室内环境污染对人体健康的危害与防护

近年来，随着人们生活水平的不断提高，办公及家庭装修的档次也随之提高，所引起的室内环境污染问题也日渐突出，室内环境污染对人体健康的影响问题越来越为人们所关注。世界银行已把室内环境污染列为全球4个最关键的环境问题之一。现在，很多科技工作者都在从事这方面的研究，主要理由有以下几方面：第一，人们每天80％以上的时间是在室内生活、学习、工作和休息，室内环境质量的好坏直接影响着人们的身体健康。第二，出于节约能源的考虑，现代的房屋在保温性能上有所加强。增强了房屋的密封性，从而使室内空气换气减少。第三，随着经济高度增长和科技技术含量的增高，建筑材料和室内装饰材料中大量使用化学物质。第四，人们开始追求舒适健康的办公、生活居住环境。     

室内污染的11大误区

俗话说“居家过日子”，可见居住与生活关系十分密切。没有居室，不成为家；没有家庭，难为社会。居室是我们生活和休息的地方，人们越来越重视室内的装修和布置。由于建筑材料、装修材料以及装饰材料等含有多种化学物质，其中有些化学物质很容易释放到空气当中对人体健康造成危害，严重者还可以引起相应的疾病。然而，有相当一部分人对此却存在认识上的误区，主要有：     

Ocular,Airway, and Dermal Symptoms Related to Building Dampness and Odors in Dwellings

The authors examined the relationship between symptoms of Sick Building Syndrome and reports of building dampness and odors. Two hundred thirty-one multifamily buildings built prior to 1961 in Stockholm, Sweden, contained a total of 4,815 dwellings. The authors selected these buildings for study by stratified random sampling. Occupants answered a postal questionnaire that assessed weekly symptoms, personal factors, population density in each apartment, water leakage in the preceding 5 yr, different types of odors, and signs of high indoor air humidity. The response rate was 77%. Independent information on building characteristics was gathered from the building owners and the central building register in Stockholm. Multiple logistic-regression analysis was applied and odds ratios were calculated, with adjustments for age, gender, current smoking, hay fever, population density, type of ventilation, and ownership of the building. In total, 22% reported at least 1 sign of dampness, and 32% reported odor in the dwelling. Condensation on windows, high air humidity in the bathroom, moldy odor, and water leakage were reported from 6.8%, 8.8%, 5.7%, and 13% of the dwellings, respectively. A combination of odor and signs of high humidity was related to an increased occurrence of all symptoms (odds ratios = 2.2-3.6). Similar findings were observed for a combination of odors and a history of water leakage in the past 5 yr (odds ratios = 1.2-4.4). Symptoms increased with the number of signs of dampness. The study indicated that dampness in dwellings, with emissions of odorous compounds, are associated with an increase in symptoms consistent with Sick Building Syndrome.     

装修后室内空气中甲醛污染调查

目的　调查装修后居室空气中甲醛的污染现状并探讨其影响因素。方法　选择 6 6户装修时间为 1个月～ 1年的居室为对象 ,2 8栋毛坯楼房为对照 ,采用直读式数字便携式甲醛分析仪检测室内空气中甲醛含量。结果　装修后相同时间内 ,高温期的甲醛浓度和低温期的甲醛浓度差异有统计学意义 (P <0 . 0 5 ) ,高温期甲醛浓度平均为低温期的 5倍 ,家具也是甲醛污染来源之一。结论　影响室内甲醛含量的因素主要是装修材料的质量、用量、装修时间和室内温度 ,保持良好的通风有利于甲醛的释放 ,可有效地减轻居室内甲醛的污染程度。     

深圳市福田区公共场所从业人员不良建筑综合症状况调查分析

目的了解深圳市福田区公共场所从业人员不良建筑综合症(SBS)现状,分析和探讨影响身体健康的各种因素,为评价、改善和保护公共场所从业人员身体健康提供科学依据。方法随机抽取2009～2010年间公共场所从业人员519人进行健康状况问卷调查,同时选择其中的50名调查对象进行问卷的重测信度评价。结果公共场所从业人员不同程度地出现不良建筑综合症,并且与装修时间有较为密切的关系。不同装修时间内从业人员的不良建筑综合症发生率存在差异。结论公共场所从业人员健康状况不容乐观。不良建筑综合症的发生受多种因素影响,与装修时间高度关联。     

装修居室内空气污染对成人心理健康影响

目的了解装修居室内空气污染对成人心理健康状态的影响。方法对近5年内有装修史的224户家庭进行室内甲醛和总挥发性有机物（TVOC）的检测,首次采用Derogatis氏90项症状自评量表（SCL-90）对其家庭成人进行心理健康状态测试,并对各种指标进行统计分析。结果224户装修居室内空气中甲醛或TVOC超标的住宅有103户,超标率46.0%。共调查家庭成人350人,其SCL-90量表得分显示,阳性项目数（19.57±13.32）显著低于国内常模;9项因子均分在1.27~1.71之间,所有因子中躯体化、强迫症状和焦虑症状等3个因子的平均得分均高于全国常模。对室内污染物超标的103户成年居民158人调查显示,异常项目检出率排在前4位因子依次是躯体化、强迫症状、抑郁症状和焦虑症状。超标组各因子得分均高于非超标组,其中除人际关系、恐怖症状外,其余7个因子及阳性项目数与非超标组差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论室内空气污染可能是影响居民心理健康的因素之一。     

室内环境空气中VOCs及醛酮类污染调查

目的调查新建校舍室内空气中挥发性有机化学物质(VOCs)和甲醛(HCHO)等醛酮类化学物质污染现状,探讨污染的动态变化和危险性。方法以气相色谱-质谱法分析室内空气中VOCs污染水平,应用高效液相色谱法(HLPC)法检测空气中醛酮类物质,以观察污染的变化趋势。结果3种用途校舍使用初期,室内空气中13项VOCs指标均有不同程度检出,其中甲苯污染为主,占检出VOCs的90%以上,最高达3 044μg/m³。室内空气中醛酮类物质呈多态样变化,甲醛污染水平以8月最高(230μg/m³),1年后降至使用初期的60%,呈伴时间推移逐渐降低的趋势,甲醛的释放与室温变化呈正相关(r>0.6410,P<0.01,n=13);使用初期室内空气中丙酮和乙醛最高污染浓度分别为669和134μg/m³;1年后降至52和49μg/m³以下。结论校舍使用初期室内空气中VOCs和醛酮类污染普遍存在。空气中甲醛随使用时间的延长呈现伴夏季升高的螺旋样下降趋势;丙酮和乙醛呈波浪样下降;VOCs的污染水平使用初期最高,但下降较快,1个月后至初始的1/10~1/20。     

Sick building syndrome in relation to building dampness in multi-family residential buildings in Stockholm

Objectives: The aim was to study relationships between symptoms compatible with sick building syndrome (SBS) on one hand, and different indicators of building dampness in Swedish multi-family buildings on the other. Methods: In Stockholm, 609 multi-family buildings with 14,235 dwellings were identified, and selected by stratified random sampling. The response rate was 77%. Information on weekly symptoms, age, gender, population density in the apartment, water leakage during the past 5 years, mouldy odour, condensation on windows, and high air humidity in the bathroom was assessed by a postal questionnaire. In addition, independent information on building characteristics was gathered from the building owners, and the central building register in Stockholm. Multiple logistic regression analysis was applied, and adjusted odds ratios (OR) were calculated, adjusted for age and gender, population density, and selected building characteristics. Results: Condensation on windows, high air humidity in the bathroom, mouldy odour, and water leakage was reported from 9.0%, 12.4%, 7.7% and 12.7% of the dwellings, respectively. In total 28.5% reported at least one sign of dampness. All indicators of dampness were related to an increase of all types of symptoms, significant even when adjusted for age, gender, population density, type of ventilation system, and ownership of the building. A combination of mouldy odour and signs of high air humidity was related to an increased occurrence of all types of symptoms (OR=3.7–6.0). Similar findings were observed for a combination of mouldy odour and structural building dampness (water leakage) (OR=2.9–5.2). In addition, a dose-response relationship between symptoms and number of signs of dampness was observed. In dwellings with all four dampness indicators, OR was 6.5, 7.1, 19.9, 5.8, 6.1, 9.4, 15.0 for ocular, nasal, throat, dermal symptoms, cough, headache and tiredness, respectively. Conclusion: Signs of high air humidity, as well as of structural building dampness, are common in multi-family buildings in Stockholm. Reports of building dampness in dwellings is related to a pronounced increase of symptoms compatible with the SBS, even when adjusted for possible confounding by age, gender, population density, and building-related risk factors. Received: 10 April 2000 / Accepted: 10 November 2000     

室内空气甲醛污染对神经及呼吸系统症状的影响

选择三个室内空气受到甲醛污染程度不同的重污染区、轻污染区和对照区，调查了三个区内人群产生神经及呼吸系统症状的情况。分析结果表明：甲醛污染区内，人群中各症状出现的危险性明显高于对照区，差异具有统计学意义。发现随着室内空气中甲醛污染浓度的增加，人群产生神经及呼吸系统症状的危险性增大。建议室内空气中甲醛污染浓度的卫生标准：一次最高容许浓度为０．１０ｍｇ／ｍ３；日平均最高容许浓度为０．０５ｍｇ／ｍ３。     

住宅室内空气颗粒物污染状况及其与大气浓度关系的初探

目的了解当前住宅室内空气PM2.5和PM10的污染水平及其与室外大气浓度的关系。方法选择10户市区常住家庭,采用单孔多段冲击式颗粒物采样仪进行室内外空气PM2.5、PM10浓度的同时监测。结果非采暖期室内空气PM2.5和PM10的浓度范围分别为27.0～272.9μgm3和42.9～309.6μgm3;采暖期分别为20.7～251.4μgm3和34.0～283.9μgm3。PM2.5与PM10浓度之间呈良好的直线相关关系。室内外颗粒物浓度的相关关系在非采暖期和采暖期有所不同。结论住宅室内空气颗粒物污染比较严重,今后应进一步研究室内颗粒物的污染规律,探讨颗粒物对人群健康的影响。     

Effects of Temperature and Humidification in the Office Environment

In this investigation, the authors evaluated the relationship between temperature and (a) Sick Building Syndrome symptoms and (b) workers' perceptions of air dryness in environments with and without humidification. The authors studied the average intensity of symptoms and perceptions of dry air relative to room temperature in humidified and nonhumidified conditions. During the 6 wk of the experiment, 2 wings of the building were humidified one-by-one for 1 wk, followed by a week without humidification. A total of 230 daily questionnaires were completed during the nonhumidified period, and 233 were completed during the humidified period. The results were analyzed with linear regression analysis, and the average intensity of dryness symptoms and sensations of dryness increased with each unit increase in temperature above 22 °C, both in the humidified and nonhumidified conditions. Sick Building Syndrome symptoms increased relative only to temperature during the period of no humidification. In conclusion, temperatures above 22 °C caused increased dryness symptoms and a sensation of dryness, independent of humidification. The overall intensity of Sick Building Syndrome symptoms increased only when indoor air was not humidified.     

Studies on the Role of Fungi in Sick Building Syndrome

Sick Building Syndrome is a term used to describe symptoms in humans which result from problems with indoor air quality. Common complaints include dyspnea, flu-like symptoms, watering eyes, and allergic rhinitis. Although there is likely no single cause for Sick Building Syndrome, fungal contamination in buildings has increasingly been associated with this spectrum of symptoms. The authors describe 2 case studies, and other experimentation, that have investigated the role of fungi in the occurrence of Sick Building Syndrome.