.小脑后下动脉的行程复杂且解剖变异大.PICCA的手术入路主要有枕下远外侧入路及经髁凹入路,在PICA的近端及过渡段行动脉瘤孤立术或夹闭载瘤动脉需行血管重建术.部分小脑后下动脉动脉瘤可行血管内介入治疗.手术治疗及血管内介入治疗两者都有相应的适应症及并发症,目前还不能互相替代.     

小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的诊断和治疗

目的探讨小脑后下动脉动脉瘤的临床特征、诊断、鉴别诊断和治疗。方法回顾性分析12例小脑后下动脉瘤的临床表现、影像学特征、手术效果及诊治过程中存在的相关问题。结果12例中有11例因动脉瘤破裂出血而发病,单纯第四脑室出血4例,全脑室系统出血2例,小脑半球出血3例,小脑蚓部伴第四脑室出血1例,侧脑室伴第三脑室出血1例,以后颅窝占位病变表现1例。8例术前行DSA检查明确诊断,4例术中明确诊断。12例均行后颅窝开颅显微手术治疗,其中动脉瘤颈夹闭9例,孤立切除2例,动脉瘤加固术1例,术后2例因脑积水加重行脑室-腹腔分流术。12例中除1例术后留有轻偏瘫外,其余11例恢复良好。结论小脑后下动脉瘤多以第四脑室出血发病,少数以小脑半球或蚓部出血发病,及早治疗效果满意。手术方式应尽量夹闭动脉瘤颈,对于小脑后下动脉末端动脉瘤,可以采用孤立切除术。     

开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗介入困难的小脑后下动脉动脉瘤

目的探讨开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗介入困难的破裂小脑后下动脉动脉瘤(PICA)的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析2010年9月至2013年4月应用开颅动脉瘤夹闭术治疗6例曾行血管内介入治疗失败的破裂PICA患者的临床资料。结果所有病例术前常规行骨窗位头颅血管成像(CTA)及全脑数字减影血管造影(DSA),明确动脉瘤大小、形态、瘤顶指向、位置,以及与周围组织结构关系,制定最佳手术入路。2例PICA延髓前段及1例延髓侧段动脉瘤采用枕下远外侧入路,1例延髓侧段PICA动脉瘤采用枕下乙状窦后入路,2例PICA扁桃体段动脉瘤采用枕下后正中入路。随访时间为3~28个月,平均10.5个月。所有患者恢复良好,无任何神经功能缺损,格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)均为5分。CTA或DSA复查示6例PICA动脉瘤夹闭术后均无残留或复发。结论开颅动脉瘤夹闭术是破裂PICA动脉瘤难以实施血管内治疗时的一种安全、可靠的治疗方法,术前骨窗位CTA有助于制定最佳手术入路。     

颅内后循环动脉瘤的显微手术治疗

目的总结分析颅内后循环动脉瘤的临床特征、手术入路及手术技巧。方法回顾性分析我院19例经显微手术治疗的后循环动脉瘤患者的临床资料。此19例中,6例手术经颞下入路,7例经翼点或扩大翼点入路,3例经枕下乙状窦后入路,2例经枕下旁正中入路,1例经扩大颞瓣入路。结果9例患者动脉瘤成功夹闭,5例患者动脉瘤成功夹闭后行瘤体切除,5例患者动脉瘤被成功包裹。术后5例出现一过性动眼神经麻痹,3例出现同向偏盲,3例出现偏瘫,1例死亡。3例患者术后因脑积水同时行脑室-腹腔分流术。随访3月～6年,3例行瘤颈夹闭者见动脉瘤消失,载瘤动脉通畅,1例包裹者动脉瘤瘤体增大,1例患者在术后2年因动脉瘤突发破裂导致死亡。结论对于后循环动脉瘤患者需选择合适的手术入路,充分地显露动脉瘤和载瘤动脉。术中注意对神经及穿支血管的保护,可明显减少术后并发症。     

椎基底动脉瘤的手术治疗

目的 探讨手术治疗椎基底动脉瘤的方法.方法 26例28个椎基底动脉瘤患者.动脉瘤破裂出血9例;16例基底动脉瘤,10例椎动脉瘤.5例基底动脉顶部动脉瘤经翼点入路,5例基底动脉顶部和2例基底动脉上段动脉瘤用额颞颧(切断颧弓、扩大中颅窝底)入路,4例基底动脉中段动脉瘤采用乙状窦前(岩骨)和远外侧联合入路.10例椎动脉瘤中,4例椎动脉瘤采用乙状窦前(岩骨)和岩骨联合入路,6例取用远外侧-枕骨髁联合入路.11例术中临时阻断血管时间延长或可能影响开通血管患者行血管搭桥术,其中颈内动脉大脑后动脉P2段移植搭桥2例,颈外动脉与大脑后动脉P2段移植搭桥4例,椎动脉移植搭桥2例,枕动脉与小脑后下动脉搭桥3例.结果 术后恢复正常工作,无神经功能障碍者:基底动脉顶端动脉瘤9例,基底动脉干动脉瘤5例,椎动脉瘤10例,良好率为92%.1例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤患者术后有严重神经功能缺失,生活不能自理;1例基底动脉主干动脉瘤术后穿通动脉闭塞引起中脑缺血,术后20 d死亡.结论 选择适合的颅底手术入路有利于术中获得充分的手术操作空间.对于单纯手术夹闭困难的动脉瘤,用血管移植搭桥的方法,可以避免因夹闭动脉瘤和临时阻断载瘤动脉出现术后脑缺血.     

后循环动脉瘤显微外科手术治疗

目的 探讨后循环动脉瘤手术适应证和治疗效果.方法 纳入42例共44个后循环动脉瘤,包括基底动脉动脉瘤26例(27个)、椎动脉动脉瘤16例(17个).其中15例分别行颈外动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(4例)、颈内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、颌内动脉-大脑后动脉P2段(2例)、椎动脉颅内外段(2例)、枕动脉.小脑后下小动脉(5例)搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术;余27例行单纯动脉瘤夹闭术.结果 经随访共37例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤14例、基底动脉主干动脉瘤3例、椎动脉动脉瘤9例、小脑后下动脉动脉瘤5例、大脑后动脉P1～P2段交界处动脉瘤4例、小脑上动脉动脉瘤l例和小脑前下动脉动脉瘤1例)患者恢复正常生活活动能力,无一例发生手术相关性神经功能障碍,恢复良好率达88.09%.其余5例患者,1例(基底动脉顶端动脉瘤)术后出现严重神经功能缺损症状与体征,生活不能自理;2例(1例基底动脉顶端动脉瘤、1例基底动脉主干动脉瘤)因术后发生脑干缺血,围手术期死亡;2例(椎动脉动脉瘤)复发患者经再次治疗康复.结论 对于不宜直接行手术夹闭的后循环动脉瘤,为了避免因夹闭动脉瘤和延长临时阻断载瘤动脉时间而发生术后脑缺血事件.可选择颅内外血管搭桥联合动脉瘤孤立术,以避免动脉瘤夹闭术带来的危险.     

Diagnosis and surgical management of extracranial PICA aneurysms presenting through subarachnoid haemorrhage: Case report and review of the literature

Objective and importance

We present a very unusual case in which a proximal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysm was located extracranially. We reviewed the PICA origin anatomy and pathology of aneurysms at this site.

Clinical presentation

A Caucasian woman, 52 years of age, presented with a lesion at the craniocervical junction. She complained only of headache off and on without other symptoms. Her physical examination was unremarkable. A CT angiography clearly visualized an approximately 9-mm wide aneurysm of the right PICA which lay intradurally in the spinal canal at the C₁-level. Surgery was planned. However, six weeks after her initial referral and just before her surgical date, the patient suffered a subarachnoid haemorrhage. Physical examination at that time showed a lethargic but conscious patient, with slight disorientation (Glasgow Coma Score 14; Hunt and Hess grade III).

Intervention

The aneurysm was successfully treated by microneurosurgical techniques via a suboccipital craniotomy with laminectomy of C₁ as well. Temporary clipping of the PICA was feasible and the aneurysm could be dissected and clipped appropriately.

Conclusion

The present report underscores the anatomical variants of the PICA. Although uncommon, PICA aneurysms do occur and caretakers should be aware of this when treating patients with clinical signs or CT evidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage. Even extracranial PICA aneurysms can be encountered, either through a caudal loop or an early extracranial lateral medullary segment. We stress the use of four vessel angiography or CT angiography with thin cuts to rule out such aneurysms.     

Extracranial aneurysms of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery

OBJECTIVE: Extracranial aneurysms of the distal posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) are extremely rare and sometimes difficult to diagnose without an adequate angiogram. We present the first series of 3 patients who were evaluated by the senior author and treated surgically. METHODS AND RESULTS: All 3 patients presented with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Clincial symptoms, included occipital headache, nuchal rigidity, abducens nerve palsy and rapid neurologic deterioration. A unilateral injection of the vertebral artery failed to show the distal contralateral PICA and the aneurysm in 1 patient. All patients underwent aneurysm clipping through a posterior fossa craniectomy and C-1 laminectomy. The aneurysms were located on the tonsillomedullary segment of the PICA, 10-12 mm below the level of the foramen magnum. CONCLUSIONS: It is important to adequately visualize the distal extent of both PICAs or these aneurysms may not be seen. Patients who present with SAH must have the entirety of both vertebral arteries evaluated to avoid missing these aneurysms. The aneurysms were located adjacent to the atlas necessitating an upper cervical laminectomy for adequate surgical exposure. In general, the patients did well postoperatively and none of the patients developed cerebral vasospasm.     

Detachable Coil Embolization for Saccular Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery Aneurysms

Objective

Surgical treatment of posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) aneurysms is challenging due to limited surgical accessibility. Endovascular approach has a benefit of avoiding direct injury to the brainstem or lower cranial nerves. Therefore, it has recently been considered an alternative or primary modality for PICA aneurysms. We retrospectively assessed outcomes following detachable coil embolization of saccular PICA aneurysms.

Methods

From February 1997 to December 2007, we performed endovascular procedures to treat 15 patients with 15 PICA aneurysms. Fourteen patients with 14 PICA aneurysms morphology of which was saccular were reviewed retrospectively. Twelve patients had ruptured aneurysms. The aneurysms arose from the PICA origin site (n = 12), the PICA lateral medullary segment (n = 1), or the PICA tonsilomedullary segment (n = 1).

Results

Complete aneurysm occlusion was achieved in 10 patients, residual neck in 3, and residual sac in one. Radiological follow-up was performed in 7 patients with mean duration of 34.7 months (range, 1-97 months) and showed stable or complete occlusion in 6 patients. There were no rebleeding or retreatment after endovascular treatment. Thromboembolism was the only procedure-related complication (n = 4 ; 28.6%). Asymptomatic PICA infarction occurred in two patients and symptomatic PICA infarction in two elderly patients with poor clinical grade. Of these procedural PICA infarction cases, 1 symptomatic PICA infarction patient developed ventriculitis and septic shock leading to death. The clinical outcome was good in 10 patients (71.4%).

Conclusions

In the present study, detachable coil embolization has shown as an efficient modality for PICA saccular aneurysms challenging indications of microsurgery. However, thromboembolic complications should be considered, especially in poor clinical elderly patients with ruptured aneurysms.