Coronary artery surgery: conventional coronary artery bypass grafting versus off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Coronary revascularization has become the principal treatment modality in patients with severe coronary artery disease. The broader application of percutaneous coronary interventions in patients with multivessel disease and the recent introduction of drug-eluting stents have both lead to a decline in the number of patients referred for surgical revascularization. Conventional coronary artery bypass grafting using cardiopulmonary bypass is an excellent treatment, however less invasive surgical approaches such as off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting have appeared in the past few years. The exact role of off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting is still vaguely defined and being critically evaluated. Our aim is to provide an objective review of the recent literature in regard to surgical outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS: A critical review of all relevant clinical series from May 2003 to May 2005 was conducted. Current prospective data suggests that both techniques have similar rates of mortality, in regard to morbidity, multiple prospective studies suggest a decrease in stroke rates for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. The incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction does not appear to differ between techniques. When analyzed carefully, the results presented herein seem to indicate that both techniques provide similar rates for long-term patency and freedom from surgical reintervention. SUMMARY: Coronary artery bypass grafting and off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting are both safe and beneficial in patients with multivessel coronary artery disease. It appears that elderly patients with additional co-morbid risk factors may benefit most from off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting. It has become increasingly apparent that off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting can be performed safely in reference centers.     

Risk factors of pulmonary infection after coronary artery bypass grafting

<正>Objective To analyze the risk factors of pulmonary infection in patients after coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG). Methods The clinical data of 1 414 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting were analyzed retrospectively. The diagnosis of pulmonary bacterial infection was made according to the typical clinical manifestations,chest X-ray examination,and positive respiratory tract analysis. Univariate and multivariate regression     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后神经系统并发症的危险因素分析

目的：分析冠状动脉旁路移植术后神经系统并发症的危险因素，为临床选择治疗方法和评估预后提供依据。方法：将本院1999年1月1日至1999年12月31日间完成的537例冠状动脉旁路移植术（CABG）患按中枢神经系统并发症117wgq (21.8％),其中表现为精神异常（如烦躁不安、躁狂、神志淡漠）112例（20.9%），表现为脑梗塞5例（0.9%）。单因素显性分析发现年龄、术前合并高血压、糖尿病、外周血管栓塞史、搭桥同期进行其他心脏内手术、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间、体重指数与中枢神经系统并发症发生率有相关性。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示：外周血管栓塞史、高血压和糖尿病病史、CABG术同期行其他心脏内手术、高龄、搭桥支数、左室射血分数是独立的相关危险因素。结论：外周血管栓塞史、高血压和糖尿病病史、CABG术同期行其他心脏手术、高龄、搭桥支数、左室射血分数是中枢神经系统并发症的危险因素。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后呼吸机依赖的危险因素

目的:探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)后发生呼吸机依赖(VD)的危险因素。方法:选取2007年1月至2007年8月行CABG的140例患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:本组140例中,发生VD17例(12.14%),年龄≥70岁、合并高血压、心功能Ⅲ级以上、肺动脉高压、术后低心排出量综合征及低白蛋白血症与呼吸机依赖发生关系密切。VD者比非VD者在ICU停留的时间明显延长(P<0.05),病死率明显增加(P<0.01)。结论:VD是CABG术后严重的并发症,可增加ICU停留时间及病死率。加强70岁以上患者的呼吸道管理,合理控制体循环血压及肺动脉压力,积极维护心功能,预防术后低心排出量综合征及低白蛋白血症等,是降低CABG术后发生VD的有效措施。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后心房颤动的高危因素分析

目的　研究冠状动脉旁路移植术 (CABG)后心房颤动 (AF)的发病特点 ,分析AF的高危因素。方法　采用回顾性研究的方法 ,观察我院CABG患者 2 35例 ,监测手术前后心电图、2 4h动态心电图、心肌酶谱、心脏收缩功能、左心房内径、体外循环及主动脉阻断时间、和电解质变化等。结果　 2 35例患者CABG术后 4 2例 (17 9% )发生AF ,81%的AF发生于术后 1～ 3d ,持续 (12 0± 9 14 )h ,95 2 %患者 2 4h内恢复窦性心律 ;高龄 (≥ 70岁 )、低钾血症 (≤ 3 5mmol/L)、低镁血症 (≤ 0 70mmol/L)、左心功能不良[射血分数 (EF)≤ 0 4 0和 /或缩短分数 (FS)≤ 0 2 4 ]、左心房内径≥ 35mm、右冠状动脉狭窄≥ 70 %的患者术后AF发生率明显高于其他患者 (P分别为 0 0 0 1、0 0 0 9、0 0 16、0 0 30、0 0 36和 0 0 4 4 ) ;应用胺碘酮患者AF发生率明显降低。结论　低镁血症、左心房增大、右冠状动脉病变是术后AF的相关因素 ;高龄、左心室功能不良、低钾血症是术后AF的独立高危因素 ;预防应用胺碘酮能明显降低术后心室率 ,有效地抑制术后AF的发生 ,促进AF转复 ,明显改善左心室功能 ,并且具有较好安全性和耐受性 ,是术后AF的保护因素     

冠状动脉搭桥术后心律失常因素分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉搭桥(简称冠搭)术后心律失常的危险因素.方法 将72例冠搭术后患者进行24 h心电图监测并记录,根据心电图情况将其分为两组,一组为心律失常组(组1),一组为非心律失常组(组2).分析心律失常与患者年龄、是否体外循环、搭桥支数与病变支数、电解质情况、心功能及合并症之间的关系.结果 心律失常的发生例数为22例,发生率为30.55%.心律失常组的高龄、体外循环、电解质紊乱、心功能差的患者所占比例明显高于非心律失常组.结论 高龄、体外循环、电解质紊乱、心功能差是心律失常发生的危险因素.     

Risk factors for vasoplegic syndrome after coronary artery bypass grafting

The etiology of vasoplegic syndrome(VS) is not completely elucidated and the clinical importance remains speculative.Methods Twenty-four patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting and developed VS were compared with 48 control patients without VS in a 2:1 case control study.Cases and controls were matched by gender,age(± 5 years old) and operation date(± 1 week).Results The independent predictors of VS were lower ejection fraction(OR 10.75,95% CI 2.93-39.44,when LVEF 0.45) and diuretic use(OR 8.98,95% CI 2.59-31.10) in logistic regression analysis.Conclusion lower ejection fraction( 0.45) and diuretic use are independent risk factors for VS occurrence.     

小切口与胸骨正中切口在冠状动脉旁路移植手术中的比较

目的:比较左胸小切口冠状动脉旁路移植手术(MIDCAB)与常规正中切口冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)的临床效果。方法:2012年10月至2015年12月,采用左胸小切口取左乳内动脉(LIMA)心脏不停跳CABG术45例和常规正中开胸CABG手术50例。比较术前基本情况、手术时间、出血量、术后疼痛评分、围术期心肌梗死、死亡等指标;所有患者均在术后1年时进行随访,比较术后1年的吻合口再狭窄、心绞痛、心肌梗死、脑卒中及死亡等重要终点事件发生率。结果:入选两组患者术前一般情况无显著差别。两组患者均成功施行不停跳CABG手术,围术期均无死亡。MIDCA组具有手术时间短,围术期出血少等优点。但MIDCAB组术后疼痛程度较常规正中切口CABG组大。两组在围术期心肌梗死发生、切口愈合不良发生率上差异无统计学意义。随访1年时,两组患者在心绞痛、心肌梗死、死亡、脑卒中、吻合口再狭窄等终点事件差异均无统计学意义。结论:MIDCAB术具有与传统正中切口手术一样的近中期效果,MIDCAB术安全可行,值得推广。     

体外循环与非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术早期疗效分析

目的:探讨体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG)和非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术（OPCABG）早期疗效的差异。方法: 采集自2003年10月~2008年1月我院单纯冠状动脉旁路移植术5325例临床资料,分为CCABG组（343例）与OPCABG组（4 982例）。对两组患者各项术前因素、术中因素、手术死亡率及并发症进行比较。结果: OPCABG组实际手术死亡率（1.7％）明显低于CCABG组（6.7％）,P<0.01;术后二次开胸止血、肾功能不全等并发症的发生率及ICU停留时间、呼吸机辅助时间、术后住院时间都低于CCABG组（P<0.05,P<0.01）。风险调整后CCABG组手术死亡率仍高于OPCABG组6个百分点,术后并发症的发生率均略高于OPCABG组（P<0.05）。结论: CCABG与OPCABG早期临床疗效均令人满意,后者更好一些。     

非体外循环冠状动脉旁路移植术后肾损伤风险因素的分析

目的:探讨非体外循环冠状动脉移植术(OPCABG)术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的风险因素。方法:回顾性分析我院2012年6月至2013年5月,1 050例OPCABG手术患者的临床资料。根据术后肾功能状况,分为AKI组139例(13.2%)和对照组,比较两组围术期相关因素的差异,应用Logistic回归分析OPCABG术后AKI的风险因素。结果:高龄、代谢综合征、陈旧性心肌梗死、急诊手术、明显外周血管粥样狭窄、左心室低射血分数(35%~40%)患者的比例,AKI组明显高于对照组;术前C反应蛋白(CRP)、胱抑素C水平,AKI组明显高于对照组;冠状动脉造影与外科手术的时间间隔,AKI组明显短于于对照组;术前规律应用他汀药物患者比例,AKI组明显低于对照组;术中心血管活性药物(去甲肾上腺素和肾上腺素)用量、术中目标冠状动脉吻合总时间,AKI组明显高于对照组;术中因冠状动脉弥散狭窄无法完全再血管化、术中及术后主动脉内球囊反搏(IABP)、术后急性心肌梗死患者比例、平均呼吸机辅助时间,AKI组明显高于对照组;术后液体补给容量,AKI组明显低于对照组。Logistic多因素回归分析显示,高龄(OR=2.55;95%CI:1.34~4.45;P0.01)、代谢综合征(OR=2.35;95%CI:1.42~4.76;P0.01)、术前高CRP水平(OR=2.24;95%CI:1.31~4.46;P=0.01)、术前高胱抑素C水平(OR=2.54;95%CI:2.11~5.36;P0.01)、急诊手术(OR=3.23;95%CI:2.22~6.76;P0.01)、明显外周血管粥样狭窄(OR=1.67;95%CI:1.21~4.06;P=0.04)、左心室低射血分数(OR=4.12;95%CI:2.26~7.76;P0.01)、术前短时间冠状动脉造影(OR=1.75;95%CI:1.34~3.76;P=0.03)、术前未规律应用他汀药物(OR=1.81;95%CI:1.37~3.96;P=0.03)、无法完全再血管化(OR=3.05;95%CI:2.21~5.39;P0.01)、术后急性心肌梗死(OR=4.12;95%CI:3.54~8.09;P0.01)、术中及术后IABP辅助(OR=3.23;95%CI:2.34~6.19;P0.01)为术后肾损伤的风险因素。结论:术前对比剂等肾毒性物质加重肾脏负担,他汀类药物一定程度提供保护作用;高龄、术前较差的机体代谢状况、慢性肾功能受损,预示肾功能储备下降;术前应激状态、术中心肌供血改善不足、围术期低下的心肌收缩状态,加重了肾脏损害或导致肾脏损害难以恢复。     

高龄冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术的临床分析

目的对接受冠状动脉旁路移植术(CABG)的高龄冠心病患者的临床特点进行分析,评价其手术方式和治疗效果。方法回顾性分析我院2012年6月至2014年5月接受CABG的19例高龄冠心病患者的临床特点,其中男性15例,女性4例,年龄80~91岁,平均(82.7±3.3)岁,体外循环下CABG 14例,非体外循环下CABG 3例,体外循环辅助心脏不停跳2例。旁路移植血管数(3.2±1.1)支。结果接受CABG的高龄患者合并疾病多,15例为不稳定型心绞痛,16例有心肌梗死病史。本组患者围术期死亡1例。术后有52.6%的患者发生心房颤动,另外急性肾损伤(31.6%)、心功能不全(42.1%)、慢性贫血(42.1%)、低蛋白血症(47.4%)等发生率也较高。结论高龄患者合并疾病多、病情危重,术前需细致评估,围术期尤其需精细管理,出院后适当增加随诊频率。     

Risk predictors of new-onset atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting

<正>Objective This study aims to determine the risk factors of new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) in patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) to provide evidences for the prevention and treatment of new-onset AF after CABG. Methods Between January 2015 and May 2016,a total of 602     

186例老年冠心病患者是、否体外循环下冠脉旁路移植术的比较

目的:比较老年冠心病患者体外循环与非体外循环下冠状动脉旁路移植术的疗效。方法:A组选择87例65岁以上的老年患者在体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(CCABG);B组选择79例65岁以上的老年患者在非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术(OPCABG)。结果:B组死亡率低于A组(P<0.05),术后胸腔引流量明显少于A组(P<0.05)。结论:老年冠心病患者行冠状动脉旁路移植术是安全的。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术602例临床分析

目的 总结行冠状动脉旁路移植术治疗冠心病的经验.方法 回顾性分析602例冠状动脉旁路移植术病例,男性462例,女性140例；应用体外循环519例,非体外循环83例,搭桥1～6(3.62±1.15)支/人.对手术方法、主要并发症和术后处理进行分析总结.结果 二次开胸9例(1.5％),低心排综合征20例(3.3％),应用IABP 15例(2.5％),肝功能不全4例(0.7％),肾功能不全10例(1.7％),反复发作房颤21例(3.5％),肺功能不全12例(2.0％),脑合并症5例(0.8％),胸腔积液55例(9.1％).死亡9例(1.5％),其余患者康复出院.结论 合理地选择适应证,成熟的手术技术,良好的心肌保护及术后处理的加强是提高冠状动脉旁路移植术疗效的重要措施.     

Risk score for predicting abdominal complications after coronary artery bypass grafting

BACKGROUND Although early abdominal complications after coronary artery bypass grafting(CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB) are rare, the associated mortality remains high.AIM To develop a risk score for the prediction of early abdominal complications after CABG with CPB.METHODS This retrospective study was performed in the Federal State Budgetary Establishment Federal Center of Cardiovascular Surgery of the Ministry of Health of Russia(the city of Chelyabinsk) and included data of 6586 patients who underwent CABG with CPB during 2011-2017. The risk factors taken for evaluation were compared between patients with early abdominal complications(n = 73) and without them(n = 6513). We identified the most important risk factors and their influence on the development of early abdominal complications after CABG with CPB.RESULTS Gender and the presence of postinfarction cardiosclerosis, chronic kidney disease, or diabetes in the anamnesis did not affect the occurrence of abdominal complications. The leading risk factors of the early abdominal complications after CABG with CPB were multifocal atherosclerosis, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, intra-aortic balloon pump, atrial fibrillation, perioperative myocardial infarction, and the need for resternotomy in the postoperative period. The average value of the predicted probability was 0.087 ± 0.015 in patients with early abdominal complications after CABG with CPB and 0.0094 ± 0.0003 in patients without these complications. The percentage of correct classification turned out to be 98.9%. After calculating a score for each of the leading risk factors, we counted a total score for each particular patient. The highest risk was noted in patients with a total score of 7 or more.CONCLUSION The developed score predicts the risk of early abdominal complications after CABG with CPB and makes it possible to stratify patients by risk groups.