现代装修与健康影响因素

近年来,室内的装修和装饰越来越精致,房间经过装修之后,建筑装饰材料会挥发或放射出对人体直接刺激的有害物质。家用电器和现代办公机具大量进入家庭和办公室,使得室内环境的污染物种类增多,生活、居住和办公室内的环境卫生质量恶化。事实上,人们每天平均有2／3的时间在室内度过。长时间停留在被污染的环境中,对人体健康和精神造成了一系列不良影响,致使出现各种症状,主要表现为呼吸道感染、皮肤干燥发痒、头晕恶心、注意力涣散、胸闷气短、过敏、烦躁等各种不适,重者引起脏器损伤,导致相关疾病的发生。     

民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制规范

总则 1.为了预防和控制民用建筑工程中建筑材料和装修材料产生的室内环境污染,保障公众健康,维护公共利益,做到技术先进、经济合理,制定本规范. 2.本规范适用于新建、扩建和改建的民用建筑工程室内环境污染控制,不适用于工业建筑工程、仓储性建筑工程、构筑物和有特殊净化卫生要求的房间.     

人居环境中影响健康的元素与防治

作者主要论述人们居住环境中的几种有害物质对健康的影响及其防治方法.从不良建筑物综合征（SBS）的直观因素和微观因素2个方面综述建筑主体和装修,装饰材料对环境的污染,概述放射性物质、甲醛、苯和氨引起的人体不良反应,作者旨在告诫人们在创造生活环境的同时要慎重、科学地选材和合理的使用,更要关注环境对健康的影响。     

室内污染的11大误区

俗话说“居家过日子”，可见居住与生活关系十分密切。没有居室，不成为家；没有家庭，难为社会。居室是我们生活和休息的地方，人们越来越重视室内的装修和布置。由于建筑材料、装修材料以及装饰材料等含有多种化学物质，其中有些化学物质很容易释放到空气当中对人体健康造成危害，严重者还可以引起相应的疾病。然而，有相当一部分人对此却存在认识上的误区，主要有：     

装修居室室内甲醛浓度的监测及量化分析

随着人们生活水平的提高和居住条件的改善,大量的新型装饰材料被广泛地应用于家庭装修中,而由此所造成的室内环境污染也日益严重。近几年我国使用室内装饰材料而诱发和发生相关疾病的事件急剧增加,特别是甲醛已被证实为现代不良建筑物综合征（SBS）明显的危险因素之一,已引起人们的广泛关注。该文旨在监测装修居室甲醛污染水平的同时,找出在装修后不同时间内,在一定温度条件下甲醛的释放规律,利用灰色预测模型对室内甲醛浓度进行分析和预测。     

环境污染对人体健康的影响

人们的生存和活动都离不开环境,环境的好坏与人体健康休戚相关.我们把人类赖以生存的环境分为自然环境和生活居住环境两种.前者包括地球上的大气圈、水圈、土壤和生物圈;后者指人类为从事社会集居生活而建立的城乡居住环境.环境中的很多因素往往对人体呈现出"有利"与"有害"的两重性.而目前由于我国人口急剧增长,工农业生产猛增,资源使用不当,污染物大量排出,环境治理措施不力,使生态环境日益恶化,人体健康受到威胁.     

居室内装饰材料释放有害物质对人体健康影响的调查分析

随着民用化学工业的发展和人民生活水平的不断提高 ,各种装饰材料大量用于居室的装修。导致某些装饰材料中有害有毒物质对室内空气污染而危害人体健康 [1 ,2 ]。为了解室内装饰材料中有毒有害物质对人体健康影响程度 ,为防治室内空气污染提供对策。我们于 1999年 8- 9月对芜湖、巢湖、淮北三市部分新装修居室室内装饰材料释放有害有毒物质对人体健康影响程度进行调查研究 ,现将结果报告如下 :1　内容与方法1.1　调查内容　一般情况 ,房屋装修情况 ;装修后装饰材料释放有害有毒物质引发人体健康问题。1.2　调查对象　随机选择居住在已装修二…     

居室装修防黑客

<正> 同事老王乔迁新居,我们前去祝贺,但见宽敞明亮的房间装饰的富丽堂皇,从天花板到地板砖都是用新型材料装修的。可是半年后,他5岁的儿子病倒了,久治不愈,后来确诊为白血病。不久他的妻子又患了肺癌。幸亏老王身体壮,硬挺了过来。人们都说老王命薄,没有住新房的命。我单位张医生却对大家说,不是老王命薄,元凶是室内装饰材料。     

常见微量元素与人体健康(综述)

目的:介绍关于微量元素与人体健康的知识.方法:查阅总结文献、资料、书籍,专门对微量元素的缺乏和过量会引起人体各种疾病的相关知识作系统阐述.结果:提高人们对有微量元素和人体健康知识的了解,对人们的健康有益.结论:人体特别是成人体内的各种必需微量元素的含量是一定值,它们既不能缺少,也不能过量,否则均会引起生理异常,从而产生疾病.     

浅析农药环境污染与人体健康

本阐述了农药施用后对环境产生的污染，以及农药环境污染对人体健康的危害，提出了防治农药环境污染和对人体健康产生危害的几项措施。     

The Sick Building Syndrome as a subjective perception-theoretical approach and assessment methods

The SBS is characterised by irritations of mucosa, vegetative complaints such as headache and fatigue as well as mental health impairment, depression and irritability (WHO definition). Since well-being is a subjective perception, the individual self report is mandatory. In the ProKlimA project a modular questionnaire was developed in which SBS symptoms, general aspects of well-being and function as well as psychosocial characteristics were included in a modular fashion. Assessment included sensory irritation (SI list), psychosocial characteristics (POMS) and bodily complaints, assessed with a standard German complaint list (BL). In addition the individual indoor-air perception, stress reactions, the perceived work-environment, health locus of control, life satisfaction and work related use were assessed. Analysis of the questionnaire filled out by 4596 employees at the first measure point showed a high consistency of responses. Psychometric testing showed a high reliability and acceptable validity of the questionnaire. The results suggests that well-being within the SBS complex can be assessed in a methodological way and that the developed questionnaire can be used to assess SBS symptomatology as well as psychosocial determinants also in further SBS studies.     

深圳市福田区公共场所从业人员不良建筑综合症状况调查分析

目的了解深圳市福田区公共场所从业人员不良建筑综合症(SBS)现状,分析和探讨影响身体健康的各种因素,为评价、改善和保护公共场所从业人员身体健康提供科学依据。方法随机抽取2009～2010年间公共场所从业人员519人进行健康状况问卷调查,同时选择其中的50名调查对象进行问卷的重测信度评价。结果公共场所从业人员不同程度地出现不良建筑综合症,并且与装修时间有较为密切的关系。不同装修时间内从业人员的不良建筑综合症发生率存在差异。结论公共场所从业人员健康状况不容乐观。不良建筑综合症的发生受多种因素影响,与装修时间高度关联。     

宁波市大学生吸烟现状及影响因素调查

目的了解宁波市大学生吸烟现状及影响因素,为开展学校健康教育提供依据。方法分层整群抽宁波市6所高校699名学生,通过专题访谈和问卷调查方法了解其吸烟现状、烟草危害知识、对烟草及吸烟行为的态度和控烟的看法;定性分析访谈资料、描述性分析问卷资料。结果学生掌握烟草危害知识情况不容乐观;吸烟者与非吸烟者对烟草危害认知及吸烟行为的态度不同;与2005年监测相比,女生尝试吸烟率降低了44%,男女生近期吸烟率无变化,男生尝试吸烟率和经常吸烟率均呈上升趋势。结论学生对烟草危害存在认知误区,大学生中烟草流行仍很严重。学校健康教育工作要推陈出新,政府要加大控烟力度,多管齐下,方能显效。     

Economic evaluation in short bowel syndrome (SBS): an algorithm to estimate utility scores for a patient-reported SBS-specific quality of life scale (SBS-QoL™)

Purpose

Condition-specific preference-based measures can offer utility data where they would not otherwise be available or where generic measures may lack sensitivity, although they lack comparability across conditions. This study aimed to develop an algorithm for estimating utilities from the short bowel syndrome health-related quality of life scale (SBS-QoL?).

Methods

SBS-QoL? items were selected based on factor and item performance analysis of a European SBS-QoL? dataset and consultation with 3 SBS clinical experts. Six-dimension health states were developed using 8 SBS-QoL? items (2 dimensions combined 2 SBS-QoL? items). SBS health states were valued by a UK general population sample (N = 250) using the lead-time time trade-off method. Preference weights or ‘utility decrements’ for each severity level of each dimension were estimated by regression models and used to develop the scoring algorithm.

Results

Mean utilities for the SBS health states ranged from ?0.46 (worst health state, very much affected on all dimensions) to 0.92 (best health state, not at all affected on all dimensions). The random effects model with maximum likelihood estimation regression had the best predictive ability and lowest root mean squared error and mean absolute error, and was used to develop the scoring algorithm.

Conclusions

The preference-weighted scoring algorithm for the SBS-QoL? developed is able to estimate a wide range of utility values from patient-level SBS-QoL? data. This allows estimation of SBS HRQL impact for the purpose of economic evaluation of SBS treatment benefits.     

2011年上海市崇明社区居民健康教育效果分析

目的分析崇明社区健康教育效果,探求适应崇明社区具体特点的健康教育策略方法通过抽样确定受访对象并进行问卷调查。结果社区健康教育工作的开展有效地提升了受访居民核心健康知识的知晓率,其健康相关行为的形成率与该行为生命危害性成正比,受访居民对社区健康教育各类活动的参与率均在60%以上。结论根据新情况、新特点,转变目前的社区健康教育工作模式,应着力于提升健康相关行为的形成率以及增强社区健康教育活动的可持续性。     

人工宝石加工行业职业病危害因素调查

目的掌握广西梧州市人工宝石行业可能存在的职业病危害因素,有利于了解该行业人群的职业健康状况,为制定该行业职业病防治干预措施和为国家制定相关的职业卫生标准提供参考依据。方法采用横断面调查方法,研究以合成立方氧化锆为主要原料的人工宝石加工行业在加工过程中可能产生的职业病危害因素种类、浓(强)度及其危害性。结果该行业主要的职业病危害因素为粉尘(游离SiO2含量小于10%)、噪声、氢氟酸,主要分布在切石、磨石、洗石工种。现场检测结果表明,大部分工种的主要职业病危害因素浓(强)度合格率较高,至今为止尚未发现与人工宝石(合成立方氧化锆)加工作业有关的职业病病例报告。结论梧州市人工宝石加工行业目前的作业方式和防护措施基本可行、有效。     

Nutrition and Fluid Optimization for Patients With Short Bowel Syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is characterized by nutrient malabsorption and occurs following surgical resection, congenital defect, or disease of the bowel. The severity of SBS depends on the length and anatomy of the bowel resected and the health of the remaining tissue. During the 2 years following resection, the remnant bowel undergoes an adaptation process that increases its absorptive capacity. Oral diet and enteral nutrition (EN) enhance intestinal adaptation; although patients require parenteral nutrition (PN) and/or intravenous (IV) fluids in the immediate postresection period, diet and EN should be reintroduced as soon as possible. The SBS diet should include complex carbohydrates; simple sugars should be avoided. Optimal fat intake varies based on patient anatomy; patients with end‐jejunostomies can tolerate a higher proportion of calories from dietary fat than patients with a remnant colon. Patients with SBS are prone to deficiencies in vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids; serum levels should be periodically monitored and supplements provided as needed. Prebiotic or probiotic therapy may be beneficial for patients with SBS, although further research is needed to determine optimal protocols. Patients with SBS, particularly those without a colon, are at high risk of dehydration; oral rehydration solutions sipped throughout the day can help maintain hydration. One of the primary goals of SBS therapy is to reduce or eliminate dependence on PN/IV; optimization of EN and hydration substantially increases the probability of successful PN/IV weaning.     

Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and overtime work as risk factors for sick building syndrome in Japan.

Sick building syndrome (SBS) is an increasingly common health problem for workers in modern office buildings. It is characterized by irritation of mucous membranes and the skin and general malaise. The impact of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and overtime work on these symptoms remains unclear. The authors examined these relations using data from a 1998 cross-sectional survey of 1,281 municipal employees who worked in a variety of buildings in a Japanese city. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio for symptoms typical of SBS while adjusting for potential confounders. Among nonsmokers, the odds ratio for the association between study-defined SBS and 4 hours of ETS exposure per day was 2.7 (95% confidence interval: 1.6, 4.8), and for most symptom categories, odds ratios increased with increasing hours of ETS exposure. Working overtime for 30 or more hours per month was also associated with SBS symptoms, but the crude odds ratio of 3.0 for SBS (95% confidence interval: 1.8, 5.0) was reduced by 21% after adjustment for variables associated with overtime work and by 49% after further adjustment for perceived work overload. These results suggest that both ETS exposure and extensive amounts of overtime work contribute to the development of SBS symptoms and that the association between overtime and SBS can be explained substantially by the work environment and personal lifestyle correlated with overtime.     

柳州市医疗卫生单位鼠类和蚊虫密度调查研究

目的了解柳州市区医疗卫生单位的鼠、蚊密度,为控制医疗卫生单位鼠、蚊的危害提供参考依据。方法鼠密度调查采用粉迹法,蚊密度调查采用容器指数法进行。结果各医疗卫生单位平均鼠密度为17.9%,其中密度最高的是广西龙潭医院,为34.8%,不同级别单位鼠密度存在差异,省级医疗卫生单位鼠密度较高;蚊容器指数平均为39.2%,最高的是市工人医院,为66.0%。结论柳州市医疗卫生单位除四害工作仍存在不少问题,鼠、蚊密度较高,应该采取综合防治措施将鼠、蚊害密度控制在较低范围内。     

重庆市主要交通干道机动车尾气污染状况

目的：探讨重庆市机动车尾气污染状况,为研究其对人群健康的影响提供依据.方法：测定重庆市主要交通干道空气中铅含量、苯并（a）芘[B（a）P]浓度、总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2.5和PM1浓度并进行相关分析.结果：重庆市各主要交通干道尾气污染物浓度均超过国家环境卫生标准.结论：该市应采取措施控制机动车尾气污染环境.