戴氏虫草和粉被虫草多糖对巨噬细胞等活性的影响

目的 研究虫草属新种-戴氏虫草菌丝体胞外水溶性多糖（CDP1）和粉被虫草菌丝体多糖（CPP1）在体外对小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞（Mφ）吞噬功能和脾细胞免疫功能的影响。方法 MTT比色法测定淋巴细胞增殖,孔雀绿比色法测定小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,中性红比色法测定细胞毒淋巴细胞（CTL）活性,结果 CDP1在正常情况下不能促进小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬功能,而CPP1却有促进作用;在免疫抑制的情况下,一定浓度的戴氏虫草菌丝体胞外水溶性多糖和粉被虫草多糖能恢复提高吞噬细胞的吞噬功能,而CPP1却有促进作用;在免疫抑制的情况下,一定浓度的戴氏虫草菌丝体细外水溶性多糖和粉被虫草多糖能恢复提高吞噬功能,它们不仅能促进正常脾活化T淋巴细胞的增殖,而且能恢复环磷酰胺和氢化可的松抑制免疫小鼠脾活化T淋巴细胞的增殖,在合适的浓度下能增高小鼠脾CTL活性,同时在一定浓度下能恢复免疫抑制小鼠脾CTL活性。结论 两者具有增强免疫功能的作用。     

亮菌多糖对S180荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的研究

目的研究亮菌多糖对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法用S180瘤细胞建立动物模型,通过腹腔注射观察亮菌多糖对荷瘤小鼠淋巴细胞增殖反应、NK细胞活性及IL-2诱生的影响。结果亮菌多糖能够显著提高荷瘤小鼠淋巴细胞的增殖能力、NK细胞活性、显著促进脾细胞产生IL-2。结论亮菌多糖能够显著提高机体免疫调节功能。     

云芝多糖对小鼠细胞因子的影响

目的：研究云芝多糖（CVPS）对小鼠T、B淋巴细胞及细胞因子IL-1、IL-2、IFN-γ和TNF功能的影响。方法：体外试验将指数生长小鼠淋巴细胞与不同浓度的CVPS共培养，用MTT法观察CVPS对小鼠T、B淋巴细胞的增殖作用；用胸腺细胞增殖法观察CVPS对细胞因子IL-1活性的影响；用脾细胞增殖法观察CVPS对IL-2活性的影响；用中性红染色法观察CVPS对细胞因子TNF活性的影响；体内实验给药组小鼠每天分别腹腔注射CVPS100、50和25mg／kg，连续注射5天，取出小鼠脾脏观察CVPS对小鼠T、B淋巴细胞的增殖作用；用IL-2依赖细胞株CTLL-2法检测IL-2活性，用细胞病变抑制法检测IFN-γ活性。结果：CVPS在体外给药浓度为31．25—500μg/ml时，可明显促进小鼠T、B淋巴细胞的增殖，明显增强TNF吞噬中性红的能力，明显提高细胞因子IL-1的活性。CVPS给药组小鼠IL-2、IFN-γ的活力值明显高于空白对照组，且呈良好剂量依赖关系。结论：云芝多糖对小鼠T、B淋巴细胞及细胞因子IL-1、IL-2、IFN-γ及TNF功能均有增强作用。     

复方猪苓多糖对小鼠免疫功能的调节

目的 比较猪苓多糖单、方剂对机体的免疫调节作用,验证中药制剂增强机体免疫功能和拮抗肿瘤的正向调节作用。方法 本实验旨在观察猪苓多糖单、方剂对环磷酰胺免疫抑制效应的调节作用。通过检测小鼠淋巴细胞转化功能、ＮＫ细胞杀伤活性、Ｔ细胞亚群和ＩｇＧ水平等指标来比较。结果 复方猪苓多糖具有：（１）提高免疫功能低下小鼠Ｔ,Ｂ淋巴细胞转化能力;（２）增强免疫功能低下小鼠ＮＫ细胞杀伤肿瘤细胞的能力;（３）上调免疫功     

PD-L1阻断改善酵母多糖致伤小鼠脾脏耐受性 DC对T淋巴细胞活性的影响

目的：探讨酵母多糖致伤小鼠脓毒症病程发展过程中脾脏耐受性树突状细胞( dendritic cell, DC)的形成对脾脏T淋巴细胞免疫活性的影响,并通过程序性死亡受体-1(programmed death-1,PD-L1)抗体阻断PD-L1/PD-1途径改善耐受性DC对T淋巴细胞活性的抑制作用。方法采用酵母多糖腹腔注射的方法复制小鼠脓毒症模型。用磁珠法分离致伤小鼠脾脏DC和T淋巴细胞,测定脾脏组织中DC上PD-1、PD-L1、PIR-B的表达水平和分泌IL-12、IL-10的能力;检测脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖活性和IL-2的分泌水平。进一步将致伤组小鼠脾脏DC与正常小鼠脾脏T淋巴细胞混合培养,并加入PD-L1抗体,检测T淋巴细胞增殖活性及混合培养上清中IL-2、IL-12和IL-10含量。结果酵母多糖致伤后5天和12天组小鼠脾脏DC上PD-1、PD-L1及PIR-B的表达大幅上调,IL-12p70分泌减少,IL-12p40和IL-10分泌增加;脾脏T淋巴细胞增殖活性降低、IL-2分泌减少。在致伤组DC与正常T淋巴细胞混合培养体系中加入PD-L1抗体可减轻致伤组DC对T淋巴细胞增殖活性和分泌IL-2的抑制作用,并改善DC上IL-12p70、IL-12p40和IL-10的分泌能力。结论酵母多糖诱导小鼠脓毒症的病程晚期,脾脏耐受性DC的形成导致T淋巴细胞活性降低;PD-L1抗体通过干预PD-1/PD-L1途径改善T淋巴细胞和DC的免疫活性。     

一种根瘤菌胞外多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的研究一种根瘤菌胞外多糖(REPS)对正常小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法将该多糖以大、中、小3个剂量[(40、20、10 mg/(Kg.d)]给小鼠连续腹腔注射(ip)10 d,测定胸腺质量、脾脏质量、碳粒廓清指数、血清抗绵羊红细胞(SRBC)抗体凝集效价和淋巴细胞转化值。结果与对照组比较,该多糖使小鼠脾脏质量明显增加,单核吞噬细胞的吞噬能力显著增强,提高了血清抗SRBC抗体凝集效价,增强了小鼠脾淋巴细胞转化功能。结论此根瘤菌胞外多糖对小鼠的非特异性和特异性免疫功能均有明显的增强作用。     

龙牙楤木多糖抗肿瘤活性及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:探讨龙牙楤木多糖(AEPS)抗肿瘤活性及对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法:以S180肉瘤为肿瘤模型,检测龙牙楤木多糖对肿瘤生长的抑制活性;MTT法检测龙牙楤木多糖对S180肉瘤细胞、A549肺癌细胞、SMMC-7721肝癌细胞的体外抑制活性;以其对荷瘤小鼠免疫器官、血液淋巴细胞数量及淋巴细胞增殖影响、巨噬细胞活性和NK细胞杀伤活性来评价AEPS对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的作用。结果:AEPS对S180肉瘤生长有显著的抑制作用,其中75 mg/(kg.d)剂量组抑瘤率最高达57.68%;AEPS对S180肉瘤细胞、A549肺癌细胞、SMMC-7721肝癌细胞生长的最高抑制率均达60%以上;AEPS显著提高荷瘤小鼠脾脏和胸腺质量以及血液淋巴细胞数量,促进淋巴细胞增殖反应,增加NK细胞杀伤活性和巨噬细胞活性。结论:AEPS有显著的抗肿瘤活性,并能直接作用于肿瘤细胞,抑制肿瘤生长,其抑瘤作用与机体免疫功能的增强有关。     

冬凌草多糖的抗肿瘤及其免疫增强作用

目的:研究冬凌草多糖的抗肿瘤作用及其免疫活性。方法:从冬凌草全草中分离得到冬凌草多糖,采用体、内外抑制实验对冬凌草多糖的抗肿瘤活性进行了研究,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐 (MTT)比色法观察了其对T淋巴细胞和B淋巴细胞功能的影响。结果:随着冬凌草多糖浓度的提高,体外对艾氏腹水癌细胞的细胞毒作用逐渐增强;体内对小鼠180肿瘤的抑制率为 35 % (P <0.05)。冬凌草多糖体外对刀豆素A(ConA)诱导的T淋巴细胞增殖以及脂多糖 (LPS)诱导的B淋巴细胞增殖均有促进作用。结论:冬凌草多糖对肿瘤细胞具有抑制作用,其抑瘤活性可能与其免疫增强作用有关     

癌迪针剂对荷瘤小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的:研究癌迪针剂对肿瘤的作用效果及其抗肿瘤免疫效应机制。方法:选用H22肝癌荷瘤小鼠注射癌迪针剂7天后,观察荷瘤小鼠肿瘤抑制率、胸腺、脾脏指数、淋巴细胞转化功能、腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能、TNF活性、IL-2及血清IFNα-水平。结果:癌迪针剂可明显抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长;能提高荷瘤小鼠的淋巴细胞转化功能;可增强巨噬细胞吞噬活性和TNF活性;能提高IL-2和IFNα-水平。结论:癌迪针剂能明显抑制荷瘤小鼠肿瘤生长,增强机体的免疫功能。     

霍山石斛多糖对小鼠的双向免疫调节作用

目的观察霍山石斛多糖对小鼠的双向免疫调节作用。方法将90只昆明种小鼠随机分成9组,分别为正常对照组、免疫亢进模型组、免疫亢进+霍山石斛多糖[低(50 mg?kg-1?d-1)、中(100 mg?kg-1?d-1)、高(200 mg?kg-1?d-1)]剂量组、免疫抑制模型组、免疫抑制+霍山石斛多糖[低(50 mg?kg-1?d-1)、中(100 mg?kg-1?d-1)、高(200 mg?kg-1?d-1)]剂量组。采用连续3 d腹腔注射环磷酰胺(80 mg·kg-1)制作免疫抑制模型小鼠,采用连续11 d肌注卡介苗0.5 mg/只制作免疫亢进模型小鼠,观察霍山石斛多糖对免疫抑制模型小鼠和免疫亢进模型小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞的吞噬活性、体外脾淋巴细胞增殖能力和胸腺指数的影响。结果霍山石斛多糖能明显改善环磷酰胺所致的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性降低、脾淋巴细胞体外增殖能力降低和胸腺指数降低,缓解卡介苗所致的小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬活性亢进、脾淋巴细胞体外增殖能力亢进和胸腺指数降低。结论霍山石斛多糖具有较好的双向免疫调节作用。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.