再谈头位阴道助产术

头先露的阴道助产术包括产钳助产术和胎头负压吸引术。在第二产程中判断胎头位置及胎方位是阴道助产成功的关键。胎头最低位置于坐骨棘2 cm以下,胎方位为枕前位者,助产风险相对小。产科医生要严格把握阴道助产的手术指征,并与患者充分沟通。临床医生的判断能力,培训经历以及临床经验是助产成功的重要因素。     

英国皇家妇产科医师学会《阴道助产(2020)》指南要点解读

正阴道助产(assisted vaginal birth)是指在阴道分娩第二产程使用胎头吸引器或产钳直接牵引胎头,以实现或加快胎儿阴道分娩的重要手段,包括产钳助产术和胎头吸引术两种~([1])。近年来剖宫产率持续升高,已超过世界卫生组织(World Health Organization, WHO)制定的15%的标准,成为严重的公共卫生问题~([2])。阴道助产是降低剖宫产率、处理难产并提高阴道分娩率的一种有效操作技能,     

阴道助产的决策

<正>经阴道助产是处理第二产程的重要技术,产程中的情况随时可能发生变化,每次分娩都可能需要紧急或选择性助产。阴道助产术方式众多,正确的选择助产的时机、方式,可取得理想的效果,否则将会引起一系列近远期并发症,给母儿健康带来严重危害。头位分娩阴道助产的方法主要有两种,产钳助产术和胎头吸引助产术。这两种助产方法各有优缺点,怎样选择正确的助产方法,达到使产妇经阴道安全分娩,减少新生儿损伤的目的,是产科医生的必备技能。     

阴道助产的应用

<正>阴道助产手术包括产钳助产术和胎头吸引术两种。分娩过程中发生产程异常或需要紧急分娩时,把握阴道助产术的手术指征、掌握手术技巧、了解母儿并发症、正确选择手术方式,可以使产妇、胎儿迅速地脱离危险,保障分娩安全,减少母婴损伤。产钳术和胎头吸引术有着悠久的历史。产钳由16世纪Chamberlen家族发明至今应用已有400年的     

应用单叶产钳助产的临床初探

我院近年开始试用单叶产钳助产 ,发现其操作简单 ,助娩快捷 ,对母儿损伤小。1　资料与方法1 1　一般资料　自 1994年 1月至 1998年 12月 ,我院头位阴道分娩共 336 7例 ,阴道助产 316例 ,助产率 9 4%。其中产钳助产 (产钳 ) 175例占阴道助产术的 5 5 4% ,单叶产钳助产 (单叶 ) 82例占 2 5 9% ,胎头吸引器助产 (头吸 ) 5 9例占 18 7%。三组产妇年龄、胎产次、骨盆大小、新生儿体重等资料差异无显著性 (Ｐ >0 0 5 )。1 2　 5年三种助产术式变迁　产钳应用基本稳定 ,单叶呈递增趋势。 1994年胎头吸引在阴道助产术中占主导地位 ,1995年后单叶…     

产钳助产术与胎头吸引助产术的评估

在分娩过程中 ,采用适当的阴道助产方法 ,对于降低剖宫产率 ,保证母婴健康是安全而有效的手段。阴道助产的方法主要有两种 ,一种是产钳助产术 ,另一种是胎头吸引助产术。这两种助产方法所需条件基本相同 ,但又有各自的优缺点 ,怎样选择正确的助产方法 ,达到使产妇经阴道安全分娩 ,减少新生儿损伤的目的 ,是产科医生的必备技能。1　产钳助产术　　产钳是为牵引出胎儿而设计的 ,产钳助产术开始于 17世纪 ,在 2 0世纪初抗生素问世以前 ,剖宫产术的危险性较大 ,产钳助产术解决了部分难产 ,但高、中位的产钳也造成了较多的胎儿及母体的损伤。现在…     

顺产助产器在阴道手术助产中的应用

阴道手术助产是指在第二产程通过使用阴道助产仪器牵引胎头,以加快或实现胎儿阴道分娩.常用的阴道助产仪器有产钳和胎头吸引器,但在临床工作中,其应用受到仪器本身可能带来的伤害及操作者技术的限制.2009年世界卫生组织(World Health Organization,WHO)批准了在人体上测试顺产助产器(Odon Devi...     

阴道助产术的并发症及防治

阴道助产术是在经阴道分娩时因胎儿窘迫、第二产程过长、轻度头盆不称、胎儿过大、胎位不正或产妇有妊高征、心脏病等妊娠并发症或合并症等原因为协助胎儿娩出所采用的各种手术。手术方式虽然众多,但主要的手术仍是产钳、胎头吸引术、臀位抽出及助产术及内倒转术、会阴切...     

无创助产技术在足月初产孕妇分娩中的应用及对母婴结局的影响CSCD

目的 观察无创产钳助产在单胎足月孕妇分娩中的应用及对产程、会阴撕裂、盆底功能及新生儿结局的影响。方法 纳入2017年1月至2021年1月河北省唐山市妇幼保健院110例行无创低位产钳助产术的在单胎足月孕妇作为观察组,同时期108例行会阴侧切低位产钳助产术的单胎足月孕妇作为对照组。比较两组产妇出血量及第二产程时间,产妇会阴撕裂情况,新生儿结局(新生儿Apgar评分、新生儿并发症发生情况)及产妇产后1个月盆底肌力。结果 观察组产妇出血量小于对照组(P <0.05),但两组第二产程时间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组会阴撕裂严重程度及发生率低于对照组(P <0.05);两组新生儿Apgar评分及新生儿并发症发生率差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);观察组产妇产后1个月盆底Ⅰ类肌力、Ⅱ类肌力均大于对照组(P <0.05)。结论 无创产钳助产可减轻会阴撕裂及盆底功能损伤,且不会增加对新生儿的不良影响。     

Kielland's产钳的临床应用

产钳助产术（ＦｏｒｃｅｐｓＤｅｌｉｖｅｒｙ）是使用特制的产钳作用产生牵引力或旋转力,以纠正胎头方位、协助胎头下降及胎儿娩出的产科手术。产钳术为解决分娩的重要手术,当第二产程延长、宫缩乏力、骨盆相对狭小、胎儿偏大、儿头产瘤偏大、胎头内旋转未完成或稍有头...     

Choosing between bad,worse and worst: what is the preferred mode of delivery for failure of the second stage of labor?*

Objective: To determine the preferred mode of delivery (vacuum, forceps or cesarean delivery) for second-stage dystocia.

Methods: Retrospective cohort study of women delivered by forceps, vacuum or cesarean delivery due to abnormalities of the second stage of labor. Primary outcome included neonatal and maternal composite adverse effects.

Results: A total of 547 women were included: 150 (27.4%) had forceps delivery, 200 (36.5%) had vacuum extraction, and 197 (36.1%) had cesarean section. The rate of neonatal composite outcome was significantly increased in vacuum extraction (27%) compared to forceps delivery (14.7%) or cesarean section (9.7%) (p?p?=?0.004).

Conclusion: Operative vaginal delivery was associated with reduced postpartum infection compared to cesarean section. Forceps delivery was associated with reduced risk for adverse neonatal outcome compared to vacuum extraction, with no increase in the risk of composite maternal complications.     

Vacuum assisted delivery in Ecuador for prolonged second stage of labor: maternal-neonatal outcome.

BACKGROUND: In South America, and particularly Ecuador, cesarean section rates have risen markedly over the past five years. The associated increases in maternal morbidity and healthcare costs indicate the need for alternative strategies. Operative vaginal delivery is minimally utilized in Ecuador, as neither vacuum nor forceps have been available. OBJECTIVE: As vacuum delivery was recently introduced to our clinical service, we sought to examine our initial experiences (i.e., maternal and neonatal outcome) with operative vaginal delivery for prolonged second stage of labor. METHODS: Following an initial educational program at the Enrique C. Sotomayor Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador, vacuum extraction cups (Mityvac, Cooper Surgical) were offered to laboring women with term singleton gestations and cephalic presentations no higher than +3 station. Maternal and neonatal data were analyzed. RESULTS: During the study period, 100 vacuum applications were performed on laboring women complicated with prolonged second stage of labor. Mean maternal age was 23.8 +/- 6.4 years (range 14-41 years) with 57% of patients nulliparous. Left anterior and right posterior fetal positions were the most frequent (85% and 11%, respectively). Maternal complications included need for blood transfusion (1%), shoulder dystocia (1%) and perineal tears (first degree 6%, second degree 5%). Vaginal delivery was successful in 97% of cases. Among neonates, the average weight was 3149 +/- 410 g, with 10% neonates small for gestational age and 5% large for gestational age. Only 1% of infants presented an Apgar score <7 at 5 min. There were no scalp lacerations, cephalohematomas, or subgaleal bleeds. CONCLUSIONS: In this initial observational study, vacuum extraction for prolonged second stage was safe and effective. We propose that the introduction of operative vaginal delivery to developing countries will mitigate rising cesarean section rates.     

A Prospective Randomized Study Comparing Maternal and Fetal Effects of Forceps Delivery and Vacuum Extraction

Objective

To compare maternal and neonatal effects of assisted vaginal delivery by forceps and vacuum extraction.

Methods

A prospective randomized study. One hundred eligible women requiring assisted vaginal delivery in the second stage of labor were randomized to deliver by forceps or vacuum extraction.

Results

All of those allocated to forceps delivery actually delivered with the allocated instrument (100 % delivery rate in forceps vs. 90 % in VE); however, maternal trauma (40 % in forceps vs. 10 % in VE, p < 0.001), use of analgesia (p < 0.001), and blood loss at delivery (234 ml in VE vs. 337 ml in forceps group, p < 0.05) were significantly less in the group allocated to deliver by vacuum extraction. Vacuum extraction, however, appears to predispose to an increase in neonatal jaundice and incidence of cephalhematoma. More serious neonatal morbidity was rare in both groups.

Conclusion

Extrapolation of the data from the study reveals that there is a significant reduction in maternal injuries. However, vacuum extraction has the potential to injure babies more.     

Operative vaginal delivery: clinical appraisal of a new vacuum extraction device

The efficacy of a new vacuum extraction device, the Kiwi OmniCup, and its effects on mothers and infants were tested in a study of 18 non-rotational and 32 rotational vacuum assisted deliveries. Forty-nine (98%) of the extractions resulted in successful vaginal births. Autorotation of the fetal head when the occiput was transverse or posterior was achieved in 31 (97%) of the 32 vacuum procedures. The high success rates recorded for both vaginal delivery and autorotation of the fetal head were largely attributable to the fact that flexing cup applications were achieved in 90 % of the vacuum attempts. There were no cases of serious maternal trauma or clinically significant neonatal injuries. Two infants had cephalohaematomas and one infant developed a small subgaleal haemorrhage following a difficult delivery, which resolved rapidly without complications. It was concluded that the Kiwi OmniCup is an efficient and safe vacuum device for assisted vaginal delivery, provided it is used correctly and appropriately.     

器械助产与新生儿产伤

器械助产包括产钳和胎头吸引器助产,对降低剖宫产率、处理难产并提高阴道分娩率起重要作用。充分的临床经验和对操作人员的适当培训对安全执行手术分娩至关重要。但应用不当可能会造成严重母儿损伤,严重者甚至导致新生儿永久性伤害和致残。助产人员应根据孕妇-胎儿-自身经验等进行决策,充分评估是否具备器械助产的成功条件,强调降低母体及新生儿并发症的发生至关重要。     

Vacuum assisted delivery in Ecuador for prolonged second stage of labor: Maternal–neonatal outcome

Background. In South America, and particularly Ecuador, cesarean section rates have risen markedly over the past five years. The associated increases in maternal morbidity and healthcare costs indicate the need for alternative strategies. Operative vaginal delivery is minimally utilized in Ecuador, as neither vacuum nor forceps have been available.

Objective. As vacuum delivery was recently introduced to our clinical service, we sought to examine our initial experiences (i.e., maternal and neonatal outcome) with operative vaginal delivery for prolonged second stage of labor.

Methods. Following an initial educational program at the Enrique C. Sotomayor Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Guayaquil, Ecuador, vacuum extraction cups (Mityvac®, Cooper Surgical) were offered to laboring women with term singleton gestations and cephalic presentations no higher than +3 station. Maternal and neonatal data were analyzed.

Results. During the study period, 100 vacuum applications were performed on laboring women complicated with prolonged second stage of labor. Mean maternal age was 23.8 ± 6.4 years (range14–41 years) with 57% of patients nulliparous. Left anterior and right posterior fetal positions were the most frequent (85% and 11%, respectively). Maternal complications included need for blood transfusion (1%), shoulder dystocia (1%) and perineal tears (first degree 6%, second degree 5%). Vaginal delivery was successful in 97% of cases. Among neonates, the average weight was 3149 ± 410 g, with 10% neonates small for gestational age and 5% large for gestational age. Only 1% of infants presented an Apgar score <7 at 5 min. There were no scalp lacerations, cephalohematomas, or subgaleal bleeds.

Conclusions. In this initial observational study, vacuum extraction for prolonged second stage was safe and effective. We propose that the introduction of operative vaginal delivery to developing countries will mitigate rising cesarean section rates.     

Second stage disorders in patients following a previous cesarean section: vacuum versus repeated cesarean section

Objective

To investigate whether vacuum extraction due to failure of labor to progress (dystocia) during the second stage in a delivery following a previous cesarean section (CS) is related to increased adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes as compared with repeated CS.

Study design

A retrospective cohort study of pregnancy and delivery outcomes of patients in their second deliveries attempting a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) following one CS was conducted. Patients who delivered by vacuum extraction were compared with patients who underwent a repeated CS for failure of labor to progress during the second stage.

Results

During the study period, 319 patients with a previous CS suffered from a prolonged second stage of labor in their second delivery. Of these, 184 underwent vacuum extraction and 135 patients underwent a repeated CS. No significant differences in relevant pregnancy complications such as perineal lacerations, uterine rupture, and post-partum hemorrhage and perinatal outcomes were noted between the groups. There were no cases of perinatal mortality in our study.

Conclusion

When managing second stage labor disorders, vacuum extraction does not seem to be an unsafe procedure in patients with a previous CS.     

What to do after a failed attempt of vacuum delivery?

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether there is a difference in maternal and neonatal outcomes if a sequential operative vaginal or cesarean delivery follows failed vacuum delivery. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional study. We have analyzed maternal and neonatal outcomes of 215 vacuum extractions (group 1), 106 forceps assisted deliveries (group 2), 28 deliveries in which failed vacuum extraction were followed by forceps delivery (group 3) and 22 deliveries in which failed vacuum extraction were followed by cesarean delivery (group 4). RESULTS: Compared to other groups, patients in group 4 had significantly more post partum anemia, meconium stained amniotic fluid and hospital stay (both maternal and neonatal) as well as lower pH. Apgar scores were similar in groups 3 and 4. Incidence of respiratory distress syndrome, cephalhematoma and jaundice were similar in neonates of all groups. CONCLUSIONS: If an attempted vacuum delivery has failed, the risk of adverse neonatal outcome is increased with either subsequent forceps or cesarean delivery. It should remain in the judgment of the attending obstetrician to choose the method most suitable under the given circumstances.     

Vaginal Delivery of a Second,Nonvertex Twin by High Vacuum After Failed Breech Extraction and Successful External Version

Several options exist to effect vaginal delivery of a second, nonvertex twin. In the case presented, breech extraction and external version with subsequent labor were both inadequate to achieve timely delivery before the onset of fetal distress. A case of vacuum extraction of an unengaged second twin converted to vertex is described and discussed.