Imagerie de la trachée de l'adulte

Imaging of normal and pathologic trachea at the thoracic and cervical levels is described extensively. Beside congenital abnormalities discovered in adulthood, acquired tracheal abnormalities are artificially divided in two subgroups. One group consists of diffuse abnormalities, with all but one diseases associated with a diffuse narrowing of the tracheal lumen. The other group comprises focal abnormalities that lead to tracheal stenoses of various lengths, with a postintubation stenosis as probably the most frequent cause, followed by tumours. The main modality for tracheal imaging is now multidetector-row spiral CT. This technique allows for faster volume coverage and higher spatial and temporal resolution. The improved spatial resolution impacts on both axial images and all reconstructions techniques that have become indispensable for interpretation of a vertical structure such as the trachea. Chest X-ray is no longer the frontline imaging technique. MRI has not yet reached all its potential as compared to CT.     

Pratique sportive et conduite dopante d'un échantillon représentatif des élèves de Midi-Pyrénées

Objective – Estimate the phenomenon of doping in sport among french adolescents.Method – Our effective population was the students of the Midi-Pyrenees French Region in 1999 exception made of the high-level sport section. The data were gathered by an anonymous questionnaire filled by a representative sample of 1 506 girls and 1 420 boys aged from 13 to 20 randomly selected by a two stage sampling. Regionals estimations are given.Results – A sport-practice out of school concerned 85% of our sample. Nearly 3 000 students of our effective population (2% of this population) would consume a substance classified as a doping-drug for sport (sometimes innocently), and 8.6% of our athletes would consider to know a « friend consumming doping substances for sport-practice». The situation would be more worrying if we consider that more than 12 000 adolescents (8.7%) of the effective population would be tempted to consum suc a substance. The most cited doping substances were caffeine shape of tablet, beta 2 mimetics and cannabis. A total of nine students also declared a creatine consumption.     

Cinétique du cortisol et de l'hormone de croissance plasmatiques lors de deux épreuves sous-maximales avec et sans récupération

Introduction – The purpose of this study is to evaluate cortisol and growth hormone kinetics in plasma during a sub-maximal exercise with and without recovery.Results – There is a significant difference of cortisol and growth hormone kinetics between the two tests. The cortisol concentration increased significantly during exercise without recovery period, the changes of plasmatic cortisol were not significant during exercise with recovery. Plasmatic growth hormone increases after exercise without recovery.Conclusion – The absence of recovery period contributes to increase considerably the level of cortisol and growth hormone in plasma and decreases probably anabolic process in post exercise period.     

La résistance cutanée comme indice objectif de la concentration au lancer de poids

Aims – Rules of track and fields events allow subjects to prepare themselves before throwing. As time allocated to preparation was two minutes, it has been reduced to one minute. The aim of this study was to test whether preparation duration decrease had an effect on subjects activation and on performance in shot put.Materiels and methods – Subjects were divided into two groups: beginners and experts. Each subject had to perform seven throws in i) throwing with preparation within the minute allowed ii) without preparation iii) mental representation. Skin resistance tonic level was continuously recorded during the experiment. This autonomic variable is well-known to be a reliable index in predicting activation variations.Results – No difference in performance between the preparation and no-preparation modalities is showed. All the subjects did not reach the same activation during the mental imagery. Activation was shown to be higher in novice than in expert population. However, differences in activation between throwing with and without preparation did not reach the significant threshold. These results suggested that decrease in preparation duration did not affect performance. Subjects were shown to increase their activation themselves rapidly. Performance seems to be mainly dependent upon execution quality rather than reaching an optimal activation level. Motor program of throwing is thought to be rapidly intialised by subjects whatever their practice level.Conclusion – Differences have been evidenced between real trials and mental imagery, both, in movement sequences duration and in activation. If the subjects are not training in the mental imagery, the imagery ability improve with the expertise level.     

Estimation de la dépense énergétique lors d'une régate en dériveur

Introduction. – Assess the energetic cost during small craft competition.Methods. – Height healthy sailors have been tested during three regattas. Heart rate, vertical jump, glycemia, cortisol and testosterone have been recorded.Results and discussion. – Regattas did not show significant difference for hormones. However, a significant 10% decrease of glycemia was presented. Heart rate increased during competition, but it was different according to the wind velocity and wind direction. The oxygen cost of sailing is relatively light. However, this cost could be increase with bad conditions of sailing. It seems that aerobic capacity is important regarding performance.     

Variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque en fonction de l'intensité de la pratique physique chez la femme ménopausée

Aim. – Study was to asses the heart rate variability related to the physical practice intensity in post menopausal women.Method. – Time domain measurement of heart rate variability has been realised from the electrocardiogram at rest and during exercice in 3 groups of 6 women : untrained, active and trained. At rest, no significant difference betwen groups appears. But, in the standing position, RR interval and the dispersion around RR interval decrease in trained group only. During submaximal exercise, this dispersion is more elevated in active and trained groups.Conclusion. – Physical practice induces a higher response of sinus node to vagal modulation during standing position and submaximal exercise.     

Effet de l’intensité de course sur la force de poussée en rugby

Introduction. – The rugby is a discipline requiring, in the same time, strength qualities and a high aerobic capacity for repeating intense exercises over 2 × 40 min.Synthesis of the facts. – Fourteen rugby players performed a maximal progressive test of journey (running) then two sequences of 40 min, respectively, to 60% and 80% of HR_max, interrupted with pushes on a yoke with constraint gauges. At 80% HR_max, the mean scrummaging force (1466 ± 244 N) was lower (P < 0.05) than at 60% HR_max (1523 ± 266 N).Conclusion. – The qualities of specific force are directly affected by the intensity of running. Therefore, there is a need to optimize the aerobic potential notably for the players of the first line directly concerned by the fight.     

Lesión de Morel-Lavallée: diagnóstico y tratamiento con técnicas de imagen

Objectives

We aim to review the characteristics of Morel-Lavallée lesions and to evaluate their treatment.