肾移植术后受者T淋巴细胞亚群监测及临床分析

目的探讨外周血T淋巴细胞亚群在人类同种异体肾移植术后受者的免疫状态监测及其临床意义。方法采用多种单克隆抗体及三色流式细胞技术对肾移植受者术后的T淋巴细胞亚群进行了化验监测,分析了T淋巴细胞亚群变化与免疫方面并发症的关系。结果肾移植后顺利恢复组、急性排斥反应组与肺部感染组3组外周血T淋巴细胞中CD3+细胞的百分比分别为(70.21±9.75)%、(73.42±8.64)%和(71.35±8.92)%,差异无统计学意义;CD3+CD4+细胞的百分比分别为(40.52±9.61)%、(50.74±8.62)%和(27.42±9.51)%,急性排斥反应组及肺部感染组与肾移植后顺利恢复组相比,差异均有统计学意义(t=3.672;P<0.01)。CD3+CD8+淋巴细胞的百分比分别为(27.12±9.40)%、(20.35±5.54)%和(45.32±13.55)%,急性排斥反应组及肺部感染组与肾移植后顺利恢复组相比,差异均有统计学意义(t=2.584,P<0.01;t=5.425,P<0.01);CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+比值分别为(1.86±0.87),(2.82±0.73)和(0.71±0.35),急性排斥反应组及肺部感染组与肾移植后顺利恢复组相比,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01)。结论检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群的变化,特别是CD3+CD4+/CD3+CD8+比值,对肾移植术后受者并发急性排斥反应及肺部感染具有一定的鉴别诊断价值。     

泡状棘球蚴感染对大鼠肝移植物存活的影响及机制探讨

目的探讨泡状棘球蚴感染对大鼠肝移植物存活的影响及其可能的机制。方法建立BN大鼠泡状棘球蚴感染模型,将实验大鼠分为实验组(LEW大鼠→感染泡球蚴3个月的BN大鼠)和对照组(健康LEW大鼠→健康BN大鼠),利用双袖套发建立肝移植模型,分别在移植术后第1、3、5、7天取肝脏组织,采用免疫组织化学的方法检测肝移植后排斥反应;采用流式细胞仪检测外周血中T淋巴细胞标志物CD4+、CD8+、CD28+的表达,利用半定量RTPCR的方法检测趋化因子Fractalkine(FKN)的表达。结果实验组移植物存活时间[(15.5±3.93)d]明显长于对照组[(4.75±1.58)d],差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);免疫组化结果示实验组排斥反应较对照组出现较晚且程度较轻;实验组CD4+、CD8+及CD28+的表达[(41.35±4.58)%、(21.94±2.61)%、(17.76±4.16)%]较对照组[(51.28±6.36)%、(33.85±3.02)%、(23.08±4.74)%]低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);实验组FKN mRNA表达较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论泡状棘球蚴感染能够延长大鼠肝移植物的存活,泡状棘球蚴感染对宿主免疫系统尤其对效应T淋巴细胞进行抑制是可能的途径之一。     

不同原发病的肝移植患者围术期调节性T细胞的变化

[目的]探讨因慢性重型肝炎和原发性肝细胞癌(HCC)行肝移植手术患者围术期调节性T细胞免疫功能的变化.[方法]前瞻性选取2008年9月至2010年7月在中山大学附属第三医院因HBV相关性终末期肝病行肝移植手术或肝切除手术患者作为研究对象,剔除术后合并脓毒症、急性排斥反应或手术相关并发症的患者后,分为重型肝炎肝移植组(HSNS组,10例),HCC肝移植组(THC组,10例)和肝癌切除术组(NTHC组,10例),另选取10例健康人作为正常对照组.各组患者分别于术前、术后1、3、7、14d分别检测外周血T淋巴细胞百分比(T％),CD4+CD25+Foxp3+Treg百分比(Treg％)和Foxp3 mRNA表达.观察其于不同组间的表达水平和术后的变化趋势.[结果]术前HSNS组T％较健康人群明显降低(P＜0.0001),Treg％(P＜ 0.0001)和Foxp3 mRNA表达(P=0.002)均显著高于健康人群;THC组与NTHC组Treg％和Foxp3 mRNA表达亦稍高于健康人群,但差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).另外,HSNS组Treg％显著高于THC组和NTHC组(P＜ 0.001),Foxp3 mRNA表达也分别高于THC组(P=0.006)和NTHC组(P=0.002).三组患者术后第1天外周血T％显著下降,术后第7天开始回升,并在术后14d恢复至术前水平,其中NTHC组患者恢复速度较肝移植两组患者迅速.HSNS组术后Treg％和Foxp3 mRNA表达较术前逐渐下降,并在术后第14天与术前比较有显著性差异(P=0.004);THC组术后Treg％和Foxp3mRNA表达也有下降趋势,其中Foxp3 mRNA表达在第14天与术前比较有显著性差异(P=0.019);NTHC组术后Treg％和Foxp3 mRNA在各时间点与术前比较无明显变化(P＞0.05).[结论]HBV感染患者存在不同程度免疫功能下降,而且慢性重型肝炎患者下降程度重于HCC者,术后应结合免疫学指标采取个体化免疫抑制治疗.     

术中输注不同胶体液对食管癌术后免疫功能的影响

目的:对比研究术中输注羟乙基淀粉注射液(hydroxyethyl starch injection,HES)、聚明胶肽注射液(polygeline injection,PG)及复方氯化钠注射液(ringer's solution,RS)对食管癌术后T淋巴细胞及亚群、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-a的影响。方法:60例ASAⅠ^Ⅱ级食管癌患者随机分为H、P、R 3组,每组20例,术中按33 mL/kg分别输注HES、PG、RS。于麻醉前(d0),术后第1天(d1)、第3天(d3)、第7天(d7)分别测定外周静脉血T淋巴细胞及亚群、IL-2、IL-6、TNF-a的含量。结果:3组患者术前各指标差异无统计学意义。H、P、R组CD3术后d1(45±9、45±7、46±9)及d3(56±12、56±10、49±11)分别低于d0(59±10、63±8、63±6),P﹤0.05。H、P、R组CD4术后d1(25±8、21±7、25±7)及d3(35±7、33±5、31±6)分别低于d0(40±9、40±7、42±9),P<0.05。P组CD4术后d1低于R组(P﹤0.05);H组和P组术后d3 CD3、CD4均高于R组(P﹤0.05)。IL-2在H组术后d1、d3、d7(49±10、50±12、53±9)均高于R组(42±7、42±11、48±10),P﹤0.05。TNF-α在H组术后d1、d3、d7呈下降趋势,在P组术后d1、d3呈上升趋势,与R组比较均有统计学差异,P﹤0.05。IL-6 3组术后d1均升高、d3开始回落,d7恢复至d0水平,P组与R组比较有统计学差异,P﹤0.05。结论:术中输注HES对食管癌术后免疫功能有一定改善作用,不刺激机体炎症反应。PG对食管癌术后优势细胞免疫功能可产生一过性抑制,但很快恢复,同时可使机体炎性细胞因子增多。食管癌患者术中胶体液选择,以HES为优。     

双 mTORC1/2 抑制剂 AZD2014 可抑制大鼠肝移植后的急性排斥反应

目的 在同种异基因大鼠肝移植模型中验证AZD2014是否具有抑制肝移植术后急性排斥反应的作用。方法 采用Kamada 提出的“二袖套”法建立Lewis→BN 同种异基因大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应模型,随机分成对照组和AZD2014组,各4只。AZD2014组腹腔内注射AZD2014药物,5 mg/kg,1次/d;对照组腹腔内注射药物溶剂2.5 mL/kg,1次/d。不同时间点取外周血检测肝功能（丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶和总胆红素）。记录生存时间,进行生存分析。移植肝脏行免疫组化检测CD3和Foxp3的表达水平,评估T淋巴细胞和Treg淋巴细胞浸润的程度;移植肝脏行HE染色,采用Banff方案评估肝移植术后排斥反应的严重程度。结果 对照组在术后14 d内有3/4 的大鼠死亡,而AZD2014组在术后14 d内无大鼠死亡,AZD2014组与对照组相比生存时间明显延长（χ2=4.213,P=0.040）。对照组血清中ALT、AST和TBIL进行性升高,上述指标均高于同时间AZD2014组（P<0.05）。病理检查显示对照组移植肝内排斥反应明显重于AZD2014组（排斥指数P<0.01）,对照组中T淋巴细胞（CD3阳性）浸润相较于AZD2014组更为严重（P<0.01）,而Treg细胞（Foxp3阳性）明显少于AZD2014组（P<0.01）。结论 双mTORC1/2抑制剂AZD2014可以有效地抑制同种异基因大鼠肝移植术后的急性排斥反应。     

赤芍总苷对环磷酰胺免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的 通过观察赤芍总苷对化疗药环磷酰胺(CTX)所致免疫抑制小鼠免疫功能的影响,探讨赤芍总苷促进免疫功能的作用.方法 除正常组小鼠外,所有小鼠经腹腔注射CTX(100mg/kg),隔天注射1次,第2天开始给予实验组小鼠灌胃不同剂量的赤芍总苷[120、240mg/(kg·d)],阳性对照组给予香菇多糖,模型组给予等量生理盐水,连续干预10d.所有小鼠均于末次给药12h后处死,测定小鼠体重,小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬功能,溶血空斑实验,外周血淋巴细胞转化实验,流式细胞仪检测淋巴细胞亚群.结果 赤芍总苷增加免疫抑制小鼠的体重,提高小鼠腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬指数,B细胞产生抗体能力和T淋巴细胞增值能力均增强,调节CD4+/CD8+细胞的比例.结论 赤芍总苷具有调节免疫功能,赤芍总苷能促进小鼠免疫功能,具有逆转化疗后小鼠免疫抑制状态的作用,调节免疫系统的失衡.     

调节性T细胞和共刺激通路阻断剂抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应的研究

目的探讨CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞、共刺激通路阻断剂CD154单抗及两者联合应用在抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应中的作用。方法48例原位肝移植大鼠（DA→Lewis）分为A组：对照组;B组：术前7d回输经DA大鼠脾细胞体外激活的Lewis大鼠CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞;C组1术后第1、2d腹腔注射CD154单抗（15m/kg）;D组：联合应用CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞和CD154单抗。术后7d各组处死6只受体,观察移植肝病理变化,检测移植肝内T细胞亚群和细胞因子白细胞介素之（IL-2）、IL4、IL-10和转化生长因子B1（TGFβ1）表达情况;分离脾淋巴细胞与供体行单向混合淋巴细胞反应观察刺激指数。余大鼠观察生存情况。结果D组平均存活时间（52．00±10．64）d明显长于其他各组（P〈0．01）;移植肝内淋巴细胞浸润数量（2．47±0．61）×10^6和CD8^＋细胞百分比（14．2±3．0）％明显低于B、C组（P〈0．05、P〈0．01）,而CD4^＋CD25^＋细胞比例（16．4±4．3）％高于B、C组（P〈0．05,P〈0．01）。移植物内IL-2mRNA表达A组最高,D组最弱;IL4mRNA各组均弱表达;IL-10mRNAB、D组高表达,A、C组未表达;TGFβ1mRNAB、D组表达明显强于A、C组。单向混合淋巴细胞反应D组刺激指数最低（P〈0．05）。结论CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞和共刺激通路阻断剂CD154单抗均能抑制大鼠肝移植急性排斥反应;联合应用CD154单抗明显增强CD4^＋CD25^＋调节性T细胞对急性排斥反应的抑制作用。     

老年人严重创伤后免疫抑制的研究

目的对比老年人与青中年人严重创伤后免疫指标与炎性介质的变化,探讨老年人群创伤后免疫抑制的程度与变化特征.方法31例年龄＞65岁,平均(72.4±7.6)岁,ISS评分＞20分,平均(27±5)分的老年创伤病人与中青年创伤病人[平均年龄(30.6±16.2)岁,平均ISS评分(29±6)分]配对分组,在来诊后和伤后2、4、6、8 d采用流式细胞术连续检测T细胞亚群比例和CD14 单核细胞人类白细胞抗原-DR(HLA-DR)表达,同时观察免疫球蛋白IgA、IgG、IgM,补体C3、C4,C反应蛋白(CRP)和促炎介质肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6),白介素10(IL-10)血浆水平.结果老年组伤后TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10低于青中年组,但持续上升时间延长,在6～8 d后IL-10血浆浓度已高于青中年组.老年组伤后4～8 d Th1/Th2比值下降明显,CD14 HLA-DR表达下调.结论老年人创伤后发生的免疫抑制比青中年人群更显著,表现为单核-T淋巴细胞免疫功能受抑,而抗炎细胞因子清除不利可能是导致这一免疫功能紊乱的重要原因.     

银杏提取物对自身免疫性脑脊髓炎小鼠脱髓鞘免疫炎性病变的影响

目的探讨银杏提取物(GBE)对实验性自身免疫性脑脊髓炎(EAE)小鼠脱髓鞘免疫炎症病变的影响。方法将小鼠分为EAE模型组(腹腔注射生理盐水)和GBE组[腹腔注射GBE 70 mg/(kg.d)],应用髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白33-55(MOG33-55)配以完全弗氏佐剂(CFA)免疫小鼠,诱发EAE模型。通过神经功能评分、免疫组化染色以及酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA),观察GBE对EAE小鼠的影响。结果 GBE组小鼠发病潜伏期[(12.5±0.64)d]较EAE组[(10.7±0.47)d]显著延长(P<0.05),并且GBE组发病高峰期(CFA免疫后第21天)神经功能评分较EAE组显著降低(P<0.05)。海马伞矢状切片免疫组化染色结果证实GBE组CD4+T淋巴细胞较EAE组明显减少,仅可见CD4+T淋巴细胞散在分布。ELISA检测结果显示发病高峰期GBE组TNF-α含量较EAE组明显降低(P<0.05)。结论 GBE可能通过抑制CD4+T淋巴细胞激活、减少炎症介质释放,从而保护延缓EAE小鼠脱髓鞘病变进程。     

趋化因子IP10及其受体CXCR3早期诊断肝移植术后急性排异

目的探讨趋化因子IP10及其受体CXCR3动态变化与肝移植排斥的关系及其在早期诊断中的意义。方法以2005年4月-2005年9月在长征医院行肝移植术的30例患者为研究对象,检测患者术前及术后不同时间血清中IP10和外周血淋巴细胞CXCR3的表达;确诊为急性排斥的患者,于当天以及经激素冲击治疗后不同时间分别检测治疗前后患者血清中IP10和外周血淋巴细胞CXCR3的表达变化。结果肝移植术前1d(acute rejection,AR)组和(non-acute rejection,NAR)组患者血清IP10和外周血淋巴细胞CXCR3的表达与肝癌肝硬化组相比无明显差异(P>0.05),但与正常对照组相比有显著差异(P<0.01)。肝移植后,AR组、NAR组手术后IP10和外周血淋巴细胞CXCR3的表达均有上升,术后3 d血清中趋化因子水平与术前1d的表达水平相比较,有显著差别(P<0.05)。NAR组在常规的免疫抑制治疗后5~7 d内下降至术前水平,但AR患者术后不但各个检测时间血清IP10和外周血淋巴细胞CXCR3的表达明显高于NAR组,且在NAR组的表达降低至术前水平6 d后仍然持续高表达,在手术后11 d、12 d以及术后14 d分别确诊排斥的发生;而当AR组经冲击治疗逆转后,趋化因子IP10表达也相应下降并保持较低水平。结论血清中趋化因子IP10和外周血淋巴细胞CXCR3的表达与排斥反应密切相关,可作为诊断急性排斥反应的发生,以及观察抗排异疗效的参考指标。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.