HPLC法测定耆鹿逐痹胶囊中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量

ＨＰＬＣ法测定耆鹿逐痹胶囊中补骨脂素、异补骨脂素的含量。补骨脂素１．０～６．０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内呈线性关系，回收率为１００．９％（ＲＳＤ＝２．０％）；异补骨脂素１．８～１０．８μｇ／ｍｌ范围内呈线性关系，回收率９９．１％（ＲＳＤ＝１．９％）。     

RP-HPLC法同时测定复方氟康唑霜中氟康唑、甲硝唑、氯霉素3种组分含量

目的： 建立同时测定复方氟康唑霜中氟康唑、甲硝唑、氯霉素３ 组分含量的简便方法。方法： 反相高效液相色谱法, 采用外标法, Ｕｌｔｒａｓｐｈｅｒｅ－ ＯＤＳ柱, 流动相为甲醇－ 水（５０∶５０） , 检测波长２６１ ｎｍ 。结果： 线性范围分别是： 氟康唑４０－１ ～２００－６ μｇ·ｍＬ－１ , ｒ＝０－９９９ ４; 甲硝唑２０－０ ～１００－０ μｇ·ｍＬ－１ , ｒ＝０－９９９ ８; 氯霉素３９－９～１９９－６ μｇ·ｍＬ－ １ , ｒ＝ ０－９９９ ８。平均回收率： 氟康唑９８－３１ ％ ; 甲硝唑１００－４ ％ , 氯霉素９８－１７ ％ 。结论：本法分离度好, 快速, 简便。适用于该制剂中３ 种成分的同时测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定片剂中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素含量

目的：研究高效液相色谱法测定中药片剂中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。方法：用反相色谱法，检测波长２４８ｎｍ；羟苯乙酯为内标；测定克白灵１号、２号片及腰痛片中的补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。结果：三种片剂的回收率，补骨脂素为１０３．７％，９９．４％，１０１．５％；异补骨脂素为９９．９％，９８．０％，９６．８％。补骨脂素在４～１２０μｇ·ｍｌ－１、异补骨脂素在３～１００μｇ·ｍｌ－１浓度范围内线性关系良好，ｒ＝０．９９９９。结论：结果表明本法准确可靠，方法易行。     

高效液相色谱法测定辅酶Q_(10)制剂的含量

设计辅酶 Ｑ１０制剂的高效液相测定方法。方法：样品用无水乙醇提取，色谱柱为 Ｓｐｈｅｒｉｓｏｒｂ Ｃ_(１８)１５０ ｍｍ× ４． ６ ｍｍ ｉ． ｄ． ５ μｍ。流动相为无水乙醇－水（９８：２），检测波长为 ２７５ μｍ。结果：平均回收率为 ９８． ３％，ＲＳＤ为 ０． ９４％（ｎ＝６），线性范围为 ４～４０μｇ／ｍｌ（ｒ＝０． ９９９ ８），最小检测浓度为 １０μｇ／ｍｌ。结论：该法快速、简便、灵敏、准确。     

HPLC测定定晕宁颗粒中葛根素的含量

采用ＨＰＬＣ法,选用Ｓｙｍｍｅｔｒｙ－Ｃ１８柱和甲醇：水（２５：７５）,乙酸调ｐＨ４．２。测定定晕宁颗粒中葛根素含量,结果回归方程为Ｙ＝１．７７ｘ－０．２８１３,ｒ＝０．９９９（ｎ＝５）,线性范围为０．６１４￣６．１４μｇ,平均回收率为９９．０３％,ＲＳＤ为３．９８％。     

反相高效液相色谱法用于复方愈创木酚甘油醚双层缓释片的质量研究

目的： 建立复方愈创木酚甘油醚双层缓释片的质量控制方法。方法： 高效液相色谱法。Ｕｌｔｒａｓｐｈｅｒｅ Ｃ８ 柱, 甲醇－ 水－ 三乙胺（４０∶６０∶０－５ , 冰醋酸调ｐＨ４－２） 为流动相, 检测波长２５４ ｎｍ 。结果： 复方制剂中愈创木酚甘油醚、盐酸苯丙醇胺及共存２ 种杂质达很好分离。愈创木酚甘油醚在０－４ ～２－０ μｇ , 盐酸苯丙醇胺在２－０ ～１０－０ μｇ 范围内, 峰高与浓度呈线性关系, ｒ ＝ ０－９９９ ９ 。平均回收率分别为１００－４ ％ （ ＲＳＤ 为１－１ ％ ） , ９９－５３ ％ （ ＲＳＤ 为１－２ ％ ） 。结论： 该方法可用于制剂中２种组分的含量测定、释放度测定以及共存杂质检查。     

复方赖氨酸颗粒中盐酸赖氨酸的HPLC测定

目的： 采用反相ＨＰＬＣ 法, 分离测定复方赖氨酸颗粒中的盐酸赖氨酸。方法： 用２ , ４ － 二硝基氟苯为衍生化试剂, 将盐酸赖氨酸进行衍生化。以十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶为填充剂, 甲醇－０－０５ ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－ １ 醋酸钠和醋酸溶液（６５∶３５） 为流动相, 检测波长为３６０ ｎｍ 。结果： 盐酸赖氨酸浓度在２－７ ～２７ μｇ·ｍ Ｌ－ １ 范围内线性关系良好, ｒ ＝ ０－９９９ ９ , 回归方程 Ｃ＝ ２－５９１ ×１０ － ５ Ａ－ ０－３１６ ６ 。平均回收率为１００－２ ％ , ＲＳＤ 为０－６６ ％ （ ｎ ＝ ６） 。结论： 本法可用于测定复方赖氨酸颗粒中盐酸赖氨酸含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定片剂中补骨脂素和异补明脂素含量

目的：研究高效液相色谱法测定中药片剂中补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量，方法；用反相色谱法，检测波长２４８ｎｍ，羟苯乙酯为内标，测定克白灵１号，２号片及腰痛片中的补骨脂素和异补骨脂素的含量。结果；三种片剂的回收率，补骨脂素为１０３．７％，９９．４％，１０１．５％，异补骨脂素为９９．９％，９８．０％，９６．８％，补骨脂素在４～１２０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１，异补骨脂素在３～１００μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１浓度范围内线性关系     

高效液相色谱法测定金薏尿石颗粒剂及大黄药材中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和芦荟大黄素的含量

用高效液相色谱法测定金薏尿石颗粒剂及大黄药材中大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚和芦荟大黄素的含量．选用ＡｌｔｉｍａＣ１８分析柱（２５０ｍｍ×４．６ｍｍ，５μｍ），流动相：甲醇—０．１％磷酸溶液（９０１０），检测波长：４４０ｎｍ，流速：１．０ｍＬ／ｍｉｎ，柱温：３０℃．颗粒剂中各成分的平均回收率分别为大黄酸９８．１％（ＲＳＤ＝１．９％）、大黄素９７．８％（ＲＳＤ＝２．９％）、大黄酚９７．９％（ＲＳＤ＝２．４％）、大黄素甲醚９７．０％（ＲＳＤ＝１．０％）和芦荟大黄素１００．９％（ＲＳＤ＝２．３％）．方法快速、灵敏、准确，样品处理简便易行．     

高效液相色谱法测定阿昔洛韦眼膏的含量

目的：建立高效液相色谱法测定阿昔洛韦眼膏中阿昔洛韦含量的方法。方法：以Ｓｐｈｅｒｉｓｏｒｂ Ｃ１８（１０ μｍ ,２００ ｍ ｍ ×４．６ｍｍ） 色谱柱为分离柱;流动相：水甲醇冰醋酸（９０∶１０∶０ ．１） ;检测波长２５４ ｎｍ ;以内标法定量。结果：线性范围０．２０～０．３０ ｍｇ·ｍｌ－１ ,ｒ＝ ０．９９９ ６,测得平均回收率为９７．２％ ,ＲＳＤ 为１．５ ％ 。结论：本法简便、快捷、灵敏,可作为该制剂质量控制的有效方法。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.